石松生物学特性及生境特点的观察

石松生物学特性及生境特点的观察叶茂宗,叶升儒（浙江省科学院亚热带作物研究所温州３２５０００）（温州师范学院生物系３２５０００）ＢｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＰｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓａｎｄＨａｂｉｔａｔＣｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆＬｙｃｏｐｏｄｉａｃｅａｅ￥．ＹｅＭａｏｚｈｏｎｇ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＳｕｂｔｒｏｐｉ－ｃａｌＣｒｏｐｓ,ＺｈｅｊｉａｎｇＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ,Ｗｅｎｚｈｏｕ３２５０００）,ＹｅＳｈｅｎｇｒｕ（ＷｅｎｚｈｏｕＮｏｒｍａｌＣＯｌｌｅｇｅ,３２５０００）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（３）：１９－２２。ＳｉｔｅｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｏｎｓｓｈｏｗｔｈａｔｔｈｅｇｒｏｗｔｈａｎｄｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆＬｙｃｏｐｏｄｉａｃｅａｅｅｘｈｉｂｉｔｏｂｖｉｏｕｓｈｙｄｒｏｔｒｏｐｉｓｍａｎｄｇｅｏｔｒｏｐｉｓｍ,ａｎｄｉｔｓｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎａｇｇｒｅｇａｔｅｌｙｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｅｓｏｎｔｈｅｓｉｄｅｓｏｆｖａＩｌｅｙ３００－１４００ｍａｂｏｖｅｓｅａｌｅｖｅｌａｎｄｂｒｏｏｋｂａｎｋｓ．ｗｈｅｒｅｖｅｒｉｔｉｓｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｅｄ,ｔｈ     

秦岭南坡旬河流域及邻近地区森林与其生境关系的初步研究

秦岭南坡旬河流域及邻近地区森林与其生境关系的初步研究康慕谊（西北大学地理系,西安７１００６９）ＲｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐｂｅｔｗｅｅｎＦｏｒｅｓｔＶｅｇｅｔａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＩｔｓＨａｂｉｔａｔｓｉｎＸｕｎｈｅＲｉｖｅｒＢａｓｉｎｏｆＱｉｎｌｉｎｇＭｏｕｎｔａｉｎａｎｄＩｔｓＡｄｊａｃｅｎｔＡｒｅａｓ￥ＫａｎｇＭｕｙｉ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＧｅｏｇｒａｐｈｙ,ＮｏｒｔｈｗｅｓｔＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ,Ｘｉａａｎ７１００６９）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（６）：６２－６６．Ｐｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅｓｏｆｖｅｇｅｔａｔｉｏｎｅｃｏｌｏｇｙａｎｄｍｅｔｈｏｄｏｆｍｕｌｔｉｖａｒｉａｔｅａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ（ＤｏｕｂｌｅＳｉｅｖｉｎｇＳｔｅｐＲｅｇｒｅｓｓｉｏｎ）ａｒｅａｐｐｌｉｅｄｔｏｒｅｖｅａｌｔｈｅｇｅｎｅｒａｌｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｆｏｒｅｓｔｖｅｇｅｔａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｉｔｓｈａｂｉｔａｔｓｉｎｔｈｅｕｐｐｅｒａｎｄｍｉｄ－ｄｌｅｒｅａｃｈｅｓｏｆＸｕｎｈｅＲｉｖｅｒｂａｓｉｎａｎｄｔｈｅｉｒａｄｊａｃｅｎｔａｒｅａｓ。Ｔｈｅｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｓｈｏｗｔｈａｔｔｈｅｓｐｅ     

