两株基因III型强毒新城疫的全基因组测序及其与I系苗的亲缘性分析

[目的]研究基因Ⅲ型新城疫(Newcastle disease,ND)强毒分离株Js/7/05/Ch和JS/9/05/Go与中等毒力疫苗株Mukteswar的亲缘性关系,分析三株新城疫病毒(Newcastle disease virus,NDV)的全基因差异.[方法]采用RT-PCR方法获得两株NDV分离株的全基因组核苷酸序列,与GenBank中公布的Mukteswar序列比对分析.[结果]强毒分离株与中等毒力疫苗株Mukteswar全基因组核苷酸同源性均为99.7%;病毒6个阅读框核苷酸序列与Mukteswar同源性为99.6%～99.9%;预测的8种病毒编码蛋白同源性在98.8%～99.8%.然而,测定MDT,ICPI和IVPI发现JS/7/05/Ch和JS/9/05/Go毒力明显强于Mukteswar,其中JS/7/05/Ch株的IVPI达到了2.18.[结论]综合3株NDV的遗传分析结果和已有的流行病学资料可以推断分离株JS/7/05/Ch和JS/9/05/Go是由疫苗株Mukteswar自然进化而来的返强毒株.因此,必须停止使用中等毒力疫苗以免造成更大的危害.     

新城疫病毒F蛋白碱裂解位点修饰及外源基因的插入对 新城疫LaSota疫苗株致病力的影响

新城疫是危害养禽业发展的重要传染病.新城疫病毒(NDV)具有高度传染性和高致病性,融合蛋白(F)的F1/F2裂解位点存在多个碱性氨基酸并由此形成的泛组织嗜性一直以来被认为是NDV致病的主要决定因素.本研究利用已经构建NDV弱毒LaSota疫苗株反向遗传操作平台,将LaSota病毒F蛋白的碱裂解位点由GGRQGR↓L分别突变为GRRQRR↓F和GRRQRR↓L,在未加入TPCK胰酶的情况下分别成功拯救出突变修饰LaSota疫苗病毒株rL-FmF和rL-FmL,通过测定鸡胚平均致死时间(MDT)、脑内致病指数(ICPI)和静脉内致病指数(IVPI)等指标对其毒力进行评估,结果rL-FmF和rL-FmL,的ICPI值由LaSota的0.36分别上升为1.18和1.05,但.MDT均大于90小时,IVPI仍然均为0,表明碱裂解位点的突变可显著增强致病力.为了检测外源基因插入对病毒致病力的影响,进一步以rL-FmF为载体,分别构建并拯救出表达H5亚型禽流感病毒血凝素HA和增强绿色荧光蛋白EGFP基因的重组病毒rL-FmF-HA和rL-FmF-EGFP,经测定ICPI分别为0.67和1.10,但MDT均大于90小时,IVPI仍然均为0.结果表明,对rLaSota病毒F蛋白裂解位点2个非碱性氨基酸突变为碱性氨基酸,无论F2蛋白氨基端为F或L,均可显著增强其脑内接种致病力,接近中发型毒株标准,但对静脉内接种致病能力均无显著影响,而对鸡胚致死能力均保持rIaSota病毒缓发型特点(MDT≥90);外源基因的重组、表达可不同程度致弱病毒,其致弱程度与外源基因及其表达产物性质有关.结果提示,影响NDV致病力不仅仅局限于F蛋白裂解位点氨基酸序列;通过F裂解位点修饰及HA基因插入可以获得致病力较高但基本接近缓发型标准的重组病毒.     

NDV山东分离株的生物学特性及其HN基因的克隆与序列分析*

2004年从山东某鸡场发病蛋鸡群中分离到一株新城疫病毒(编号:ShD-2-04),对其生物学特性进行了研究,并对其HN基因进行了克隆和序列分析。结果表明:该病毒的最小致死量病毒致死鸡胚的平均时间(MDT)为50.4,1日龄SPF鸡脑内接种分离病毒致病指数(ICPI)为1.85,6周龄SPF鸡静脉接种致病指数(IVPI)为2.42,表明该病毒具有新城疫强毒株的一些特征;其HN基因开放性阅读框架(ORF)为1,716bp,编码571个氨基酸;与国外发表的部分新城疫病毒强毒株和弱毒株之间相应序列进行比较,核苷酸     

