嵌合基因δKρF在转基因小鼠内的组织特异性表达

本文报告了鸡δ晶体蛋白基因的启动子,被Friend脾病灶形成病毒(SFFV)的长末端重复顺序(LTR)取代后的嵌合基因δKpF在转基因小鼠内的表达特性。采用显微注射方法,将含有δKpF基因的重组质粒pδKpF DNA导入小鼠受精卵的雄原核,再将其植入假孕小鼠的输卵管内,经生长发育,产出小鼠35只。以DNA-DNA分子杂交分析,发现其中1只小鼠的基因组DNA中整合有所导入的δKpE基因。再以免疫酶标记方法检测,发现δKpF基因在转基因小鼠内能够表达,而且具有组织特异性。作者认为,与δ晶体蛋白基因组织特异性表达有关的调节顺序位于+677bp之后。这与Hayashi等(1985)以培养细胞研究的结论不一致。     

苦荞谷胱甘肽转移酶(FtGST)基因的克隆与序列分析

采用RACE技术,从苦荞(Fagopyrum tatarium)中克隆得到一个谷胱甘肽转移酶(Glutathione S-transferase protein,FtGST)基因。序列分析表明,FtGST基因全长DNA序列和cDNA序列编码区分别为746 bp和666 bp,DNA序列含有一个长度为80 bp(342-421 bp)的内含子;开放阅读框(ORF)长666 bp,编码221个氨基酸。生物信息学分析表明,FtGST基因推导的蛋白质含有Tau家族典型的底物结合口袋、谷胱甘肽结合位点(G-site)和疏水性底物结合位点(H-site)氨基酸残基,表明FtGST为Tau家族蛋白。     

心脏特异新基因Lrrc10的分子克隆与特性分析

采用表达序列标签(EST)介导的基因克隆和表达谱分析,从小鼠心脏克隆了一个心脏特异新基因Lrrc10（GenBank Acc No. AF527781）.该基因cDNA全长为1 410 bp,定位于小鼠染色体10D2,在基因组中无内含子.Lrrc10的最大开放阅读框编码的假想蛋白由274个氨基酸组成,含有7个亮氨酸重复基序.同源性检索未发现有整体同源性的已知基因.EST数据库中支持该基因cDNA序列的全部18条EST均来自小鼠心脏组织.对小鼠的不同组织cDNA的RT-PCR检测证实该基因主要在心脏中强表达,在肺低表达,而在其他组织中不表达或表达很弱.因此该基因是心脏特异的富亮氨酸重复超家族新成员.     

伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia sp.)2-萘酸单加氧酶基因(nmo)的克隆及表达

通过酶切连接将Burkholderia sp．JTl500的一段DNA片段(4．8kb)亚克隆到表达载体pUC18上,得到重组子pEKl23。测序后的pEKl23重组子4．8kb插入片段的序列已经登陆欧洲EMBL基因库,序列接受号为AJ566333。对这一DNA片段的序列分析显示,此DNA片段含有3个阅读框,且在这3个阅读框5’端发现一启动子特异序列。再用酶切连接方法得到仅含一个阅读框的重组子pXK3,其阅读框长度为1158bp,编码386个氨基酸,与已报道的Ralstonia eutropha HF39羟化酶(单加氧酶,bec)氨基酸序列有64％的同源性。pEKl23对2-萘酸代谢途径中4个关键底物的转化实验结果显示,其基因产物仅对2-萘酸发生加氧转化反应,而且2-萘酸浓度有明显的降低,证实此基因是2-萘酸单加氧酶基因(nmo)。同时发现其基因产物也可以转化苯甲酸钠。该酶对苯甲酸的加氧转化途径正在研究中。SDS-PAGE结果表明,pXK3、pEKl23两重组子中2-萘酸单加氧酶表达量并没明显区别,但加氧酶酶活却存在显著的差别。推测在启动子后,单加氧酶阅读框前的两个阅读框的基因产物,对单加氧酶活有促进作用。     

