新疆博格达山地面生地衣群落数量分类及物种多样性

根据对新疆博格达山地面生地衣群落27个样点(20 m×20 m)调查的数据,以各地衣种的盖度为指标结合双向指示种分析方法(TWINSPAN)和除趋势对应分析法(DCA)对博格达山地面生地衣群落进行数量分类并分析了群落结构特征及其多样性和相似性。采用典范对应分析法(CCA)对各群落的物种分布格局与环境因子的关系进行了探讨。结果表明,TWINSPAN分析和DCA排序将分布在博格达山的37种地面生地衣分为以下5个群丛。群丛1:膜地卷(Peltigera membranacea)+伴藓大孢蜈蚣衣(Physconia muscigena)群丛;群丛2:地卷(Peltigera rufescens)+伴藓大孢蜈蚣衣(Physconia muscigena)群丛;群丛3:裂边地卷(Peltigera degenii)+平盘软地卷(Peltigera elisabethae)群丛;群丛4:喇叭石蕊(Cladonia pyxidata)+犬地卷(Peltigera canina)群丛;群丛5:盾鳞衣(Placidium squamulosum)+缠结茸枝衣(Seirophora contortuplicata)群丛。物种多样性以群丛4最大为3.427;群丛1最小为0.672;群丛1和群丛4间的相似性最高为0.889,群丛3和群丛4相似性系数最低为0.607。CCA排序结果反映,该地区地面生地衣的分布受到森林植被郁闭度、人为干扰、光照强度的影响,而地表植被盖度和土壤pH等因素的影响不大。     

新疆托木尔峰国家级自然保护区岩面生地衣群落数量分类及其与环境相关性

采用样地法对新疆托木尔峰国家级自然保护区岩面生地衣群落的种类组成进行调查和统计,并以各种类的盖度为指标、应用双向指示种分析( TWINSPAN)和除趋势对应分析( DCA)对岩面生地衣群落进行数量分类;采用S?rensen相似性系数分析各群丛的物种相似性;此外,应用典范对应分析( CCA)探讨了岩面生地衣种类分布与环境因子间的关系。结果表明：该保护区岩面生地衣群落共包含58种地衣,隶属于6目18科35属;优势科有5个,包含的属、种数量分别占该保护区岩面生地衣属、种总数的42.86%和62.07%。依据TWINSPAN和DCA分析结果并结合生境特征,可将该保护区岩面生地衣群落划分为5个群丛：群丛 A,包氏微孢衣+双缘衣群丛( Assoc. Acarospora bohlinii+Diploschistes scruposus);群丛 B,油黄茶渍+亚白平茶渍+柔扁枝衣群丛( Assoc. Candelariella oleifera+Aspicilia subalbicans+Evernia divaricata);群丛C ,斑纹网衣+旱梅衣+淡肤根石耳群丛( Assoc. Lecidea tessellata+Parmelia vegans+Umbilicaria verginis);群丛D,丽石黄衣+白泡鳞衣群丛( Assoc. Xanthoria elegans+Toninia candida);群丛E,皮果衣+硬袋衣群丛( Assoc. Dermatocarpon miniatum+Hypogymnia austerodes)。相似性分析结果表明：群丛A与群丛B、群丛C与群丛D间的物种相似性较高,相似性系数分别为0.615和0.733;群丛B与群丛C间的物种相似性次之,相似性系数为0.363;其他群丛间的物种相似性均较低。 CCA分析结果显示：该保护区岩面生地衣群落的物种分布受到海拔、光照强度、岩面pH值和相对湿度的影响。     

