干热河谷冲沟沟岸葛藤不同覆被状况及土壤性质差异分析

沟岸是干热河谷冲沟系统中土壤生态环境最为恶劣的地带,其水热矛盾突出、土层浅薄、土壤贫瘠。探讨葛藤覆被对沟岸土壤性质的影响,可为沟岸土壤改良与植被恢复奠定基础。以元谋干热河谷区葛藤覆被的冲沟沟岸为研究对象,选取裸露地块作为对照(CK),根据藤本生物量设置4个处理(T1:309.70 g/m~2鲜被物,T2、T3、T4:594.34、1103.43、1693.27 g/m~2枯落物),对比研究了葛藤不同覆被状况对沟岸土壤性质的影响。结果表明:沟岸土壤性质受葛藤覆被类型(鲜/枯)及生物量共同影响。(1)较裸露沟岸(11.05%),枯藤覆被有益于保持其下土壤水分(13.30%—18.90%),鲜藤覆被下土壤水分则明显降低(7.36%);较裸露沟岸,鲜、枯藤覆被均有助于增加其下土壤毛管孔隙度。(2)较裸露沟岸,鲜藤覆被下沟岸土壤有机质、铵态氮、硝态氮、有效磷、速效钾含量大都呈现出不同程度的降低,枯藤覆被沟岸上述土壤养分含量则整体增加,且大都呈现出随枯藤覆被量增加而增加的规律。(3)较裸露沟岸(3.24 nmol/g),鲜、枯藤覆被沟岸土壤总PLFA(总磷脂脂肪酸量Phospholipids fatty acid)量明显提升,T1—T4处理土壤的总PLFA量分别为裸露沟岸的10.5、2.6、2.6倍和6.5倍。研究成果对于干热河谷冲沟系统退化土壤的改良及植被恢复具有重要的指导意义。     

覆被对桔园旱季土壤水分变化和利用的影响

稻草覆盖和自然覆被是解决红壤丘陵区季节性干旱的有效措施.2005～2006年在桃源农业生态试验站进行了稻草覆盖和自然覆被对桔园降雨入渗、土壤蒸发、土壤水分调控和利用结构影响的研究,结果表明:稻草覆盖和自然覆被更有利于雨水的储存和向深层入渗,雨后48h分别比裸地土壤储水增量多3.33mm和1.33mm,降雨入渗深度分别为40cm和80cm.此外,稻草覆盖和自然覆被分别抑制了69.10%和36.53%的土壤蒸发,其蒸发抑制作用在午间高温时段表现尤为明显,使得更多的水分以植物蒸腾(稻草覆盖15.71%、自然覆被7.30%)和土壤蓄留的方式支出,并且分别降低了20.55mm(稻草覆盖)和14.33mm(自然覆被)的水分支出.覆被下土壤水分结构发生明显改变,0～20cm土层受外界条件影响较大,土壤水分变异系数较大,自然覆被由于覆盖的植被消耗表层水分,水分亏缺较大,平均含水量为稻草覆盖>裸地>自然覆被;20～80cm土壤水分变异减小,平均含水量稻草覆盖>自然覆被>裸地;120～160cm深土层中,自然覆被下土壤水分得不到补给,变异系数增大,稻草覆盖和裸地水分变化稳定,平均含水量稻草覆盖>裸地>自然覆被.     

金沙江干热河谷土壤含水量对台湾青枣生长和产量的影响

比较了4个水分梯度3年生台湾青枣(Zizyphus mauritiana Lam.)的树高生长动态、地径生长动态、新梢生下量、枝粗生长量、叶面积、叶面积指数、座果率、平均株产量、叶片含水率和根系含水率等,通过主成分分析法和R型因子综合分析法确定了适合台湾青枣生长的最优土壤含水率。结果表明第3种水分处理(土壤含水率为田间持水量的70%~85%)的台湾青枣对水分的响应最好,对水分的响应排序值是56.147;其次是第4种水分处理(土壤含水率为田间持水量的85%~100%),其值为41.506;最后是第1种水分处理(土壤含水率为田间持水量的40%~55%),其值为34.545。由此可以得出,在金沙江干热河谷地区种植台湾青枣的最佳土壤水分是土壤含水率达到田间持水量的70%~85%。     

