空气负离子浓度分布的影响因素研究综述

近年来随着生态旅游的日益兴起,空气负离子作为一种生态保健旅游资源越来越受到人们的关注。研究空气负离子浓度分布规律可以指导人们在合适的地点、合适的时间充分利用自然状态下产生的空气负离子调养身心。通过查阅国内近十多年有关空气负离子的文献资料,对空气负离子浓度分布规律及其影响因素的有关研究进展进行了综述。现有的研究表明,空气负离子浓度变化及其分布主要受到气象、时空、植物和水体等因素的影响。今后,应加强空气负离子的产生机制及其生态学效应等方面的研究,以便更好地为空气负离子资源的合理开发和生态环境保护提供理论依据。     

福建三明城市绿道空气负离子变化规律

通过对福建三明城市绿道空气负离子测定,研究绿道空气负离子变化规律。结果表明,不同绿化结构负离子浓度为乔灌草灌草草坪对照;不同水体景观负离子浓度为瀑布区流水区静水区;瀑布区空气负离子清晨浓度较高,午后浓度较低,瀑布核心区空气负离子浓度均在10 000个·cm~(-3)以上。     

空气负离子对γ-射线诱发小鼠染色体畸变和SCE防护作用的研究

鉴于空气负离子对医疗保健有良好效应,而对染色体和DNA起什么作用尚缺乏研究,要直接研究空气负离子对染色体DNA的作用较为困难,因此,本文试图通过辐射效应探索空气负离子的作用。应用空气负离子处理昆明小白鼠70天,再用γ-射线照射动物。辐照后分9个不同时间取样,分析小鼠骨髓细胞染色体畸变和SCE等的变化。结果表明空气负离子对辐射诱变具有防护作用。     

广州绿地空气负离子水平及其影响因子

研究了广州城市绿地空气负离子水平以及绿地类型、水体状态、海拔高度、天气阴晴、人类活动等因子对空气负离子浓度的影响.结果表明:广州城市绿地空气负离子浓度在103～3 367个·cm-3,平均为426个·cm-3,与上海、深圳等地接近.所测定的几种绿地类型空气负离子浓度大小顺序为竹林＞小叶竹柏林＞花卉区＞隆缘桉林＞苗圃和草坪＞住宅区;阔叶林＞针阔混交林＞针叶林.动态水的空气负离子浓度显著高于静态水;在本研究观测范围内,离动态水越远,负离子浓度越低.随着海拔高度增加,空气负离子浓度呈下降趋势.晴天的空气负离子浓度显著高于阴天.人流量和车流量与空气负离子浓度呈显著负相关.     

城市绿地空气负离子评价方法——以北京奥林匹克森林公园为例

城市绿地空气负离子能够对居民健康起到重要作用。城市绿地区域不同于自然森林环境或城市工业区,故直观、科学、准确的空气负离子浓度分级和评价方法对于研究城市绿地的空气负离子水平至关重要。以北京奥林匹克森林为例,应用空气质量指数评价法和森林空气离子指数评价法,分析了公园空气负离子浓度,结果表明,公园内不同环境样点的负离子浓度和空气清洁度因群落结构、群落类型以及植被郁闭度的不同而存在较大差异。通过对比分析2种评价结果,认为森林空气离子评价指数法能够全面系统地反映不同地点间的负离子浓度差异并便于公众理解,更适用于以北京奥林匹克森林公园为代表的城市绿地的负离子浓度分级及空气清洁度评价。分析结果还表明,与森林空气离子评价指数法相对应的负离子浓度分级标准存在一些不足,本文对此标准进行了局部修正,使其更加适宜于分析和评估城市绿地的负离子浓度水平。     