乌鲁木齐南部山区森林生态系统树生地衣群落结构

为了探明乌鲁木齐南部山区树生地衣种类及其群落结构特征, 应用多元分析中的主成分分析及聚类分析方法, 对分布在乌鲁木齐南部山区森林生态系统中的树生地衣植物群落进行数量分类, 并对其群落结构的物种多样性、相似性和均匀度等群落参数进行了比较系统的研究。结果表明, 分布在乌鲁木齐南部山区的树生地衣共有39种, 隶属于5目13科26属。根据多元分析结果, 将该地区的树生地衣划分为3种类型: (1) 小茶渍(Lecanora hageni (Ach.) Ach.) + 蜈蚣衣(Physcia stellaris (L.) Nyl.) + 柳茶渍(L. saligna (Schrad.) Zahlbr.)群落; (2) 斑面蜈蚣衣(Physcia aipolia (Humb.) Furm.) + 对开蜈蚣衣(Ph. dimidiata (Arn.) Nyl.) + 喇叭石蕊(Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Hoffm.)群落; (3) 拟石黄衣(Xanthoria fallax (Hepp) Arnold.) + 丽石黄衣(X. elegans (Link.) Th. Fr.)群落。群落3的多样性指数最大, 为1.509, 其次为群落2, 其多样性指数为1.109, 群落1的多样性指数最低, 为1.088。同时, 研究发现海拔高度和树种是影响乌鲁木齐南部山区森林生态系统树生地衣结构的两个重要因素。     

乌鲁木齐南部山区岩面生地衣群落特征的研究

应用多元分析中的主分量分析及聚类分析方法对分布在乌鲁木齐南部山区森林生态系统中岩面生地衣群落进行数量分类并对群落结构物种多样性、相似性和均匀度等群落参数进行了比较系统的研究。结果表明,乌鲁木齐南部山区的岩面生地衣共计49种,隶属于4目13科23属,岩面生地衣形成3种群落:(1)湿润石生地衣群落(Hygro-lichen community)定名为疣微孢衣Acarospora verruculosa+粉盘平茶渍A.alphaplaca+斑纹网衣Lecidea tessellata群落;(2)干燥石生地衣群落(Xero-lichen community)定名为多形茶渍Lecanora polytropa+破小网衣Lecideacarpathica群落;(3)高山石生地衣群落(Alpino-lichen community)定名为不等瓶口衣Verrucaria iaequalis+皮果衣Dermatocarpon miniatum群落。同时发现在乌鲁木齐南部山区森林生态系统中岩面生地衣群落的分布与海拔高度和基物的种类有密切的关系,不同海拔的不同类型的森林生态系统中分布着不同种类的岩面生地衣。     

乌鲁木齐南部山区森林生态系统树生地衣群落结构

为了探明乌鲁木齐南部山区树生地衣种类及其群落结构特征,应用多元分析中的主成分分析及聚类分析方法,对分布在乌鲁木齐南部山区森林生态系统中的树生地衣植物群落进行数量分类,并对其群落结构的物种多样性、相似性和均匀度等群落参数进行了比较系统的研究。结果表明,分布在乌鲁木齐南部山区的树生地衣共有39种,隶属于5目13科26属。根据多元分析结果,将该地区的树生地衣划分为3种类型：（1）小茶渍（Lecanorahageni（Ach．）Ach．）＋蜈蚣衣（肋归ciastellaris（L．）Nyl．）＋柳茶渍（￡-。saligna（Schrad．）Zahlbr．）群落;（2）斑面蜈蚣衣（Physciaaipolia（Humb．）Furm．）＋对开蜈蚣衣（Ph．dimidiata（Arn．）Nyl．）＋喇叭石蕊（Cladoniapyxidata（L．）Hoffm．）群落：（3）拟石黄衣（Xanthoria fallax（Hepp）Arnold．）＋丽石黄衣（xelegans（Link．）Th．Fr．）群落。群落3的多样性指数最大,为1．509,其次为群落2,其多样性指数为1．109,群落1的多样性指数最低,为1．088。同时,研究发现海拔高度和树种是影响乌鲁木齐南部山区森林生态系统树生地衣结构的两个重要因素。     