农业系统生产力（ASP）的量化及其现状分析

农业系统生产力（ＡＳＰ）的量化及其现状分析卢进登,韩纯儒（北京农业大学农学系,１０００９４）ＱｕａｎｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆＡｇｒｏｓｙｓｔｅｍＰｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ（ＡＳＰ）ａｎｄＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｎｉｔｓＣｕｒｒｅｎｔＳｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎｉｎＣｂｉｎａ￥．ＬｕＪｉｎ－ｄｅｎｇ;ＨａｎＣｈｕｎｒｕ（ＢｅｉｊｉｎｇＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｆＢｅｉｊｉｎｇ１０００９４）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（２）：２１－２２．ＢａｓｅｄｏｎａｂｒｉｅｆａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｎｔｈｅｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｏｆＡＳＰ,ｉｔｓｃｏｎｃｅｐｔｉｓｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅｄａｎｄａｎｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｅｄｉｎｄｉ－ｃａｔｏｒｆｏｒｉｔｓｑｕａｎｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ—ＡＳＰ２ｉｓｐｕｔｆｏｒｗａｒｄｓ．Ｆｒｏｍｔｈｏｓｅ,ｔｈｅＡＳＰｌｅｖｅｌｓｉｎｖａｒｉｏｕｓｒｅｇｉｏｎｓｏｆＣｈｉｎａａｒｅａｎａｌｙｚｅｄａｎｄ８ｌｅｖｅｌｓａｒｅｄｉｖｉｄｅｄｂｙｕｓｉｎｇ．Ｈｉｅｒａｒｃｈｉｃｃｌｕｓｔｅｒｉｎｇｍｅｔｈｏｄ．Ｉｔ’ｓ：ｃｌａｒｉｆｉｅｄｔｈａｔＡＳ－ＰＩｉｓａｍｏｒｅ     

最大概率原理在农田生态系统中的应用

最大概率原理在农田生态系统中的应用姚建民（山西省农科院农业资源综合考察研究所,太原０３０００６）马蓉丽（山西省农科院蔬菜研究所,太原０３０００６）ＡｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆＭａｘｉｍｕｍＰｒｏｂａｂｉｌｉｔｙＰｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅｉｎＦａｒｍｌａｎｄＥｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍ￥．ＹａｏＪｉａｎｍｉｎ（ＩｎｓｌｉｌｕｔｅｆｏｒＣｏｍ－ｐｒｅｈｅｎｓｉｖｅＳｕｒｖｅｙｏｆＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＲｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ,ＳｈａｎｘｉＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ,Ｔａｉｙｕａｎ０３０００６）,ＭａＲｏｎｇｌｉ（ＩｎｓｌｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＶｅｇｅｔａｂｌｅＲｅｓｅａｒｃｇｈ,ＳｈａｎｘｉＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ,Ｔａｉｙｕａｎ（０３０００６）．Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ,ＪｐｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（４）：５８－６０．Ｉｎｏｒｄｅｒｔｏｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈｅｎｔｈｅｐｒａｃｔｉｃａｂｉｌｉｔｙｏｆｍａｘｉｍｕｍｐｒｏｂａｂｉｌｉｔｙｐｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅ,ｔｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒｇｉｖｅｓｏｕｔｓｏｍｅｅｓ－ｓｅｎｔｉａｌｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓｎｅｅｄｅｄｆｏｒａｐｐｌｙｉｎｇｔｈ     

生态农业与乡村经济持续发展

生态农业与乡村经济持续发展张壬午,计文瑛,孙鸿良（天津农业部环境保护研究所,３００１９１）（中国农科院,北京１０００８１）ＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅａｎｄＳｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆＲｕｒａｌＥｃｏｎｏｍｙ￥．ＺｈａｎｇＲｅｎｗｕ;ＪｉＷｅｎｙｉｎｇ（Ａｇｒｏ－ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔＰｒｏｔｅｃｌｉｏｎＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅ,Ｔｉａｎｊｉｎ３００１９１）,ＳｕｎＨｏｎｇｌｉａｎｇ（ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｃｓ,Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ１０００８１）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（２）：１９—２０．ＴｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒｂｒｉｅｆｌｙｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｓｔｈｅｃｕｒｒｅｎｔｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｉｎＣｈｉｎａａｎｄｃｏｍｐａｒｅｓｗｉｔｈｔｈｅ＇＇ｓｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅａｎｄｒｕｒａｌｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ＇＇（ＳＡＲＤ）ｐｕｔｆｏｒｗａｒｄｂｙＦＡＯ,Ｃｈｉｎａ’ｓｓｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅａ－ｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｉｓｎｏｔｏｎｌｙａｎｉｎｇｅｎｉｏｕｓ     