放牧对降雨条件下黄土高原退耕草地土壤水分补给的影响

降雨是影响土壤水分补给和坡面产流的关键因素,放牧可改变地表覆被特征和表层土壤结构,进而影响坡面产流和土壤水分补给。目前鲜有研究关注放牧对土壤水分补给的影响。本研究通过围栏放牧试验,定位监测自然降雨条件下土壤水分动态,对比了不同放牧强度(G1～G5:2.2、3.0、4.2、6.7、16.7羊·hm^-2)下地表覆被、土壤理化属性和降雨土壤水分补给特征。结果表明：放牧显著影响植被和生物结皮盖度,与不放牧样地(NG)相比,G1～G5放牧强度下植被盖度降低8.3%～16.4%,G2放牧强度下生物结皮盖度较NG增加106.9%。G1～G5放牧强度下地表粗糙度增加53.1%～152.5%,G5放牧强度下生物结皮厚度降低24.1%。土壤湿润锋速随降雨强度增加而降低,G2放牧强度下0～5 cm土层湿润锋速在不同降雨条件下(降雨量18.0～70.3 mm)与NG相比降低60.0%～83.3%。放牧对土壤湿润锋速的影响与生物结皮盖度和0～5 cm土壤容重显著相关。放牧未显著影响黄土高原降雨条件下土壤水分补给速率。综上,G2放牧可通过增加藻结皮盖度,延长土壤水分在表层土壤的运移时间,有益...     

金沙江干热河谷人工植被土壤水环境

金沙江干热河谷异常干热的气候特点,普遍存在水分亏缺问题,人工植被土壤水环境问题比其它干旱、半干旱地区更加突出．在干热河谷典型地段——元谋的试验观测表明,现有的乔木林明显表现出“土壤干化”的特点,土壤水分持续长时间亏缺,雨季结束之后的11月份。2m土层内的土壤含水量只有15％(相当于田间持水量的35％)左右,之后持续下降,直到5月份达到最低点(9％左右),几乎接近林木的凋萎湿度(元谋表蚀燥红壤的凋萎湿度为9．O％)．由此而导致林木生长缓慢．车桑子(Radonaea wiscosa)灌木林同层土壤含水率相对比乔木林高42．68％,自然草坡的土壤水分明显优于乔木和灌木林,分别比乔木林和灌木林高34．36％和22．22％．这种人工乔木林的“土壤干化”问题在干热河谷地区的植被恢复中还没有引起重视,将极大地制约人工植被的可持续发展．     

干热河谷区不同坡位土壤水分对降雨的响应特征

研究干热河谷地区土壤水分在降雨过程中的短时动态变化,有助于揭示该地区的土壤水文功能。本研究选取贵州花江干热河谷作为研究区,运用原位监测法,获取不同坡位的高频土壤水分监测数据,分析土壤水分对降雨的短时动态响应特征。结果表明: 在整个监测期间,无论是坡上还是坡中,研究区各层土壤水分均为中等变异水平(15.2%≤变异系数CV≤29.7%),坡上土壤水分的波动幅度(CV=21.1%)大于坡中(CV=19.1%),0～5 cm土层(CV=26.2%)大于20～40 cm土层(CV=16.5%)。与坡中相比,坡上土壤水分对降雨的响应速度更快,降雨对土壤水分的补给量大、补给速率快;坡上的土壤水分补给速率与消退速率之差(2.3%·h^-1)大于坡中(1.8%·h^-1)。随土层深度增加,下层土壤水分对降雨的响应早于或同步于上层,降雨对土壤水分的补给量减少、补给速率减慢,土壤水分的消退速率也减慢。与坡中相比,坡上土壤水分入渗能力更强,保水能力更优。干热河谷的微观环境和小气候影响土壤水分对降雨的响应特征,而岩-土界面优先流的快速补给则会加快下层土壤水分对降雨的响应速度,使得该地区的坡面更容易形成混合产流机制。     