神农架川金丝猴栖息地树生地衣群落物种多样性

在神农架川金丝猴栖息地内选择17个样地,以树生地衣盖度为指标,应用TWINSPAN方法对样地内树生地衣群落进行数量分类,确定地衣群丛的类型;计算和分析了样地内各地衣群落的丰富度指数、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数。结果表明:(1)鉴定出树生地衣52种,隶属12科21属,这些树生地衣群丛可以分为8种类型:群丛I:波曲哑铃孢+硫黄袋衣群丛,群丛II:中国树花+栎缘毛衣群丛,群丛III:硫黄袋衣+针芽肺衣群丛,群丛IV:掌状绵腹衣+针芽肺衣+皱梅衣群丛,群丛V:杯树花日本变种+皱梅衣群丛,群丛VI:皱梅衣+亚洲藓发群丛,群丛VII:橄榄斑叶+拟橄榄斑叶群丛,群丛VIII:黄袋衣+粉缘斑叶群丛。(2)群丛间相似性指数最高的为群丛Ⅰ与群丛Ⅲ(0.321),其次为群丛Ⅲ与群丛Ⅳ(0.305),最低的为群丛Ⅱ与群丛Ⅷ、群丛Ⅳ与群丛Ⅷ,均为0.000;物种多样性指数最高的为群丛Ⅲ(2.062),其次为群丛Ⅴ(2.047),最低的为群丛Ⅱ(0.721);均匀度指数最高的为群丛Ⅰ(0.809),其次为群丛Ⅴ(0.802),最低的为群丛Ⅱ(0.301)。(3)神农架川金丝猴栖息地树生地衣群落物种多样性主要受湿度、温度、光照和海拔等环境因子的影响。     

中国微孢衣属地衣(微孢衣科)三个新记录种

本文报道了中国微孢衣属地衣的3个中国新记录种,分别为粉霜微孢衣Acarospora obpallens(Nyl.ex Hasse)Zahlbr.、莲座微孢衣Acarospora rosulata(Th.Fr.)H.Magn.以及爱琴海微孢衣Acarospora aeginaica H.Magn.,标本采集于黑龙江、内蒙古及新疆等地区。本文提供了各种的详细描述、形态及解剖图片以及ITS和mt SSU序列,标本现保存于新疆大学中国西北干旱区地衣研究中心标本管理室(XJU-NALH)。     

新疆东天山微孢衣属地衣2个中国新记录种

对采自新疆东天山米泉林场的地衣鉴定分析,发现2个中国新记录种,即散点微孢衣(Acarospora dispersa H.Magn.)和暗灰微孢衣(A.obnubila H.Magn.)。根据研究标本描述了2个新记录种的形态解剖、化学特征和生境,并提供了相关形态学及解剖学彩色图片。标本保存于新疆大学西北干旱地衣研究中心的标本室(XJUNALH)。     

鹞落坪自然保护区地面生地衣多样性及群落数量特征

在鹞落坪保护区设置样方,调查样方内地面生地衣种类和生境指标,探讨森林地面生地衣的分布模式和群落特征。对地衣群落进行了因子分析和排序;应用2×2联表的Fisher精确检验和Spearman秩相关系数进行了种间关联分析。因子分析表明随海拔上升,种类趋于减少,优势种的数目和盖度之间存在显著的正相关（P=0.034）,样方湿度和样方生境类型存在极其显著的正相关（P=0.001）。根据组平均分析结果并综合生境特征,将保护区地面生地衣划分为5个群丛类型。Fisher精确检验表明仙人掌绵腹衣Anzia opuntiella与红心黑蜈蚣衣Phaeophyscia erythrocardia等10个种对呈极显著正相关,4个种对呈显著正相关,无显著负相关种对出现。各个地衣种之间的竞争很小。     

新疆微孢衣属地衣新记录种

报道了采自新疆布尔津县五彩滩的微孢衣属(Acarospora A.Massal.)地衣两个新记录种,即:中国新记录种美国微孢衣(Acarospora americana H.Magn.)和新疆新记录种翡翠微孢衣(Acarospora smaragdula(Wahlenb.)A.Massal.),详细描述了这两种地衣的形态特征、解剖特征及生境。     

Ecological traits of the lichen flora of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug (Yugra)