用反向遗传技术致弱基因VIId型鹅源新城疫病毒ZJI株

将新城疫病毒ZJI株基因组cDNA全长分成7个片段,依次连接并克隆至TVT7R转录载体中,构建了含ZJI株全基因组cDNA的转录载体(pNDV/ZJI),pNDV/ZJI与3个辅助表达质粒pCI-NP、pCI-P和pCI-L共转染BSR-T7/5细胞,成功拯救出了具有感染性的新城疫病毒粒子。设计两对引物,经overlapPCR方法将该毒株F蛋白裂解位点的112、115和117位碱性氨基酸突变成弱毒株特征的非碱性氨基酸后,替换pNDV/ZJI上的对应序列,构建了转录载体pNDV/ZJIFM,将pNDV/ZJIFM与3个辅助表达质粒共转染BSR-T7/5细胞,成功拯救出了致弱的基因VIId型鹅源新城疫病毒NDV/ZJIFM,获救病毒的鸡胚最小致死剂量平均死亡时间(MDT)大于120h,同时该病毒的脑内接种致病指数(ICPI)为0.16,上述结果表明,获救病毒的毒力已被致弱,是一个较为理想的疫苗候选株。     

NDV山东分离株的生物学特性及其HN基因的克隆与序列分析

2004年从山东某鸡场发病蛋鸡群中分离到一株新城疫病毒（编号：ShD-2-04）,对其生物学特性进行了研究,并对其HN基因进行了克隆和序列分析。结果表明：该病毒的最小致死量病毒致死鸡胚的平均时间（MDT）为50．4,1日龄SPF鸡脑内接种分离病毒致病指数（ICPI）为1．85,6周龄SPF鸡静脉接种致病指数（IVPI）为2．42,表明该病毒具有新城疫强毒株的一些特征;其HN基因开放性阅读框架（ORF）为1,716bp,编码571个氨基酸;与国外发表的部分新城疫病毒强毒株和弱毒株之间相应序列进行比较,核苷酸序列的同源性在81．6％-87．2％之间,氨基酸同源性在87．6％-90．7％之间。     

禽Ⅰ型副粘病毒各种禽源分离株毒力及其相关基因的研究

用测定新城疫病毒(NDV)毒力的经典方法,即鸡胚平均死亡时间(MDT)和脑内接种致病指数(ICPI),对源于鸡、鸽、鹅、珍珠鸡、孔雀、鹌鹑和画眉鸟等7种禽(鸟)源的共14个禽Ⅰ型副粘病毒(APMV-1)广西分离株,分别测定了毒力。同时对分离株F基因的N一端前段和HN基因的e末端片段进行扩增、测序和分析,并绘制系谱树。结果发现,分离株的MDT在36h～75h之间,除1株鸽源毒株gxp22的ICPI值为0外,其余分离株在1．09～1．95之间;除孔雀源的分离株gxpc52在F基因裂解位点附近的氨基酸序列为^112R-RQ-R-R-F^117之外,其它13株均为^112R-R-Q-K-R-F^117,都符合强毒株的特征。所有分离株与国内参考强毒株F48E8和国外参考强毒株HER／33在HN基因e末端终止密码子的位置相同,也符合强毒株的特征。根据F基因核苷酸序列绘制的系谱树发现,近几年来在广西流行的APMV-1毒株的基因型为Ⅶd亚型;根据HN基因核苷酸序列绘制的系谱树表明,广西各种禽源APMV-1分离株可分为2个群。研究的结果表明,根据F基因裂解位点附近的氨基酸序列和HN蛋白翻译的终止密码子的位置判定APMV-1毒力的结果,都与毒株在临床上的致病情况相符。因此,根据F基因和HN基因序列和结构的特征,均可以判定APMV-1临床分离株的体内致病性。     

一株基因Ⅱ型新城疫强毒株的分子特性

从患病肉鸡群分离到一株新城疫病毒(NewcastleDiseasevirus,NDV)SQZ04。经蚀斑纯化后接种40日龄SPF鸡可诱发典型病变。经蚀斑纯化前和后的MDT为50·5h和51·2h,ICPI为2·0和1·92,IVPI为2·8和2·68,表明属强毒株。但F基因分型表明SQZ04属基因Ⅱ型,而且其与已知基因Ⅱ型的疫苗株LaSota、B1和Texas48的同源性分别为99·3%、98·7%和96·9%,显著高于与基因Ⅶ或Ⅸ型强毒株的同源性88·3%~88·6%或91·3%~92·1%。这是国内第一株属于基因Ⅱ型的NDV强毒株。SQZ04F多肽氨基酸裂解位点的序列为111GGRQGRL117,与弱毒株序列完全相同,这也是国内外首次报道具有这一氨基酸序列的强毒野毒株。然而,SQZ04株与其他已知强毒株的HN氨基酸同源性高达95·3%~97·3%,显著高于与弱毒株LaSota等的同源性87·8%~89·5%。     