九龙山林缘地区空气负离子浓度变化特征及与气象因素关系

文章以九龙山林缘地区空气负离子浓度变化特征为研究对象, 通过观测 9 月和 10 月北京九龙山林缘地区空气负离子浓度, 研究空气负离子浓度日变化和林缘、林内海拔梯度变化。通过观测空气温度、湿度、风速、饱和水汽压、净辐射、光合有效辐射等指标的平均值、极大值和极小值, 采用通径分析方法定量化研究气象因素和空气负离子浓度的关系。结果表明：(1)九龙山林缘地区 10 月空气负离子浓度平均值比 9 月的空气负离子浓度高 80%; 9 月的空气负离子浓度日变化整体呈下降趋势, 10 月上旬日变化呈单峰曲线型上升趋势, 10 月中旬和下旬空气负离子浓度日变化为幂函数曲线型, 整体为下降趋势; (2)林缘地区空气负离子浓度比林内空气负离子浓度高 4%, 林缘地区空气负离子浓度随海拔变化成波浪形, 对应林内空气负离子浓度随着海拔梯度变化成显著单峰型, 变化趋势与林缘地区相反; (3)在所有气象因素指标中, 通过逐步回归分析提取空气湿度最低值, 饱和水汽压最低值和空气温度最低值进行通径分析, 其直接通径系数分别为 1.064, -0.817 和 0.468。因此空气湿度最低值是影响空气负离子浓度的最大直接因素。空气温度最低值通过空气湿度最低值和饱和水汽压的作用, 成为空气负离子浓度的最大间接影响因素。通过研究林缘地区空气负离子情况并与林内进行对比, 揭示了林缘地区在森林康养规划中的重要性。     

旅游区空气负离子分布特征及其开发利用研究

空气负离子具有杀菌、降尘、清洁空气和对人体多种疾病具有抑制、缓解和辅助治疗作用,是重要的生态旅游资源。采用美国Alphalab公司生产的AIC1000型空气离子测量仪,对各旅游景区的空气离子含量进行调查测定表明,山岳型旅游区的瀑布下、溪流河谷地带以及海滨、湖滨旅游区空气负离子浓度高,空气质量特优,是建设品氧谷,开展生态旅游的最佳场所。在溶洞洞穴内和高海拔旅游区,空气负离子浓度也高。旅游区空气负离子浓度夏秋季节高,冬春季节低,同时与天气变化也有关系。为了在生态旅游中更好地利用空气负离子资源,在旅游区游道设计,生态休闲度假地选址和生态品氧谷建设等方面,要充分开发空气负离子资源。在城市或大型旅游接待中心,喷泉则能显著提高周围环境中空气负离子浓度,改善空气质量。     

佳木斯绿地空气负离子浓度及其与气象因子的关系

2006年3月至2007年2月,对佳木斯绿地的空气负离子浓度和相关气象因子进行同步观测,并分析了二者的关系.结果表明：研究区空气负离子浓度的日变化和月变化较明显;清晨和午夜前后,该区空气负离子浓度较高,中午和傍晚前后,空气负离子浓度较低,最低时只有217个·cm^-3;7月的空气负离子浓度（782个·cm^-3）最高,12月最低（283个·cm^-3）;该区空气负离子浓度以夏季最高,春、秋两季相当,冬季最低;空气负离子浓度与温度呈极显著负相关,与相对湿度、气压呈极显著正相关.     

城市不同绿地结构对空气负离子水平的影响

选择佳木斯市具有代表性的绿地作为对象,对不同结构绿地的空气负离子水平进行了测定。结果表明：不同结构绿地的空气负离子水平差异极显著,以乔灌草复层结构绿地空气负离子水平最高,空气质量最佳;城市不同结构绿地空气负离子浓度大小、空气质量优劣的排序均为乔灌草结构>乔草结构>灌草结构>草坪。     

城市不同植被配置类型空气负离子效应评价

通过对南宁城区、城郊绿地及农田开发区进行负离子含量的测定,找出不同植被配置类型空气负离子效应的差别。结果表明,就空气负离子而言,城郊大规模绿地的空气质量〉农田开发区〉城区;植被配置的复层结构（乔灌草）〉简单植被配置结构（乔灌、乔草、灌草）〉单一配置结构（草坪、稀乔、稀灌草）。溪流和瀑布对增加负离子浓度的作用显著。随着海拔和郁闭度的增加,空气负离子含量有上升的趋势。空气负离子含量随季节有一定的波动。     