不同供水条件下侧柏和刺槐幼树的蒸腾耗水与土壤水分应力订正

采用旱棚人工控水,对侧柏、刺槐不同水量全生长期均衡供水条件下,2～3年生幼树的生理需水规律、蒸腾耗水与土壤水分的关系进行了研究.结果表明,刺槐蒸腾耗水量随土壤供水能力的增大而增加.其中以生长前期和生长盛期耗水为主,约占年蒸腾耗水量的80.5%;刺槐年均生理需水量是侧柏的5.13倍.侧柏蒸腾耗水量在土壤相对含水率为40%～100%有一峰值.当土壤相对含水率≤87.84%时,蒸腾耗水量随土壤相对含水率增加而增大;反之则减小.侧柏蒸腾耗水量以生长盛期最大,约占年蒸腾量的46.27%,生长后期次之,生长前期较小.并求出了两树种蒸腾耗水的土壤水分应力订正函数及在非充分供水条件下实际蒸腾耗水的时间-水分函数.     

元谋干热河谷冲沟坡度与植物优势种关系

在元谋干热河谷冲沟发育典型的三个样区(沙地村、金雷村、苴林村)采集48条冲沟的植物样方数据和冲沟沟底的坡度数据,运用重要值方法对植被优势种进行判别和筛选,以灌木优势种和草本优势种为主要研究对象,探讨植被优势种与冲沟沟底坡度的关系。结果表明：(1)灌木优势种为车桑子Dodonaea viscosa和山合欢Albizia kalkora,重要值分别为0.486和0.342,占灌木总体的83%;草本优势种为扭黄茅Heteropogon contortus、孔颖草Bothriochloa pertusa和茅草Imperata cylindrica,重要值分别为0.386、0.140及0.196,占草本总体的72%。(2)除草本优势种中的茅草盖度与坡度相关性显著(P<0.05)外,样区冲沟沟底坡度与灌木优势种和草本优势种相关性均不显著(P>0.05),表明在元谋干热河谷地区,冲沟沟底坡度对植被优势种生长状况影响较小。     

不同龄阶梭梭根区土壤水分时空变化特征

土壤水是荒漠植被发育最主要的制约因子。不仅影响植物的生长和发育,还限制着植被的种类、数量和分布。梭梭作为北方荒漠区重要的固沙植物,研究梭梭林地土壤水分动态对其植被生存或恢复以及群落稳定性维持具有重要意义。鉴于少有学者研究过不同龄阶梭梭根区的土壤含水率差异,于2014年2月至2014年11月,采用中子仪法和烘干法对0—400 cm沙层土壤含水率进行了原位观测,分析了不同龄阶梭梭根区土壤水分的时空变化规律。结果表明:(1)梭梭根区土壤水分时间变化可分为4个阶段:2月下旬—3月下旬是土壤水分快速补给期,4月上旬—5月下旬是土壤水分均衡期,6月上旬—10月下旬是土壤水分耗损期,11月上旬—次年2月中旬是土壤水分稳定期;(2)梭梭根区0—50 cm土层,受降雨、融雪水入渗补给和蒸发的影响较大,土壤水分变异系数较大且随深度增加迅速减小,50 cm以下土层变异系数较小且随深度变化微小;(3)不同龄阶梭梭根区剖面平均土壤含水率全年与春、夏、秋季均表现为:枯树成熟梭梭中龄梭梭裸地;(4)随距梭梭树干距离的增大(0—5 m范围内),土壤含水率整体呈减小趋势;降雨前后,梭梭根区浅层(0—10 cm)土壤含水率增量大于裸地土壤含水率增量。     