鳜传染性脾肾坏死病毒主衣壳蛋白基因结构及序列分析

分析了鳜传染性脾肾坏死病毒(infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus,ISKNV)的主衣壳蛋白(MCP)基因结构及其序列。对ISKNV DNA Kpn I L酶切片段的序列分析结果发现,该序列中含有完整的MCP基因。ISKNV MCP基因完整读码框为1362bp,比含量为56．24％,编码一个长为453aa、分子量为49．61kD、等电点为6．25的推定蛋白。结构分析发现,该基因具有启动子元件TATA框和CAAT基序。根据对虹彩病毒MCP系统进化树和脊椎动物虹彩病毒的生物学特性的分析比较发现,ISKNV、RSIV、SBIV、GIV和ALIV等在养殖海、淡水鱼类中引起其脾、肾、固有层和表皮细胞肿大的虹彩病毒,是独立于蛙病毒属和淋巴囊肿病毒属的又一新脊椎动物虹彩病毒类群。     

转基因动物及其在医学研究中的应用

转基因动物(transgenic animal)是指基因组中稳定地整合有以实验方法导入的外源DNA的动物。被导入的外源基因称为转基因(transgene)。1974年美国学者Jeanisch等首次应用显微注射的方法将SV40 DNA注射到小鼠囊胚腔内,在子代小鼠的许多组织中含有该DNA,后来研究证明该DNA以非整合的附加体     

小鼠Agouti基因和毛色表型相关问题及其遗传变异探究

目的对小鼠Agouti基因和毛色表型相关问题及其遗传变异情况进行分析探讨。方法抽取存在毛色差异的8个染色体工程小鼠作为研究对象,经电脑测色配色仪对品系、C3H/He小鼠毛色进行检测,并对检测结果进行统计分析。结果所抽取的8个品系K/S值分别处在C3H/He小鼠的K/S值两侧,按照C3H/He小鼠的K/S值划分界限,将抽取的8个品系小鼠划分成浅灰色、深灰色两个类型,DNA芯片分析发现,有一个鼠灰色相关基因Agouti,将Agouti基因作为候选基因,经Sanger法对候选基因c DNA序列进行检测。结果发现,Agouti基因开放读码框长396bp,编码131个氨基酸的Agouti信号蛋白。结论在候选基因Agouti编码区检测到突变(R96G)为重要错义突变,对α-MSH结合受体MC1R等能力进行了抑制,导致Agouti小鼠毛色偏向于黑色。     

水稻snoRNA47基因簇的初步鉴定

通过生物信息学分析 ,在水稻染色体中发现一个新的C/D框snoRNA基因簇。此基因簇含有 3个C/D框snoRNA基因 ,它们都具有典型的C框和D框保守元件 ;末端能形成茎环结构 ;含有一段相同的 1 2nt“引导”序列 ,此序列能与水稻 1 8SrRNA中第 6 2 1位到 6 32位的序列互补配对。通过实验证明 ,这 3种snoRNA的确存在于水稻细胞核内 ,并确定出它们各自 5′端的位置。进一步对此snoRNA基因簇的表达进行研究发现 ,此基因簇中的 3个snoRNA基因共同转录成为一个多顺反子的前体。将这 3种新发现的水稻snoRNA分别命名为OSsnR4 7.1 ,OSsnR4 7.2和OSsnR4 7.3。编码它们的基因已被GenBank收录 ,其登录号分别为 :AF4 5 35 0 4 ,AF4 5 35 0 3和AF4 5 35 0 2     

DNA聚合酶δ结合蛋白38是microRNA-291a-5p的一个靶基因

DNA聚合酶δ结合蛋白38 (DNA Polymerase delta-interacting protein 38,PDIP38) 是2003年新鉴定的一个基因,目前认为其可能在DNA修复、有丝分裂以及血管平滑肌细胞迁移中起重要作用。根据本实验室前期在胚胎干细胞中对该基因的研究,认为microRNA可能在PDIP38的调控过程中发挥了重要作用。为证实这种推论,运用生物信息学方法预测发现在胚胎干细胞中高表达的microRNA——microRNA-291a-5p (miR-291a-5p) 与PDIP38的开放阅读框 (ORF) 有一个配对非常理想的靶位点,通过构建该靶位点的报告基因载体以及ORF表达载体,分别进行荧光素酶报告基因分析以及细胞转染和Western blotting方法。结果证明miR-291a-5p能够直接调节PDIP38的蛋白表达。进一步运用real-time PCR和Western blotting分析证明了在胚胎干细胞中miR-291a-5p能够调节内源PDIP38的蛋白表达而对其mRNA表达无影响,这些都证明PDIP38确实是miR-291a-5p的一个靶基因。     