长白山典型林区森林资源利用适宜性分析

天然林保护不是简单的禁伐,东北林区作为天然林保护的限伐林区,目前仍有一定数量的成过熟林采伐任务,如何科学合理地选择伐区非常重要．鉴于传统森林资源采伐利用操作中存在顾此失彼的问题,现代科学的森林资源经营理论认为,森林资源利用要坚持可持续利用原则,并且要更多考虑森林资源的生态效益,遥感(RS)数据及地理信息系统(GIS)技术,通过提供空间选择技术支撑,可以准确定位符合采伐标准的森林资源地理位置,并确定其面积、森林类型等信息,从而促进森林资源的科学合理利用．本文综合考虑各方面要素,以长白山典型林区露水河林业局为例,以最大程度发挥森林生态系统的生态功能为原则,进行了森林资源利用状况评价,对研究区森林资源未来利用的空间选择以及采伐利用方式进行了探讨,以期为将来制订科学的森林经营策略提供依据。     

浙江开化森林植被的区系特点及开发

本文概述浙江开化森林植被的概况及特点。该森林植被区系木本植物种类丰富,区系起源古老,珍稀濒危植物繁多,区系地理成分复杂,与世界各地有广泛联系,温带成分占优势。为了便于合理开发利用开化的植被资源,本文将其分为森林旅游、材用、药用、果类、观赏、油料、淀粉、芳香、纤维等九类植物资源。     

青海省隆务河流域森林、灌丛植被遥感分析

 青海省隆务河流域为青海省森林资源的主要分布区之一。本文根据遥感影像资料(以TM为主)并结合对该区的野外调查,研究并综合分析了隆务河流域的森林、灌丛植被。该区具有青藏高原边缘地带森林分布的一些重要特征,并据此提出了有关森林资源的合理利用和保护意见。根据本区的森林资源状况及分布特征,从某种意义上说,与森林生存密切联系的生境条件的保护与合理利用和保护森林资源本身具有同样重要的意义。     

Interdisciplinary research towards management of non-timber forest resources in lowland rain forests of Sri Lanka

Lowland and mid-elevational rainforests of Sri Lanka harbor a relict, endemic-rich flora which is also rich in timber and non-timber forest resources. These forests supply nearly half the total wood requirements of the country and are dwindling rapidly; management of the forests to conserve the biological richness and maintain environmental services is therefore a difficult proposition. This predicament is further compounded by the dependency of rural people on a range of non-timber forest resources for their subsistence and income. A forestry master plan recently prepared for Sri Lanka has not given adequate recognition to the important role played by non-timber forest resources in rural livelihood. This oversight is primarily due to the lack of quantitative information to justify the role of non-timber forest resources in forestry sector development. Forestry policies that ignore these resources often anger local people, leading the villagers to vent their disapproval through destructive actions such as burning timber plantations. Long-term interdisciplinary research in ecology, reproductive and soil biology, ethnobiology, silviculture, rural sociology and resource economics in progress at Sinharaja attempts to address these questions of sustainable development of forest resources in an integrated mode. While research oriented toward conservation investigates both short- and long-term ecosystem dynamics in natural and modified forest stands, utilization-oriented research probes the impact of increased human disturbance, particularly the impact of rural communities on dwindling forest resources, as well as the effect of forest conservation on rural livelihood. These studies continue to seek alternative methods of forest management which are socially acceptable, economically viable, and ecologically sustainable for multiple uses. These methods will assist in the refinement of current forest policies, forestry planning, and the implementation of new policies and plans in Sri Lanka.     

森林遗传资源保护研究进展

森林遗传资源的保护事关现代及后代的利益,已引起全球的极大关注,自70年代以来,就地保护与迁地保护作为主要的战略在森林遗传资源保护实践中使用。一般来说森林遗传资源的就地保护可以通过建立自然保护区来实现。迁地保护主要包括种子库、田间基因库、种子园及细胞或组织培养等技术。就地保护和迁地保护应当相互补充,两者结合使用是保存森林遗传多样性的有效方法。对森林遗传资源保护战略的选择以及因贸易而濒危的热带材用树及其保护问题也作了简要评述。     

森林资源可持续状况评价方法

为了准确、快速地评估森林经营单位的森林资源可持续状况,提出了森林资源可持续状况的评价指标、评价方法和评价结果分级。森林资源可持续状况评价指标包括森林资源质量状况、森林资源利用状况和森林受干扰状况3个方面共28个评价指标。通过参照技术规定、查阅专业用表和使用经验数值等3种方法确定评价指标的基准值;根据基准值把评价指标测定值分级为"好"、"中"、"差"3个等级,并分别赋值1.0、0.62和0.38。利用专家咨询法或层次分析法,根据森林经营单位的主要经营目标和森林主导功能,确定森林资源质量状况评价指标的权重。根据评价指标的实测值、赋值和权重,计算森林资源质量状况指数、森林资源利用状况指数和森林受干扰状况指数,进而计算森林资源可持续状况指数。根据森林资源可持续状况指数值的大小,将森林经营单位的森林资源可持续状况划分为优、良、中和差四个等级。     