A lichen biodiversity study conducted in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug (district) reports 958 species in 199 genera and 72 families. Cetrelia alaskana (Llano) W. L. Culb. et C. F. Culb. is new to West Siberia; Graphis elegans (Borrer ex Sm.) Ach., Porpidia hydrophila (Fr.) Hertel et A. J. Schwab, and Sclerococcum sphaerale (Ach.) Fr. are new to Siberia; Acarospora fusca B. de Lesd., Cliostomum tenerum (Nyl.) Coppins et S. Ekman, Pertusaria corallina (L.) Arnold, and P. stalactiza Nyl. are new to Russia. High diversity of epilithic lichens is ecologically due to a variety of ecotopes that include mountain habitats on the eastern spurs of the Subarctic and Northern Urals in addition to plain ones.     

The role of water lichens in the biogeochemical processes in the Lake Baikal stony littoral

Water crustose lichens of g. Verrucaria (V. scabra Vězda, V. rheitrophyla Zsch., V. maura Wahlenb. in Ach., and V. hydrela Ach.) and water foliose lichen Collema ramenskii Elenk. were studied in the stony littoral of the western coast of Lake Baikal in 2002–2006. Their densities were highest at depths of 1.5 to 2 m; 95–100% of rock fragments collected from the depths of 1.5–2.2 m were covered by plentiful crustose thalli of Verrucaria spp. Lichens make a large contribute to the destruction of the stony ground in the shallow-water zone. Unlike water, foliose and crustose lichens concentrate Ti, La, Ce, Y, Mn, and Th. Thalli of Collema ramenskii differ from Verrucaria species in their ability to accumulate Zn, Co, and Ni. Compared to the bottom sediments, all the studied water lichen species concentrate Zn, while Collema ramenskiiconcentrate Zn and Mo.     

Lipid and Fatty Acid Composition of Tree-Growing and Terrestrial Lichens

A comparison of lipid and fatty acid composition was made of the tree-growing lichens Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach., Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Ach. and Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Ach. and the terrestrial species Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach. and Cladonia impexa Harm. In the terrestrial species the total lipid content varied strongly during spring, while the tree-growing species showed much less variation. Phospholipid and sterol content of all lichens was unusually low. Monoglycosyl diglyceride was absent from Parmelia saxatilis. Fatty acids common to higher plants as palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid were invariably present in all lichen species. In addition large quantities of extra-long chain fatty acids like behenic acid, eicosadienoic acid and cyclic aliphatic lichen acids were present in the terrestrial species. The degree of (poly) unsaturation decreased in the order Evernia prunastri, Parmelia saxatilis. Fatty acids common to higher plants as palmitic, stearic, impexa, which decrease was compensated by an increase in extralong chain fatty acids and lichen acids. It is suggested that the lichen acids are of adaptive value for lichen species growing in the terrestrial habitats, which were characterized by extreme diurnal temperature variations. Just as the polyunsaturated fatty acids, lichen acids guarantee at lower temperatures a high flexibility of the membranes involved, at the same time as they are less susceptible to photo-oxidation at the high daytime temperatures.     

Selectivity of photobiont choice in a defined lichen community: inferences from cultural and molecular studies

Axenic cultures of lichen photobionts isolated from bark-inhabiting lichen thalli of the Physcietum adscendentis Ochsner were identified by light microscopy and sequence comparisons of internal transcribed spacer rDNAs to investigate principles of lichenization within a defined lichen sociological unit. The photobiont identity of eight lichen species is reported for the first time (photobiont species in square brackets): Lecania cyrtella (Ach.) Th. Fr. [ Trebouxia arboricola Puym.], Lecania naegelii (Hepp) Diederich & v. d. Boom [ Dictyochloropsis symbiontica Tscherm.-Woess], Candelaria concolor (Dicks) B. Stein [ Trebouxia jamesii (Hildreth & Ahmadjian) Gärtner], Candelariella cf. reflexa (Nyl.) Lettau [ T. jamesii ], Lecanora spec. [ T. arboricola ], Phaeophyscia orbicularis (Neck.) Moberg [ T. impressa Ahmadjian], Physcia adscendens (Fr.) H. Olivier [ T. impressa ] and Lecidella elaeochroma (Ach.) M. Choisy [ T. arboricola ] and could be confirmed for another two species, Physcia stellaris (L.) Nyl. [ Trebouxia impressa ] and Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th. Fr. [ Trebouxia arboricola ]. The observation that pioneer lichens without vegetative propagules, growing on smooth bark, had Trebouxia arboricola as photobiont can be explained by the assumption of a free-living population of Trebouxia arboricola . Species of photobionts from Xanthoria parietina were morphologically and genetically different from those of Physcia adscendens and Phaeophyscia orbicularis , respectively; a finding that does not support the previous assumption that Xanthoria parietina takes over its algal partner from a Physcia species, at least at the sites investigated.     