不同荫蔽栽培下亏缺灌溉对干热区小粒咖啡水光利用和产量的影响

干热区小粒咖啡水光管理粗放,产量和品质得不到保证.为探明干热区小粒咖啡最佳灌水和荫蔽栽培耦合模式,通过大田试验,设3个灌水水平(充分灌水、轻度亏缺灌水和重度亏缺灌水)和4个荫蔽栽培模式(无荫蔽:单作咖啡;轻度荫蔽:4行咖啡间作1行香蕉;中度荫蔽:3行咖啡间作1行香蕉;重度荫蔽:2行咖啡间作1行香蕉),研究香蕉荫蔽栽培下亏缺灌溉对小粒咖啡生长、叶片光合特性、水光利用和产量的影响.结果表明: 小粒咖啡叶片的净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(g_s)、叶片水分利用效率(LWUE)、叶片表观光能利用效率(LRUE)随灌水量的增大而增大,胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)随灌水量的增大而减小;与充分灌水相比,轻度亏缺灌水的干豆产量减小9.4%,重度亏缺灌水的干豆产量减小36.7%,水分利用效率(WUE)减小16.9%.P_n、T_r、g_s、LWUE随荫蔽度的增大呈先增大后减小的趋势,中度荫蔽栽培的增量最大;与无荫蔽模式相比,轻度荫蔽模式干豆产量增加13.0%,WUE增加12.9%,中度荫蔽栽培模式干豆产量增加23.1%,WUE增加23.4%.干豆产量、WUE、百粒咖啡豆的体积和百粒鲜质量随灌水量和荫蔽度的增大呈不同程度增大,其中,中度荫蔽栽培下充分灌水的干豆产量和WUE增量最大.相同土层深度的土壤含水率随荫蔽度的增加而减小;在0~50 cm土层,土壤含水率随土层深度的增加先增大后减小.LRUE与光合有效辐射呈显著的负指数关系或符合Logistic曲线变化.因此,从优质高产、水光高效利用的综合效益考虑,中度荫蔽栽培下充分灌水是小粒咖啡灌水处理和香蕉荫蔽栽培模式的最佳组合.     

增加降水对干旱河谷区云南松人工林土壤呼吸的影响

2013年5月至2014年6月,对干旱河谷区云南松(Pinus yunnanensis)人工林进行增加降水试验,试验设置对照(CK,0 mm m~(-2)a~(-1))、增水10%(A1,80 mm m~(-2)a~(-1))、增水20%(A2,160 mm m~(-2)a~(-1))和增水30%(A3,240 mm m~(-2)a~(-1))4个处理水平。采用LI-8100开路式土壤碳通量测量系统测定每月土壤呼吸速率。结果表明,4个处理云南松人工林土壤呼吸速率均呈明显的季节变化,7月最高,2月最低。与CK相比,A1年均土壤呼吸速率无显著性差异(P0.05),A2显著增加了12.88%(P0.05),而A3明显减少了17.71%(P0.05)。3个增水处理均提高了土壤呼吸的温度敏感性,减弱了土壤呼吸与土壤湿度的关系。与土壤温度相比,土壤湿度对土壤呼吸的影响相对较小。增水增加了湿季土壤微生物碳、氮含量,干季对微生物碳含量无影响,但明显降低了微生物氮含量。这说明,降水增加对干旱河谷区云南松人工林土壤呼吸的影响是不尽相同的,适当的增水会促进土壤呼吸,而过量的增水会抑制土壤呼吸。     

Increased soil moisture content increases plant N uptake and the abundance of 15N in plant biomass

The natural abundance of ¹⁵N in plant biomass has been used to infer how N dynamics change with elevated atmospheric CO₂ and changing water availability. However, it remains unclear if atmospheric CO₂ effects on plant biomass ¹⁵N are driven by CO₂-induced changes in soil moisture. We tested whether ¹⁵N abundance (expressed as δ¹⁵N) in plant biomass would increase with increasing soil moisture content at two atmospheric CO₂ levels. In a greenhouse experiment we grew sunflower (Helianthus annuus) at ambient and elevated CO₂ (760 ppm) with three soil moisture levels maintained at 45, 65, and 85% of field capacity, thereby eliminating potential CO₂-induced soil moisture effects. The δ¹⁵N value of total plant biomass increased significantly with increased soil moisture content at both CO₂ levels, possibly due to increased uptake of ¹⁵N-rich organic N. Although not adequately replicated, plant biomass δ¹⁵N was lower under elevated than under ambient CO₂ after adjusting for plant N uptake effects. Thus, increases in soil moisture can increase plant biomass δ¹⁵N, while elevated CO₂ can decrease plant biomass δ¹⁵N other than by modifying soil moisture.     