辽宁省灾害区划初探

辽宁省灾害区划初探尹功成,梁文举（辽宁省农业区划研究所,沈阳１１００３１）（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,１１００１５）ＡｎＡｐｐｒｏａｃｈｔｏＣａｌａｍｉｔｙＤｉｖｉｓｉｏｎｉｎｇｏｆＬｉａｏｎｉｎｇＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ￥．ＹｉｎＧｏｎｇｃｈｅｎｇ（ＬｉａｏｎｉｎｇＩｎｓｌｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｇｒｉ－ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＤｉｖｉｓｉｏｎｉｎｇ,Ｓｈｅｎｙａｎｇ１１００３１）,ＬｉａｎｇＷｅｎｊｕ（ＩｎｓｌｉｌｕｔｅｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,ＡｃａｄｅｍｉａＳｉｎｉｃａ,Ｓｈｅｎｙａｎｇ１１００１５）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（４）：６１－６５．ＮａｔｕｒａｌｃａｌａｍｉｔｉｅｓｏｃｃｕｒｗｈｅｎｖａｒｉＯｕｓｎａｔｕｒａｌｐｈｅｎｏｍｎａｅｎｄａｎｇｅｒｌｉｆｅ,ｍｉｎｄｓａｎｄｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓ,ｂｕｔｓｏｍｅｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｄｉｓａｓｔｅｒｓｓｕｃｈａｓｒｎａｎ－ｍａｄｅａｎｄａｎｔｈｒｏｐｏｇｅｎｏｕｓｎａｔｕｒａｌｄｉｓａｓｔｅｒｓｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｓｌｏｗ－ｌｙａｎｄｐｒｏｆｏｕｎｄｌｙ,ｗｈｌｃｈａｒｅｕｎｏｂｖｉｏｕｓａｎｄｎｏｔｒ     

普通小麦基因组最可能的4个供体的ITS1和ITS2序列及其亲缘关系

对普通小麦（ＴｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍＬ．）基因组（ＡＡＢＢＤＤ）最可能的供体－Ｔ．ｕｒａｔｒｔｕＴｈｕｍ．（ＡＡ）、Ｔ．ｍｏｎｏｃｃｕｍｖａｒ．ｂｏｅｏｔｉｃｕｍ（Ｂｏｉｓｓ．）ＭＫ（ＡＡ）、ＡｅｇｉｌｏｐｓｓｐｅｌｔｏｉｄｅｓＴａｕｓｃｈ．和Ａｅ．ｔａｕｓｃｈｉｉ（Ｃｏｓｓ．（ＤＤ）的核糖体ＲＮＡ基因ＩＴＳ区进行了ＰＣＲ扩增和克隆,并测定了ＩＴＳ１和ＩＴＳ２的ＤＮＡ序列,讨论和纠正了前人     

东北地区蒿属植物比较形态学研究——II.叶表皮结构

本通过扫描电子显微镜,对东北地区蒿属（Ａｒｔｅｍｉｓｉａ）植物,莳萝蒿组（Ａ．ｓｅｃｔ．Ａｂｓｉｎｔｈｉｕｍ ＤＣ）,艾蒿组（Ｓｅｃｔ．Ａｂｒｏｔａｎｕｍ Ｂｅｓｓ）,艾组（Ｓｅｃｔ．Ａｒｔｅｍｉｓｉａ）,龙蒿组（Ｓｅｃｔ．Ｄｒａｃｕｍｃｕｌｕｓ Ｂｅｓｓ）,牡蒿组（Ｓｅｃｔ．ｌａｔｉｏｂｕｓ Ｙ．Ｒ．Ｌｉｎｇ）３６种成熟代表植物叶表皮形态学特征进行了详尽的比较研究。其中表皮细胞大小、形状不等。     

Conformational Studies of Arabinoglucuronomannology (AGM)

ＣｏｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎａｌＳｔｕｄｉｅｓｏｆＡｒａｂｉｎｏｇｌｕｃｕｒｏｎｏｍａｎｎｏｌｏｇｙ（ＡＧＭ）ＩｍｓｈｉｋＬｅｅ;ＢａｉＣｈｕｎｌｉ;ＷａｎｇＣｈｅｎ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＣｈｅｍｉｓｔｒｙ,ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＳｃｉｅｎｃ...     

植物系统获得性抗生的信号转导

坏死病原菌（ｎｅｃｒｏｔｉｚｉｎｇ ｐａｔｈｏｇｅｎ）的侵染或者一些化学因子的处理能诱导植物的非侵染或非处理部位产生对多种病原再侵染产生抗性,即系统获得性抗性（ｓｙｓｔｅｍｉｃ ａｃｑｕｉｒｅｄ ｒｅｓｉｓｔａｎｃｅ,ＳＡＲ）。获得系统抗生的组织中ＳＡＲ基因产物的累积和防卫反应的潜在诱导增加（ｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｔｉｉｏｎ）是其两类抗病机制。ＳＡＲ至少有通过水杨酸（ｓａｌｉｃｙｌｉｃ ａｃｉｄ,ＳＡ）     

Can settlement in natal-like habitat explain maladaptive habitat selection?

The study of habitat selection has long been influenced by the ideal free model, which maintains that young adults settle in habitat according to its inherent quality and the density of conspecifics within it. The model has gained support in recent years from the finding that conspecifics produce cues inadvertently that help prebreeders locate good habitat. Yet abundant evidence shows that animals often fail to occupy habitats that ecologists have identified as those of highest quality, leading to the conclusion that young animals settle on breeding spaces by means not widely understood. Here, we report that a phenomenon virtually unknown in nature, natal habitat preference induction (NHPI), is a strong predictor of territory settlement in both male and female common loons (Gavia immer). NHPI causes young animals to settle on natal-like breeding spaces, but not necessarily those that maximize reproductive success. If widespread, NHPI might explain apparently maladaptive habitat settlement.     

The importance of spatial scale in habitat selection by European beaver

We evaluated habitat selection by European beaver Castor fiber L. across a spatial gradient from local (within the family territory) to a broad, ecoregional scale. Based on aerial photography, we assessed the habitat composition of 150 beaver territories along the main water bodies of the Vistula River delta (northern Poland) and compared these data with 183 randomly selected sites not occupied by the species. The beavers preferred habitats with high availability of woody plants, including shrubs, and avoided anthropogenically modified habitats, such as arable lands. Within a single family territory, we observed decreasing woody plant cover with increasing distance from a colony centre, which suggests that beaver habitat preferences depend on the assessment of both the abundance and spatial distribution of preferred habitat elements. We tested the importance of spatial scale in beaver habitat selection with principal coordinates of neighbour matrices analysis, which showed that the geographical scale explained 46.7% of the variation in habitat composition, while the local beaver density explained only 10.3% of this variability. We found two main spatial gradients that were related to the broad spatial scale: first, the most important gradient was related to the largest distances between beaver sites and was independent of woody plant cover and the local beaver site density. The second most important gradient appeared more locally and was associated with these variables. Our results indicate that European beaver habitat selection was affected by different scale‐related phenomena related 1) to central place foraging behaviour, which resulted in the clumped distribution of woody plants within the territory, and 2) local population density and woody plant cover. Finally, 3) habitat selection occurs independently across the largest spatial scale studied (e.g. between watersheds), which was probably due to the limited natal dispersal range of the animals.     

Three conditions for the evolution of eusociality: Are they sufficient?

Summary I hypothesize that three conditions, (1) food-shelter coincidence, (2) strong selection for defense, and (3) ability to defend, are sufficient, although not necessary, for the evolution of eusociality in group-living animals. Reasons for this association between ecology and eusociality include extremely high value of the habitat, possibilities for habitat inheritance, high relatedness in claustral situations, self-sufficiency of juveniles, greater ability of workers to reproduce, and trade-offs between defensive ability and dispersal.     