A Fourier Transform-Raman Spectroscopic Study of Lichen Strategies on Granite Monuments

The biodeterioration of granite by Lecidea fuscoatra (L.) Ach., Porpidia cinereoatra (Ach.) Hertel & Knoph, and P. macrocarpa (DC.) Hertel & Schwab growing in the same environmental conditions has been studied by using Fourier transform-Raman spectroscopy. Results were significantly different for the three species, with P. cinereoatra being the most active biodeteriorative lichen. This lichen was also the only one in which calcium oxalate and gypsum were identified spectroscopically. Physical disturbances to the substratum were evidenced in all lichens studied by the incoporation of material, such as quartz and feldspar, into their thalli, but this phenomenon varied considerably from species to species. The results indicate that lichen species can adopt different strategies and can have different biodeteriorative effects on granite, independently of environmental conditions and substrate.     

Some effects of humidity on the light reaction of photosynthesis in the lichens Cladonia impexa and Collema flaccidium

Luminescence and fluorescence were measured at different relative humidities in the lichen Cladonia impexa Harm. Both parameters showed a constant value at relative humidities lower than 80%: thereafter they increased. Low relative humidity was found to decrease energy transfer from chlorophyll b to chlorophyll a. inhibit electron transport, lower electron holding capacity on the reduced side of photosystem two and impair far-red-induced afterglow, reflecting photophosphorylation. In Collema flaccidium Ach. Ach. energy transfer from the accessory pigments phycocyanin and phycoerythrin to chlorophyll a was only possible at high relative humidity. The results are interpreted as due to conformational changes caused by changed water content in the lichen.     

Leaf demography and leaf traits of temperate-deciduous and tropical evergreen-broadleaved trees in a Mexican montane cloud forest

The spatial variation in epilithic lichen community structure was investigated as part of a larger study of the vegetation and ecology of the tall limestone cliffs within the Niagara Escarpment Biosphere Reserve in southern Ontario, Canada. The cover of all lichen taxa was visually estimated for a total of 199 samples taken from the top, middle, or bottom of the cliff face at five sites. Twelve environmental variables were also measured. Twenty-seven lichen taxa were identified on the samples. Multivariate ordinations of species composition (DCA, CCA, PCCA) revealed variation in community structure on multiple scales, but no groupings of sites that would have suggested the presence of several distinct species assemblages. A gradient in species composition from north to south, most clearly reflected in the decreasing cover of foliose and fruticose species, may reflect a gradient in human disturbance. There was also intermediate-scale patchiness in species composition in a horizontal plane across cliffs, but despite earlier claims made in the literature, no evidence of vertical zonation of the lichens on cliffs was found. Species composition also responded to small-scale factors possibly related to exposure, light, or moisture. Unlike community composition, the total cover of all lichens was homogeneous over large spatial scales and varied only on a small scale, illustrating that scale as well as resolution of a study may influence the ecological patterns seen. More than half of the species found on the Niagara Escarpment are rare on rock substrates elsewhere in southern Ontario, and two are new for North America (Candelariella heidelbergensis (Nyl.) Poelt and Lecanora perpruinosa Fröberg). The result that cliffs support a distinct flora containing many rare species suggests that they are a reservoir for biodiversity not just for vascular plants, but also for lichens.