Soil seed bank and aboveground vegetation within hillslope vegetation restoration sites in Jinshajing hot-dry river valley

Soil seed bank plays an important role in the composition of different plant communities, especially in their conservation. Although soil seed bank, aboveground vegetation and their relationship have been the subject of much recent attention, little is known about the size and species composition of the soil seed bank and about the aboveground vegetation in the semiarid hillslope grasslands. There is limited understanding of how these components interact to determine the importance of seed banks in regeneration. In this study, the size and species composition of a soil seed bank and aboveground vegetation have been assessed in an experiment using 36 vegetation quadrats and 108 soil samples in terrace, slope, gully, and grazing land. This land represents a range of habitats within a hillslope grassland in Jinshajing hot-dry river valley of Yunnan, China. Terrace, slope, and gully represent restored sites and grazing land typifies unrestored sites. Twenty-one taxa in the seed bank were identified with a median and median density of 7 species/m² and 5498 seeds/m², respectively, whereas in the aboveground vegetation, 19 species were observed with a median and median density of 6 species/m² and 1088 plants/m², respectively. Both seed bank density and aboveground vegetation density among grazing land, gully, slope, and terrace differed significantly. There was an absolutely high proportion of herbaceous species in the seed bank and aboveground vegetation. Gramineae predominated over both seed bank and vegetation. The most frequent seeds and plants were Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus and Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv that had the highest individual number, importance value, and biomass. In the seed bank, the seeds of Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus and Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv accounted for 50.68% and 33.10% of the total seeds, respectively. In the aboveground vegetation, the individual number of Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus and Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv accounted for 55.66% and 29.86% of the total, respectively. The biomass of Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus and Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv accounted for more than 70% of the total, reaching 206.71 g/m² and 147.76 g/m², respectively. Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus and Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv had the highest importance value of 193.01 and 159.99, respectively. Density, biomass, species richness, species diversity, and evenness were the highest in terrace land, whereas these were lowest in grazing land. Similarities between the seed bank and the aboveground vegetation were moderately high and not very different among slope, gully, and terrace lands, while for grazing land, they tended to increase when the restorative stage progressed. This result contrasts with some other studies where the seed bank contributes very little to the seedling flora and the vegetative growth clearly overwhelms sexual reproduction. The hypothesis about significant functional correlation between soil seed bank density and aboveground vegetation density is conformed. Correlation between soil seed bank density and aboveground vegetation density can be described in quadratic and cubic curves. The strong similarity between the vegetation and the seed bank is attributed to a large proportion of the species Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus and Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv., which are seed profusive and whose seeds have a significant viability in the ground. The high density, biomass, species richness, species diversity, and uniformity of the reclaimed site are related to the sufficiency of heat and water supplies for species establishment and growth in the site, which partly reflects the effective efforts for hillslope grassland restoration. It is believed that the efforts for vegetation restoration have altered the microhabitat conditions of the site and have provided a favorable habitat for species to establish and grow.     

Soil seed bank and aboveground vegetation within hillslope vegetation restoration sites in Jinshajing hot-dry river valley

Soil seed bank plays an important role in the composition of different plant communities, especially in their conservation. Although soil seed bank, aboveground vegetation and their relationship have been the subject of much recent attention, little is known about the size and species composition of the soil seed bank and about the aboveground vegetation in the semiarid hillslope grasslands. There is limited understanding of how these components interact to determine the importance of seed banks in regeneration. In this study, the size and species composition of a soil seed bank and aboveground vegetation have been assessed in an experiment using 36 vegetation quadrats and 108 soil samples in terrace, slope, gully, and grazing land. This land represents a range of habitats within a hillslope grassland in Jinshajing hot-dry river valley of Yunnan, China. Terrace, slope, and gully represent restored sites and grazing land typifies unrestored sites. Twenty-one taxa in the seed bank were identified with a median and median density of 7 species/m² and 5498 seeds/m², respectively, whereas in the aboveground vegetation, 19 species were observed with a median and median density of 6 species/m² and 1088 plants/m², respectively. Both seed bank density and aboveground vegetation density among grazing land, gully, slope, and terrace differed significantly. There was an absolutely high proportion of herbaceous species in the seed bank and aboveground vegetation. Gramineae predominated over both seed bank and vegetation. The most frequent seeds and plants were Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus and Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv that had the highest individual number, importance value, and biomass. In the seed bank, the seeds of Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus and Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv accounted for 50.68% and 33.10% of the total seeds, respectively. In the aboveground vegetation, the individual number of Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus and Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv accounted for 55.66% and 29.86% of the total, respectively. The biomass of Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus and Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv accounted for more than 70% of the total, reaching 206.71 g/m² and 147.76 g/m², respectively. Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus and Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv had the highest importance value of 193.01 and 159.99, respectively. Density, biomass, species richness, species diversity, and evenness were the highest in terrace land, whereas these were lowest in grazing land. Similarities between the seed bank and the aboveground vegetation were moderately high and not very different among slope, gully, and terrace lands, while for grazing land, they tended to increase when the restorative stage progressed. This result contrasts with some other studies where the seed bank contributes very little to the seedling flora and the vegetative growth clearly overwhelms sexual reproduction. The hypothesis about significant functional correlation between soil seed bank density and aboveground vegetation density is conformed. Correlation between soil seed bank density and aboveground vegetation density can be described in quadratic and cubic curves. The strong similarity between the vegetation and the seed bank is attributed to a large proportion of the species Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus and Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv., which are seed profusive and whose seeds have a significant viability in the ground. The high density, biomass, species richness, species diversity, and uniformity of the reclaimed site are related to the sufficiency of heat and water supplies for species establishment and growth in the site, which partly reflects the effective efforts for hillslope grassland restoration. It is believed that the efforts for vegetation restoration have altered the microhabitat conditions of the site and have provided a favorable habitat for species to establish and grow.     

