增温和降雨减少对杉木幼林土壤酶活性的影响

土壤酶在土壤过程中扮演着一个重要的角色,其通过参与凋落物和土壤有机质的分解过程从而驱动着土壤养分循环和碳循环,而影响这个过程的因素很多,主要包括温度和土壤含水量。本研究在中亚热带杉木人工幼林进行对照、增温、隔离降雨以及增温+隔离降雨联合处理实验,探究温度和水分变化对土壤胞外酶活性的影响,包括参与碳循环的β-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)、纤维素水解酶(CBH)、酚氧化酶(PHO)、过氧化物酶(PEO),和参与氮循环的β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)以及参与磷循环的酸性磷酸酶(AP)。结果表明:增温和隔离降雨以及两者的交互作用使土壤含水量、微生物生物量氮、可溶性有机氮和可溶性有机碳(DOC)显著下降(P0.05)。此外,增温显著增加了铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)和硝态氮含量(P0.05),以及βG、CBH和NAG酶活性(P0.05);隔离降雨在一定程度上对βG、CBH和NAG(P 0. 05)酶活性起到促进作用;而增温+隔离降雨处理下,βG、CBH、NAG、PHO、PEO酶活性都略微上升(P 0.05); AP酶活性在各个处理后均剧烈下降(P 0.05)。冗余分析结果显示,全氮、NH_4~+-N和DOC是驱动土壤酶活性变化的主要影响因子。研究表明,参与碳、氮循环的土壤酶在温度升高和降水减少下响应较为积极,酶活性有所上升,从而加速了土壤碳分解,但参与磷循环的土壤酶活性却显著下降,未来该地区的磷限制情况将进一步加剧。本研究将为未来气候变暖和降水减少下对预测养分循环和碳循环提供一定的科学依据。     

中亚热带杉木人工幼林林下植被生物量对短期增温和隔离降雨交互作用的响应

通过在野外条件下设置对照(CT)、土壤增温(W,+5℃)、隔离降雨(P,隔离50%降雨量)以及增温与隔离降雨协同作用(WP) 4种处理,研究增温与隔离降雨及其交互作用对中亚热带杉木人工林林下植被生物量的影响,结果表明:增温和隔离降雨及其交互作用显著影响杉木人工林林下植被生物量。W和WP处理显著提高地上、地下和总生物量,其中W处理地上、地下和总生物量增加比例均高于WP处理;隔离降雨导致地下部分生物量显著减少;增温、隔离降雨及其交互作用均导致林下植被根冠比值下降。土壤温度升高是导致植被地上、地下和总生物量以及根冠比值变化的根本原因,而土壤溶液中可溶性碳氮及矿质元素浓度的变化可能是导致植被地上、地下和总生物量变化的直接原因。其中,Al~(3+)、Fe~(3+)、Ca~(2+)浓度的降低可能是导致增温后杉木林林下植被地上、地下和总生物量显著增加的原因; Al~(3+)、Na~+浓度的增加可能是导致隔离降雨后林下植被地下部分生物量下降的原因。本研究从土壤溶液养分组成变化的角度,探讨增温、隔离降雨及其交互作用对中亚热带杉木幼林林下植被生物量的影响,研究结果可为全球气候变化背景下森林生态系统碳循环研究与森林经营提供重要理论依据。     