小鼠白细胞介素4基因的化学合成、克隆与表达

利用381A型DNA合成仪,分29个寡聚核苷酸片段化学合成了小鼠IL-4全基因,共442bp。以pUC12质粒作为载体,将所有合成片段分前后两组进行磷酸化、退火、连接和克隆,经过菌落原位杂交、酶切鉴定和质粒DNA序列分析,分别得到了含有小鼠IL-4前后两半基因片段的两种重组质粒,回收前半基因片段,插入到含有后半基因重组质粒的EcoRI和PstI酶切位点之间,成功地得到了含有小鼠IL-4全基因的重组质粒pFR101。将全合成基因插入到质粒pSM53中,得表达质粒pFR105,转化大肠杆菌TAP106,根据IL-4对CTLL细胞的作用,肯定了TAP106(pFR105)细菌中有小鼠IL-4活性蛋白的表达。     

miR-22 regulates C2C12 myoblast proliferation and differentiation by targeting TGFBR1

Recently, miR-22 was found to be differentially expressed in different skeletal muscle growth period, indicated that it might have function in skeletal muscle myogenesis. In this study, we found that the expression of miR-22 was the most in skeletal muscle and was gradually up-regulated during mouse myoblast cell (C2C12 myoblast cell line) differentiation. Overexpression of miR-22 repressed C2C12 myoblast proliferation and promoted myoblast differentiation into myotubes, whereas inhibition of miR-22 showed the opposite results. During myogenesis, we predicted and verified transforming growth factor beta receptor 1 (TGFBR1), a key receptor of the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway, was a target gene of miR-22. Then, we found miR-22 could regulate the expression of TGFBR1 and down-regulate the Smad3 signaling pathway. Knockdown of TGFBR1 by siRNA suppressed the proliferation of C2C12 cells but induced its differentiation. Conversely, overexpression of TGFBR1 significantly promoted proliferation but inhibited differentiation of the myoblast. Additionally, when C2C12 cells were treated with different concentrations of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), the level of miR-22 in C2C12 cells was reduced. The TGFBR1 protein level was significantly elevated in C2C12 cells treated with TGF-β1. Moreover, miR-22 was able to inhibit TGF-β1-induced TGFBR1 expression in C2C12 cells. Altogether, we demonstrated that TGF-β1 inhibited miR-22 expression in C2C12 cells and miR-22 regulated C2C12 cell myogenesis by targeting TGFBR1.     

TIEG1 negatively controls the myoblast pool indispensable for fusion during myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells

The transforming growth factor (TGF)-β inducible early gene (TIEG)-1 is implicated in the control of cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in some cell types. Since TIEG1 functioning may be associated with TGF-β, a suppressor of myogenesis, TIEG1 is also likely to be involved in myogenesis. Therefore, we investigated the function of TIEG1 during myogenic differentiation in vitro using the murine myoblasts cell line, C2C12. TIEG1 expression increased during differentiation of C2C12 cells. Constitutive expression of TIEG1 reduced survival and decreased myotube formation. Conversely, knocking down TIEG1 expression increased the number of viable cells during differentiation, and accelerated myoblast fusion into multinucleated myotubes. However, expression of the myogenic differentiation marker, myogenin, remained unaffected by TIEG1 knockdown. The mechanism underlying these events was investigated by focusing on the regulation of myoblast numbers after induction of differentiation. The knockdown of TIEG1 led to changes in cell cycle status and inhibition of apoptosis during the initial stages of differentiation. Microarray and real-time PCR analyses showed that the regulators of cell cycle progression were highly expressed in TIEG1 knockdown cells. Therefore, TIEG1 is a negative regulator of the myoblast pool that causes inhibition of myotube formation during myogenic differentiation.     

Inhibition of miR-214 expression represses proliferation and differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that participate in diverse biological processes including skeletal muscle development. MiR-214 is an miRNA that is differentially expressed in porcine embryonic muscle and adult skeletal muscle, suggesting that miR-214 may be related to embryonic myogenesis. In this study, the myoblast cell line C2C12 was used for functional analysis of miR-214 in vitro. The results showed that miR-214 was expressed both in myoblasts and in myotubes and was upregulated during differentiation. After treatment with an miR-214 inhibitor and culturing in differentiation medium, myoblast differentiation was repressed, as indicated by the significant downregulation of expression of the myogenic markers myogenin and myosin heavy chain (MyHC). Interestingly, myoblast proliferation was also repressed when cells were transfected with an miR-214 inhibitor and cultured in growth medium by real-time proliferation assay and cell cycle analysis. Our results showed that miR-214 regulates both proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts depending on the conditions.     