Spatial heterogeneity in habitat selection: Nest site selection by greater prairie-chickens

Ecological relationships of animals and their environments are known to vary spatially and temporally across scales. However, common approaches for evaluating resource selection by animals assume that the processes of habitat selection are stationary across space. The assumption that habitat selection is spatially homogeneous may lead to biased inference and ineffective management. We present the first application of geographically weighted logistic regression to habitat selection by a wildlife species. As a case study, we examined nest site selection by greater prairie-chickens at 3 sites with different ecological conditions in Kansas to assess whether the relative importance of habitat features varied across space. We found that 1) nest sites were associated with habitat conditions at multiple spatial scales, 2) habitat associations across spatial scales were correlated, and 3) the influence of habitat conditions on nest site selection was spatially explicit. Post hoc analyses revealed that much of the spatial variability in habitat selection processes was explained at a regional scale. Moreover, habitat features at local spatial scales were more strongly associated with nest site selection in unfragmented grasslands managed intensively for cattle production than they were in fragmented grasslands within a matrix of farmland. Female prairie-chickens exhibited spatial variability in nest site selection at multiple spatial scales, suggesting plasticity in habitat selection behavior. Our results highlight the importance of accounting for spatial heterogeneity when evaluating the ecological effects of habitat components. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.     

The heterospecific habitat copying hypothesis: can competitors indicate habitat quality?

According to the "habitat copying" hypothesis, animals use thereproductive performance of conspecifics to assess habitat suitabilityand choose their future breeding site. This is because conspecificsshare ecological needs and thus indicate habitat suitability.Here, we propose the "heterospecific habitat copying" hypothesis,which states that animals should use public information (i.e.,information derived from the performance of others) from con-and heterospecifics sharing ecological needs. In a correlationalapproach we test some assumptions and predictions of this hypothesiswith a data set from two sympatric bird populations, rollers(Coracias garrulus) and kestrels (Falco tinnunculus), usingthe same nest-boxes and exploiting similar food resources. Sincekestrels are residents and breed earlier, we assumed that theyare dominant over rollers for nest-box acquisition. The environmentappears to be patchy for both species and temporally predictablefor kestrels only. Two results suggest that the use of heterospecificpublic information in breeding habitat selection may be at work:(1) an increase in the reoccupancy probability by kestrels ofprevious roller nests with increasing nest success, and (2)an increase in roller breeding population with increasing localkestrel success. Most of the other observed patterns could beexplained by alternative mechanisms such as natal philopatry,breeding fidelity, conspecific attraction, intraspecific habitatcopying, and the effect of interspecific competition.     

When perception reflects reality: Non‐native grass invasion alters small mammal risk landscapes and survival

Modification of habitat structure due to invasive plants can alter the risk landscape for wildlife by, for example, changing the quality or availability of refuge habitat. Whether perceived risk corresponds with actual fitness outcomes, however, remains an important open question. We simultaneously measured how habitat changes due to a common invasive grass (cheatgrass, Bromus tectorum) affected the perceived risk, habitat selection, and apparent survival of a small mammal, enabling us to assess how well perceived risk influenced important behaviors and reflected actual risk. We measured perceived risk by nocturnal rodents using a giving‐up density foraging experiment with paired shrub (safe) and open (risky) foraging trays in cheatgrass and native habitats. We also evaluated microhabitat selection across a cheatgrass gradient as an additional assay of perceived risk and behavioral responses for deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) at two spatial scales of habitat availability. Finally, we used mark‐recapture analysis to quantify deer mouse apparent survival across a cheatgrass gradient while accounting for detection probability and other habitat features. In the foraging experiment, shrubs were more important as protective cover in cheatgrass‐dominated habitats, suggesting that cheatgrass increased perceived predation risk. Additionally, deer mice avoided cheatgrass and selected shrubs, and marginally avoided native grass, at two spatial scales. Deer mouse apparent survival varied with a cheatgrass–shrub interaction, corresponding with our foraging experiment results, and providing a rare example of a native plant mediating the effects of an invasive plant on wildlife. By synthesizing the results of three individual lines of evidence (foraging behavior, habitat selection, and apparent survival), we provide a rare example of linkage between behavioral responses of animals indicative of perceived predation risk and actual fitness outcomes. Moreover, our results suggest that exotic grass invasions can influence wildlife populations by altering risk landscapes and survival.     