放牧对鄂尔多斯高原油蒿草场生物量及植被-土壤碳密度的影响

以围封保护和自由放牧油蒿草场为研究对象,通过野外调查与室内分析,研究了围封和放牧条件下沙地草场生物量和植被-土壤碳密度。结果表明:(1)自由放牧使油蒿群落中植物种类增加,但降低了植物群落盖度。自由放牧不仅导致油蒿草场地上、地下总生物量降低,也使得油蒿地上、地下生物量占群落地上、地下总生物量的比例减小。生长季自由放牧样地凋落物生物量显著大于围封保护样地(P0.05);(2)围封保护样地植被碳密度大于自由放牧样地,土壤碳密度却小于自由放牧样地,但两个样地间差异不显著(P0.05);(3)油蒿草场90%以上的碳储存于土壤中,围封保护样地和自由放牧样地油蒿草场土壤碳密度占植被-土壤系统碳密度的91%、93%;(4)围封保护油蒿草场碳密度为2.29 kg/m2,自由放牧油蒿草场碳密度为2.68 kg/m2,两个样地间差异不显著,自由放牧对油蒿草场碳密度影响不大。     

治沙措施通过植物群落的质量效应驱动土壤因子变化——以玛曲高寒草甸沙化区为例

沙漠化是玛曲高寒草甸面临的主要生态问题之一,研究沙障固定+种草植灌+围封共同构建的综合性治沙措施对不同调查区(县城南岸与河曲马场)玛曲高寒草甸严重沙漠化区域(流动沙地)植物群落和土壤因子的影响,以及植物群落驱动土壤因子变化的生态机制,有助于科学合理的开展沙漠化防治与生态恢复工作。结果表明：治沙措施实施后,植物群落的主要优势种由青藏苔草(Carex moorcroftii)转变为垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)与青藏苔草并重。不受调查区制约,治沙措施能够显著改善植物群落数量特征与物种多样性,表现为县城南岸与河曲马场的地上生物量大幅提高至18.04 g/m²和24.67 g/m²(P<0.05),盖度分别为23.8%和31.1%,较流动沙地显著提高了487.3%和589.2%(P<0.05),物种丰富度和Shannon多样性指数的变化规律与盖度相近。土壤因子方面,除pH值外,治沙措施能够显著提高县城南岸与河曲马场的土壤全氮、全碳、全磷、速效磷和速效钾。线性混合效应模型表明,治沙措施实施后,地上生物量是驱动土壤有机质、全氮和全碳...     