连栽杉木人工林参与土壤碳氮转化过程酶活性及其与土壤理化因子的相关性

选取福建三明不同连栽代数杉木人工林(一代、二代、三代)及格氏栲天然林为研究对象,运用冗余分析法研究不同林地土壤理化性质、养分含量与参与碳,氮转化过程酶活性之间的相互关系,以探究中亚热带连栽杉木人工林土壤酶的季节变化及其影响因素,为揭示杉木人工林养分循环特点和林地土壤质量评价提供依据。结果表明:连栽杉木人工林地土壤pH显著低于天然林,但一、二、三代杉木林间无显著差异。12月份土壤全碳、全氮含量在不同连栽代数杉木林中无显著差异,并且二代和三代林土壤全碳、全氮含量均显著高于天然林(P0.05);6月份杉木三代林土壤全碳含量显著高于一代林(P0.05),但与二代林和天然林无显著差异。12月份土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量在一、二、三代杉木林间无显著差异。6月份杉木一代林土壤硝态氮含量显著高于二代林和天然林(P0.05),但与三代林无显著差异。12月份天然林土壤脲酶活性显著高于连栽杉木人工林(P0.05),而一、二、三代杉木林土壤脲酶活性无显著差异;杉木一代、二代林和天然林土壤天冬酰胺酶活性无显著差异,均显著高于三代林(P0.05)。冗余分析表明,土壤含水量、NO~-_3-N含量和pH对酶活性的影响较大,它们与土壤天冬酰胺酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、和蛋白酶(protease)呈显著正相关,但与土壤N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)呈显著负相关。本研究说明杉木林进入成熟林-过熟林阶段后,不同连栽代数林地许多土壤理化指标及酶活性均有不同程度恢复,而且它们受季节因素影响很大,建议今后加强土壤酶活性对环境变化响应的长期综合监测。     

不同作业方式对落叶松人工林土壤养分及酶活性的影响

本文以22年生落叶松人工林为研究对象,通过分析不同作业方式(对照:900株·hm-2;中度间伐:750株·hm~(-2);强度间伐:450株·hm-2;皆伐:0株·hm~(-2))不同土层(表层:0~10 cm;亚表层:10~20 cm)土壤养分、土壤酶活性的变化以及土壤养分和酶活性之间关系,揭示不同作业方式对落叶松人工林土壤肥力的影响。结果表明:(1)与对照相比,强度间伐显著降低表层土壤全氮和全磷含量,以及亚表层土壤的全碳、全氮、全磷含量和p H,皆伐仅降低表层土壤的全磷和亚表层土壤的全氮和全磷含量,但强度间伐与皆伐对土壤有效磷和无机氮无显著影响;(2)与对照相比,中度间伐显著提高表层土壤酚氧化酶、外切葡萄糖苷酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶活性,而强度间伐显著降低表层和亚表层土壤酸性磷酸酶活性,皆伐显著降低表层土壤的酸性磷酸酶活性;(3)与对照相比,中度和强度间伐均显著提高土壤多种酶(酚氧化酶、外切葡萄糖苷酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶和N-乙酰-β-氨基葡萄糖苷酶)的相对活性,皆伐只显著提高酚氧化酶/全氮的活性;(4)相关分析表明:5种酶与土壤全碳、全氮、全磷、无机氮均呈极显著相关。综上,中度间伐既有利于提高土壤酶活性,又未显著减少土壤养分含量,为落叶松人工林生态系统的可持续经营提供科学依据。     

氮沉降对中亚热带米槠天然林微生物生物量及酶活性的影响

氮沉降对土壤微生物的扰动可能会影响土壤的养分循环,然而关于中亚热带天然林土壤微生物及酶活性对氮沉降的响应鲜有报道。通过3 a的氮沉降模拟实验,研究中亚热带米槠天然林土壤的理化性质、土壤微生物量及土壤酶活性的响应。结果表明:氮沉降并未引起土壤的有机碳和总氮显著性变化;高氮(80 kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1))处理下,土壤p H下降,出现酸化现象;低氮(40 kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1))处理促进淋溶层(A层)中土壤纤维素分解酶(β-葡萄糖苷酶和纤维素水解酶)和木质素分解酶(多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶)活性升高,同时促进土壤微生物生物量碳、氮的积累。冗余分析(RDA)表示,可溶性有机碳(DOC)是驱动A层土壤酶活性的重要环境因子;而在淀积层(B层),这4种酶活性并未发生显著性差异。施氮处理后,A、B层中土壤的酸性磷酸酶活性增加(P0.05)。研究表明:低水平氮沉降增加了土壤微生物生物量碳氮含量以及土壤有机碳分解相关酶活性,从而加速了土壤碳周转;这为未来氮沉降增长背景下,探索中亚热带天然林土壤碳源汇问题提供了依据。     