Constant expression of mouse calpastatin isoforms during differentiation in myoblast cell line, C2C12

C2C12 is a myoblast cell line which is used to studydifferentiation into multinucleated cells in vitro. Addition of calpain inhibitors, calpeptin orE-64d, to the culture medium prevented the myoblasticfusion of C2C12 cells. Immunoblot studies usingaffinity-purified antibody, revealed that the expressedlevels of mouse calpastatin remained unaltered duringC2C12 cell fusion. The detected calpastatin migratedas a protein of 130 kDa on SDS-polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis. The estimated molecular mass wassomewhat greater than that in mouse liver anderythrocytes, and much greater than that reported inrat myoblasts. The 130 kDa isoform may contain anadditional N-terminal region designated XL domainfound in bovine calpastatin.     

Diminished G1 checkpoint after gamma-irradiation and altered cell cycle regulation by insulin-like growth factor II overexpression

High levels of insulin-like growth factor II (IGFII) mRNA expression are detected in many human tumors of different origins including rhabdomyosarcoma, a tumor of skeletal muscle origin. To investigate the role of IGFII in tumorigenesis, we have compared the mouse myoblast cell line C2C12-2.7, which was stably transfected with human IGFII cDNA and expressed high and constant amounts of IGFII, to a control cell line C2C12-1.1. A rhabdomyosarcoma cell line, RH30, which expresses high levels of IGFII and contains mutated p53, was also used in these studies. IGFII overexpression in mouse myoblast C2C12 cells causes a reduced cycling time and higher growth rate. After gamma-irradiation treatment, C2C12-1.1 cells were arrested mainly in G0/G1 phase. However, C2C12-2.7 and RH30 cells went through a very short G1 phase and then were arrested in an extended G2/M phase. To verify further the effect of IGFII on the cell cycle, we developed a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line with tetracycline-controlled IGFII expression. We found that CHO cells with high expression of IGFII have a shortened cycling time and a diminished G1 checkpoint after treatment with methylmethane sulfonate (MMS), a DNA base-damaging agent, when compared with CHO cells with very low IGFII expression. It was also found that IGFII overexpression in C2C12 cells was associated with increases in cyclin D1, p21, and p53 protein levels, as well as mitogen-activated protein kinase activity. These studies suggest that IGFII overexpression shortens cell cycling time and diminishes the G1 checkpoint after DNA damage despite an intact p53/p21 induction. In addition, IGFII overexpression is also associated with multiple changes in the levels and activities of cell cycle regulatory components following gamma-irradiation. Taken together, these changes may contribute to the high growth rate and genetic alterations that occur during tumorigenesis.     

DN-AMPK腺病毒载体的构建及其在小鼠成肌细胞系C2C12肌管分化中的影响

在研究AMPK的调控网络时,通常利用过表达显性失活突变型AMPK(dominant negative AMPK,DN-AMPK)作为研究手段来验证AMPK在某些重要生理病理调节通路中的关键作用。旨在利用Ad5腺病毒载体体系构建Ad-DN-AMPK表达载体,并在成肌细胞系C2C12中检测无活性AMPK高表达后对C2C12细胞分化为肌管细胞的影响。通过构建AMPKα1(D159A)和AMPKα2(K45R)的腺病毒表达载体,在HEK293细胞中成功包装并扩增出完整的腺病毒,待其感染能力基本稳定后,将腺病毒感染C2C12,利用激光定量成像仪检测其感染滴度,感染效率能高达100%,并且能够持续表达6 d。DN-AMPK高表达后,AMPK常用激活剂A769662(SN-5)不能激活AMPK,表现为AMPK下游蛋白活性丧失,如ACC磷酸化无变化。通过实时定量PCR的方法,检测DN-AMPK对C2C12分化为肌管细胞的影响,结果表明过表达DN-AMPK能够促进C2C12细胞分化为肌管细胞的标记蛋白(Myod和Myogenin)的表达,即促进C2C12分化为肌管细胞。