Woodland caribou habitat selection patterns in relation to predation risk and forage abundance depend on reproductive state

The ideal free distribution assumes that animals select habitats that are beneficial to their fitness. When the needs of dependent offspring differ from those of the parent, ideal habitat selection patterns could vary with the presence or absence of offspring. We test whether habitat selection depends on reproductive state due to top‐down or bottom‐up influences on the fitness of woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou), a threatened, wide‐ranging herbivore. We combined established methods of fitting resource and step selection functions derived from locations of collared animals in Ontario with newer techniques, including identifying calf status from video collar footage and seasonal habitat selection analysis through latent selection difference functions. We found that females with calves avoided predation risk and proximity to roads more strongly than females without calves within their seasonal ranges. At the local scale, females with calves avoided predation more strongly than females without calves. Females with calves increased predation avoidance but not selection for food availability upon calving, whereas females without calves increased selection for food availability across the same season. These behavioral responses suggest that habitat selection by woodland caribou is influenced by reproductive state, such that females with calves at heel use habitat selection to offset the increased vulnerability of their offspring to predation risk.     

四川卧龙国家级自然保护区多空间尺度下绿尾虹雉的生境选择

动物的生境选择具有空间尺度依赖性, 在不同空间尺度上影响生境选择的环境因素有所不同。研究不同空间尺度下动物生境选择的关键影响因子及其季节性变化, 对于全面了解物种的生境资源需求和开展生境保护具有重要意义。绿尾虹雉(Lophophorus lhuysii)是中国特有的高山雉类, 国家一级重点保护野生动物, 具有极高的保护价值。然而, 目前尚未对其不同尺度和时期的生境选择进行过探究。本研究于2019年10月至2020年10月, 在四川卧龙国家级自然保护区的羊角湾、魏家沟和文扎都3个区域共布设15条样线、303个样方, 并结合红外相机监测(176个红外相机位点), 对保护区内绿尾虹雉种群的生境利用状况进行了调查, 使用主成分分析和逻辑斯蒂回归模型分别从景观和微生境两个尺度对繁殖期(3‒8月)和非繁殖期(9月至翌年2月)的生境选择模式进行了分析。结果显示, 在景观尺度上, 在繁殖期和非繁殖期都显著偏好海拔较高(3,700‒ 4,300 m)、坡度较小(27°‒33°)、靠近阳坡、草甸和流石滩比例较高而森林和灌丛比例较低的生境。在微生境尺度上, 绿尾虹雉在繁殖期显著偏好岩石盖度较高的生境; 而非繁殖期则显著偏好草本盖度较高、灌木盖度和落叶盖度较低的生境。研究表明, 绿尾虹雉在景观和微生境尺度上均对生境有明显的选择性, 并且其微生境选择还存在季节性变化, 反映了该物种在生活史不同阶段具有不同的资源需求。本研究丰富了绿尾虹雉的基础生态学信息, 为卧龙及其他自然保护区绿尾虹雉的生境管理和种群保护工作提供了参考。     

中国大陆鸟类栖息地选择研究十年

栖息地选择研究一直是鸟类生态学研究的重要内容之一。通过对2001年1月至2010年12月10年期间中国大陆鸟类学家在国内外期刊上发表的鸟类栖息地选择研究的论文进行分析,对我国鸟类栖息地选择研究提出展望。10年间,我国鸟类学家共发表有关鸟类栖息地选择或利用的论文170篇,共涉及到鸟类10目31科73种。在这10年里,中国大陆有关鸟类栖息地选择或利用的文章持续增长。然而,我国鸟类栖息地选择的研究也存在着如下问题:(1)存在栖息地选择和栖息地利用误用的现象,这种现象在10年内并无明显改善;(2)在选择研究方法时,很少考虑个体的可获得性、种群密度及抽样尺度对栖息地选择的影响;(3)大多数的栖息地选择的论文没有对鸟类的栖息地选择行为进行研究,也缺乏对其选择的适合度背景去进行研究。根据这些问题,对我国未来的鸟类栖息地选择研究提出了建议。     

Misclassified Resource Selection: Compositional Analysis and Unused Habitat

Abstract: During the past decade, compositional analysis (CA) has been used widely in animal—habitat and resource selection studies. Despite this popularity, CA has not been tested for potential systematic biases such as incorrect identification of preferred resources. We used computer-simulated data based on known habitat use and availability parameters to assess the potential for CA to incorrectly identify preferred habitat use. We consider in particular the situation when available habitat categories not used by all animals are included in the resource selection analysis, with substitution of a relatively small value, such as 0.01, for each 0% utilization value. Progressively larger misclassification-error*** rates in preferred habitat use resulted from substituting progressively smaller positive values for each 0% utilization of a habitat category.