退化泥炭地亚表层土壤酶活性与DOC变化规律研究

在气候变化背景下, 泥炭地亚表层土壤有机碳逐渐参与到碳循环中, 为揭示泥炭地亚表层碳输出与土壤酶活性的关系。以四川省红原县日干乔湿地自然保护区的泥炭沼泽(S1)、沼泽草甸(S2)、高寒草甸(S3)3种不同退化泥炭生态系统中不同深度(0—30 cm、30—60 cm、60—90 cm、90—120 cm、120—150 cm)的土壤作为研究对象, 研究泥炭地表层(<30 cm)、亚表层(30—60 cm)和深层(>60 cm)土壤酶(酚氧化酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、蔗糖酶)活性和土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)的变化规律及二者的关系。结果显示, 从泥炭沼泽到沼泽草甸再到高寒草甸的退化过程中, DOC含量逐渐增加。随着泥炭地退化程度的加深, 土壤酶活性呈先升高后降低的变化趋势。从垂直方向来看, 泥炭沼泽和沼泽草甸DOC从表层到亚表层逐渐增加, 高寒草甸DOC从表层到亚表层逐渐减少; 土壤酶中表层的酚氧化酶活性高于深层土壤, 而深层土壤中的β-葡萄糖苷酶、蔗糖酶活性高于表层与亚表层。酚氧化酶活性、β-葡萄糖苷酶活性、蔗糖酶活性直接影响DOC含量变化。其中, β-葡萄糖甘酶在不同水位变动条件下都和DOC保持很好的线性关系, 可作为指示DOC分解的关键酶类。     

降雨隔离和温度增加对杉木幼林土壤可溶性碳氮的影响

土壤可溶性碳氮在森林土壤碳循环和养分循环中起到重要作用,因其对气候变化高度敏感且可被微生物直接利用.本研究通过在2年生杉木人工林内设置隔离50%降雨处理(P)、增温5 ℃+隔离50%降雨处理(WP),利用张力测渗计野外原位收集土壤溶液,研究降雨和温度变化对不同深度土壤可溶性碳氮浓度的影响.结果表明: 降雨和温度变化没有改变土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)浓度的季节变化,土壤溶液DOC浓度在10月最高.降雨和温度变化增加了不同土层土壤溶液DOC浓度,60 cm处增加量最大,与对照相比,P和WP处理土壤溶液DOC浓度的增加幅度分别为30.4%～88.7%和32.8%～137.6%,10 月的差异值最大,对照土壤溶液DOC浓度随土壤深度增加而降低,但降雨和温度变化后各土层间土壤溶液DOC浓度没有显著差异.WP处理土壤溶液NO₃^--N浓度大幅增加,增加幅度为221.1%～931.0%.在未来全球变化背景下,亚热带地区降雨减少将增加土壤通透性和细根向深层土壤的生长,促进土壤微生物活性和有机质分解,可能增加本地区土壤有机碳氮淋溶流失,而温度增高将加剧碳氮流失风险.     