Evaluation of African annual clovers to moisture stress in two Ethiopian highland soils

Five annual clover species from Ethiopia and Kenya were evaluated in greenhouse studies for biomass production, water use efficiency, and total nitrogen (N) accumulation when grown under different moisture conditions. Two Ethiopian highland soils (Nitosol and Vertisol) were maintained under either high or low soil moisture conditions until maturity. The largest biomass yields and N accumulations occurred in the high moisture treatment on both soils. One species (Trifolium tembense) was superior to the other four in biomass production over all soil and moisture treatments. Two species (T. decorum and T. quartinianum) were intermediate in performance, and two species (T. rueppellianum and T. steudneri) demonstrated low productivity over treatments. The results imply that at least three of the clovers evaluated may be capable of substantial biomass production and N accumulation on two Ethiopian soils that are commonly found in the central African highlands. These clovers should be evaluated in field trials in Africa to determine their use as pasture legumes to support livestock production.     

黄土丘陵区植被类型与土壤微生物区系及生物量的关系

以陕西延安黄土丘陵区5种不同植被类型(人工刺槐林、天然侧柏林、天然辽东栎林、灌丛和裸地)为研究对象,分析了土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量、细菌和真菌的丰度变化规律及其与土壤基本化学性质的关系。结果表明:(1)4种植被类型的土壤质量较之裸地都有不同程度的改善,总体趋势:天然林地人工林地裸地;(2)土壤微生物生物量碳、氮的总体趋势:天然林地最高,人工林次之,裸地最低,且与土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)和速效磷(AP)极显著正相关(P0.01);(3)裸地土壤的细菌丰度最低,人工刺槐林真菌含量显著低于天然辽东栎林。细菌丰度与土壤营养状况呈显著正相关(P0.05),而真菌与土壤营养无明显相关性,只与土壤pH负相关。说明在该研究区域,植被类型与土壤质量对微生物资源都具有不同程度的作用。     

Effects of Biological Soil Crusts on Seed Bank, Germination and Establishment of Two Annual Plant Species in the Tengger Desert (N China)

The presence of biological soil crusts can affect the germination and survival of vascular plants, but the reasons are not well investigated. We have conducted a field investigation and greenhouse experiments to test the effect of crusts on two desert annual plants, which occur on the stabilized dunes of the Tengger Desert in N China. The results showed that biological soil crusts negatively influenced the seed bank of Eragrostis poaeoides and Bassia dasyphylla. The important effect of biological soil crusts on seed germination and establishment were performed indirectly through reducing the amount of germinating seeds. Field investigation and experimental results with regard to the seed bank indicated that higher seedling density was found in disturbed crust soil and bare soil surface than in intact crust soils. Greenhouse experiments showed that the effects of biological soil crusts on germination and establishment of the two plants are not obvious in moist condition, while disturbed crusts are more favorable to seed germination in dry treatment. Significant differences in biomass were found between disturbed crust soil and bare soil. Survival and growth of the two annual plants were enhanced in both algal and moss crusts during the season of rainfall or in moist environment, but crusts did not affect seedling survival in the dry period. The small seeded E. poaeoides has higher germination than larger-seeded B. dasyphylla in crust soils, but B. dasyphylla has a relatively higher survival rate than E. poaeoides in crust soils.     

含植被覆盖影响的石羊河流域土壤水分遥感估算及空间格局分析

土壤水分是地表和大气循环的纽带,对植被生长和高效农业灌溉起着关键作用。以石羊河流域为研究区,采用植被覆盖度/表面反照率梯形特征空间散点图计算裸土反照率,减少植被对遥感获取土壤水分误差,以提高遥感土壤水分估算精度。同时通过稳定性、空间自相关和地理探测器等分析了SM的空间格局及其影响因素。结果表明：（1）裸土反照率模型在石羊河流域的SM反演精度较高,为流域尺度的SM计算提供了新的方法思考。（2） SM具有明显的空间自相关性,Moran''s值为0.88（Z-score=1852.94,P<0.01）,上游林地高-高聚集,下游荒漠低-低聚集,且SM与FVC显著相关（P<0.01）。（3）石羊河流域年内SM稳定性整体良好,其中稳定性好和较好区域占研究区88.34%。（4） SM空间分布受多因子影响,各因子解释能力存在显著差异,其中植被覆盖度 > 土壤类型 > 高程 > 土地利用,且因子间交互作用增强了对SM空间分异的解释力。（5）不同土地利用类型的SM差异较大,其中未利用地大部分SM小于7%;草地和耕地SM居于中等水平,SM值为7%-15%;林地水平最高,SM值大于25%。