Perception of local people towards conservation of forest resources in Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve,north-western Himalaya,India

This article examines the perception of the Bhotiya tribal community on the use and conservation of natural resources in Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (NDBR), north-western Himalaya in India with an objective of identifying the bottlenecks in the sustainable management of forest resources of NDBR through people’s participation. Despite, 85% of the respondents supporting the concept of conservation of forest resources, management decisions such as ban on mountaineering activities by creation of the Nanda Devi National Park (NDNP) in 1982 and NDBR in 1988, developed negative attitude among local people towards NDBR management, mainly because of restricted access to the forest resources for their livelihood. Promotion of some alternative income generating activities to reduce the dependence on natural resources was responded positively by the local people.     

长江流域林木资源的重要性及种质资源保护

中国长江流域有着丰富的林木资源, 包含极高水平的物种多样性、特有性和遗传多样性。根据考古证据, 在旧石器和新石器时代长江文明早期的孕育与发展中, 林木在食物、能源、工具、建筑和舟船中的应用起到了关键作用。现在, 长江流域和珠江流域逐渐成为国内木材供给的热点地区。面对木材供给总量不足和大径级木材结构性短缺问题, 长江流域林木资源将是未来国内木材安全的重要保障。这使得林木种质资源的保护更加迫切。针对长江流域林木种质资源保护存在的家底不清和保存体系不完善问题, 我们应尽快完成林木种质资源的全面调查和重要树种的多样性分析; 完善原地、异地和设施保存相结合的保存体系。     

Resource allocation to sexual and vegetative reproduction in a forest herbSyneilesis palmata (Compositae)

The balance between sexual and vegetative reproduction inSyneilesis palmata was examined in relation to environmental conditions and the amount of reproductive resources, which is defined here as the total quantity of dry matter invested in both modes of reproduction. The allocation balance was measured for individual plants of two populations, with different densities in an open habitat, for 2 years, and those of two other populations, under different light intensities in a plantation forest (forest floor and edge), for 3 years. Relative allocation to sexual reproduction decreased with increasing reproductive resources in all populations except for the forest edge, which showed a constant allocation balance. The high density population showed lower relative allocation to sexual reproduction than the low density population, irrespective of the amount of reproductive resources. However the between-year comparison of the high density population suggested that under extremely high density, plants with a small amount of reproductive resources enhanced sexual reproduction, while plants with a large amount of reproductive resources reproduced vegetatively. On the forest floor, plants with small amounts of reproductive resources had higher relative allocation to sexual reproduction than the forest edge population, while plants with large amounts of reproductive resources had a somewhat lower one. The adaptive significance of such allocation patterns are discussed, based on qualitative data on the characteristics of both types of offspring.     

Small-scale variability in a mosaic tropical rainforest influences habitat use of long-tailed macaques

Pristine habitats have generally been considered to be the most important ecological resource for wildlife conservation, but due to forest degradation caused by human activities, mosaics of secondary forests have become increasingly prominent. We studied three forest types in a mosaic tropical forest consisting of short secondary forest (SS), tall secondary forest (TS) and freshwater swamp forest (SF). These forests differed in stand structure and floristic composition, as well as phenological productivity of fruits, flowers and young leaves. We examined habitat use of long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in relation to indices of phenological activity. The macaques used the SS for feeding/foraging more than the TS and the SF. This was because the SS had higher productivity of fruit, which is a preferred food resource for macaques. Stem densities of young leaves in the SS and the TS also influenced habitat use, as they provided more clumped resources. Use of SF was limited, but these forests provided more species-rich resources. Our results showed that M. fascicularis responded to small-scale variability in phenological activity between forest types found in a heterogeneous mosaic forest, with young secondary regrowth forests likely providing the most important food resources. Mosaic landscapes may be important as they can buffer the effects of temporal food resource variability in any given forest type. In our increasingly human-altered landscapes, a better understanding of the role of secondary forest mosaics is crucial to the conservation and management of wildlife habitats and the animals they support.