不同植物来源可溶性有机质对亚热带森林土壤酶活性的影响

探究不同植物来源可溶性有机质(DOM)进入土壤后对酶活性的影响, 可以为降水淋溶下亚热带地区不同森林生态系统土壤碳循环提供科学依据。该研究提取杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)、木荷(Schima superba)和楠木(Phoebe zherman) 3种植物鲜叶中的DOM分别输入杉木人工林土壤中, 以等量的去离子水添加为对照, 进行25天的室内培养。培养结束后测定土壤理化性质、微生物生物量和酶活性等指标。结果表明: 与对照处理(CT)相比, 添加3种叶片DOM后, 土壤总有机碳(SOC)、总氮(TN)含量和碳氮比均无显著变化。杉木叶片DOM添加处理(CL)的TN含量显著低于木荷叶片DOM添加处理(SL)和楠木叶片DOM添加处理(PL), 碳氮比显著高于SL和PL。3种叶片DOM输入整体上提高了土壤溶解有机碳(DOC)和溶解有机氮(DON)的含量。叶片DOM输入后土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)含量无显著变化, 然而CL和SL的土壤微生物生物量氮(MBN)含量分别比CT降低了50.9%和51.1%, PL的MBN含量比CT提高了54.0%。与CT相比, 不同植物来源DOM输入后, β-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)、纤维素水解酶(CBH)和过氧化物酶(PEO) 3种酶活性均显著上升, 而多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性则显著下降; 此外, βG和CBH活性均表现出CL > SL > PL的特征。相关性分析的结果表明, 添加叶片DOM 3种处理的SOC、TN、MBN含量和βG、CBH活性都与所输入DOM的DOC含量和腐殖化指数(HIX)显著相关, 此外, 土壤MBN含量和PPO活性与输入叶片DOM的pH呈正相关关系。冗余分析(RDA)结果表明, 叶片DOM输入后引起土壤酶活性变化的关键因子是DON和DOC含量。总体来说, 不同植物来源DOM性质的差异会影响土壤碳循环水解酶的活性, 而叶片DOM输入后增加了土壤碳和氮的有效性, 引起4种碳循环酶的不同响应。     

Effects of dissolved organic matter from different plant sources on soil enzyme activities in subtropical forests

探究不同植物来源可溶性有机质(DOM)进入土壤后对酶活性的影响, 可以为降水淋溶下亚热带地区不同森林生态系统土壤碳循环提供科学依据。该研究提取杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)、木荷(Schima superba)和楠木(Phoebe zherman) 3种植物鲜叶中的DOM分别输入杉木人工林土壤中, 以等量的去离子水添加为对照, 进行25天的室内培养。培养结束后测定土壤理化性质、微生物生物量和酶活性等指标。结果表明: 与对照处理(CT)相比, 添加3种叶片DOM后, 土壤总有机碳(SOC)、总氮(TN)含量和碳氮比均无显著变化。杉木叶片DOM添加处理(CL)的TN含量显著低于木荷叶片DOM添加处理(SL)和楠木叶片DOM添加处理(PL), 碳氮比显著高于SL和PL。3种叶片DOM输入整体上提高了土壤溶解有机碳(DOC)和溶解有机氮(DON)的含量。叶片DOM输入后土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)含量无显著变化, 然而CL和SL的土壤微生物生物量氮(MBN)含量分别比CT降低了50.9%和51.1%, PL的MBN含量比CT提高了54.0%。与CT相比, 不同植物来源DOM输入后, β-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)、纤维素水解酶(CBH)和过氧化物酶(PEO) 3种酶活性均显著上升, 而多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性则显著下降; 此外, βG和CBH活性均表现出CL > SL > PL的特征。相关性分析的结果表明, 添加叶片DOM 3种处理的SOC、TN、MBN含量和βG、CBH活性都与所输入DOM的DOC含量和腐殖化指数(HIX)显著相关, 此外, 土壤MBN含量和PPO活性与输入叶片DOM的pH呈正相关关系。冗余分析(RDA)结果表明, 叶片DOM输入后引起土壤酶活性变化的关键因子是DON和DOC含量。总体来说, 不同植物来源DOM性质的差异会影响土壤碳循环水解酶的活性, 而叶片DOM输入后增加了土壤碳和氮的有效性, 引起4种碳循环酶的不同响应。     

凋落物添加和移除对杉木人工林土壤水解酶活性及其化学计量比的影响

土壤生态酶化学计量比可用于评估微生物碳(C)、氮(N)和磷(P)养分的需求状况。以往从凋落物输入量变化对生态酶化学计量比的角度来探讨杉木人工林土壤养分状况的研究较少。以亚热带杉木人工林为研究对象,采用随机区组实验设计,对12块杉木人工林样地进行3种凋落物处理(凋落物添加(LA);凋落物移除(LR);对照(CK)),通过测定土壤C、N和P水解酶(β-葡糖苷酶(BG)、半纤维素酶(CB)、β-乙酰葡糖胺糖苷酶(NAG)、亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)和酸性磷酸酶(AP))的活性及土壤理化性质,探讨凋落物添加和移除对杉木人工林土壤养分状况的影响。结果表明:LR显著抑制了AP、BG、CB、NAG和LAP活性,同时降低了土壤含水量(SMC)、有机碳(SOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和有效氮含量;而LA对以上指标均存在显著的正效应,表明凋落物输入量变化主要是通过改变土壤水分和养分状况来影响水解酶的活性。LR和CK处理下土壤酶活性比ln(BG+CB):ln(AP)和ln(NAG+LAP):ln(AP)均低于全球尺度上土壤酶活性比ln(BG+CB):ln(AP)(0.62)和ln(NAG+LAP):ln(AP)(0.44),表明亚热带地区杉木人工林土壤微生物生长受磷限制;LA处理的土壤的ln(BG+CB):ln(AP)和ln(NAG+LAP):ln(AP)均高于全球尺度,表明LA在一定程度上缓解了土壤磷限制,生态酶化学计量比响应的差异表明磷可能是驱动亚热带杉木人工林土壤生态酶化学计量比内在联系的关键因子。相关分析表明SMC、SOC和有效氮含量与土壤酶活性及其化学计量比呈极显著正相关关系,因此,生态酶化学计量比可作为表征土壤当前养分有效性状况的重要指标,该研究可为亚热带杉木人工林土壤养分管理和可持续性经营提供科学的基础理论。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

安徽牯牛降的丝孢菌Ⅰ

本文报导作者采自安徽枯牛降自然保护区的18种丝孢菌,分属于5个属,其中有3个新种:牛皮冻生尾孢(Cercospora paederiicola),山鸡椒假尾饱(Pseudocercospora litseae-cubebae),鸡血藤生假尾孢(P. millettiicola)和2个中国新纪录。文中对新种进行了描述及绘图,新记录种作了简要说明。研究的标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。     

Changes of dung beetle communities from rainforests towards agroforestry systems and annual cultures in Sulawesi (Indonesia)

Little is known about how tropical land-use systems contribute to the conservation of functionally important insect groups, including dung beetles. In a study at the margin of Lore Lindu National Park (a biodiversity hotspot in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia) dung-beetle communities were sampled in natural forest, young secondary forest, agroforestry systems (cacao plantations with shade trees) and annual cultures (maize fields), each with four replicates (n = 16 sites). At each site we used 10 pitfall traps, baited with cattle dung, along a 100 m transect for six 3-day periods. The number of trapped specimens and species richness at the natural forest sites was higher than in all land-use systems, which did not significantly differ. Each land-use system contained, on average, 75% of the species richness of the natural forest, thereby indicating their importance for conservation. However, a two-dimensional scaling plot based on NESS indices (m = 6) indicated distinct dung beetle communities for both forest types, while agroforestry systems and annual cultures exhibited a pronounced overlap. Mean body size of dung beetles was not significantly influenced by land-use intensity. Five of the six most abundant dung beetle species were recorded in all habitats, whereas the abundance of five other species was significantly related to habitat type. Mean local abundance and number of occupied sites were closely correlated, further indicating little habitat specialisation. The low dung beetle diversity (total of 18 recorded species) may be due to the absence of larger mammals in Sulawesi during historical times, even though Sulawesi is the largest island of Wallacea. In conclusion, the dung beetle fauna of the lower montane forest zone in Central Sulawesi appears to be relatively robust to man-made habitat changes and the majority of species did not exhibit strong habitat preferences.     

New species and new combinations in Peruvian Orchidaceae

seventeen new species and combinations are proposed in the generaChondrorhyncha, Cischweinfia, Cochlioda, Eloyella, Encyclia, Kefersteinia, Koellensteinia, Macroclinium, Rodriguezia, Solenidiopsis, andStenia. All new species are illustrated. A key is provided for 2-flowered species ofMacroclinium, PeruvianSigmatostalix, and PeruvianStenia. Solenidium (Solenidiopsis) peruvianum Schltr. is lectotypified.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.