猪源新城疫病毒JL01株分离鉴定及F基因遗传进化分析

2000年,在吉林省某猪场发生具有较高发病率和死亡率的急性传染病,发病率达到40%～50%,病死率15%,取其脾、肺、肾等组织进行电镜观察,可见副粘病毒样颗粒,表明其病原可能为某种猪源副粘病毒,命名为JL01株。在对该病毒的的血凝、血凝抑制等生物学特性进行鉴定后,初步确定该种猪副粘病毒为猪源新城疫病毒。病毒回归试验表明,纯化的病毒对猪仍有较强的致死性,并可从死亡猪体内分离到新城疫病毒。该病毒对鸡胚平均致死时间(MDT)、脑内致病指数(ICPI)和半数致死量(EID50)分别为55.2h、1.60和10-7.5/0.1 mL,表明该毒株属于新城疫病毒强毒株。在此基础上,采用RT-PCR方法克隆了猪源新城疫病毒F基因,与其他10株NDV毒株进行序列比较分析,结果表明,JL01株与B1、LaSota、Clone30等经典的新城疫病毒弱毒株同源性较高(91.5%～98.5%),与ZJ1、Mukteswar等强毒株的同源性较低。F基因氨基酸裂解位点的序列为112G-K-Q-G-R-L117,与弱毒株序列完全相同。基因分型结果表明JL01株属于基因Ⅰ型。因此,本研究所分离到感染猪的新城疫病毒属于基因变异的新城疫病毒弱毒株...     

新城疫病毒分离株的生物学特性鉴定及F蛋白基因序列分析

通过部分生物学特性鉴定、RT-PCR及F基因的序列测定与遗传进化分析,对2005~2006年从我国江苏省和广西省部分地区的发病鸡群和鹅群中分离到的20株新城疫病毒(NDV)进行了研究。各分离株经典毒力测定结果显示:MDT在45.3h~58.2h之间,ICPI在1.61~2.00之间,均为新城疫病毒强毒株特征。血凝解脱及血凝素热稳定性试验显示:各分离株的血凝解脱时间短,血凝素热稳定性较差,符合NDV强毒株的特征。F基因的序列测定表明,分离株之间的核苷酸序列具有79.7%~100%的同源性,与疫苗株LaSota的同源性为78.1%~83.4%;与国内标准强毒株F48E8同源性为80.2%~90.1%。推导其氨基酸序列分析表明,各分离株的F蛋白的裂解位点氨基酸组成为112R-R-Q-R/K-R-F117,具有NDV强毒株特征,与毒力测定结果相符。根据序列所绘制系统进化发生树,表明20株NDV分离株中有18株为基因Ⅶd型,2株为基因Ⅲ型。     

新城疫病毒ZJ1株F蛋白裂解位点突变对其融合活性的影响

新城疫病毒ZJ1毒株是近年来在我国水禽中流行并能引起水禽严重发病和死亡的强毒株,其F蛋白裂解位点有多个碱性氨基酸分布。将该毒株F蛋白裂解位点的112、115和117位碱性氨基酸突变成弱毒株特征的非碱性氨基酸,构建了重组表达质粒pCI-FT。分别将突变前后的F蛋白与该毒株的HN蛋白在COS-1细胞共表达,表明突变前后的F蛋白均有融合活性;分别将突变前后的F蛋白与该毒株的HN蛋白在CEF细胞共表达,表明突变后F蛋白被裂解的活性大大降低。以上研究为下一步在全长cDNA克隆水平上对F蛋白裂解位点氨基酸序列进行相应突变,研究毒力相关因素以及构建毒力致弱疫苗株等奠定基础。     

The hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein of Newcastle disease virus determines tropism and virulence

The hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) plays a crucial role in the process of infection. However, the exact contribution of the HN gene to NDV pathogenesis is not known. In this study, the role of the HN gene in NDV virulence was examined. By use of reverse genetics procedures, the HN genes of a virulent recombinant NDV strain, rBeaudette C (rBC), and an avirulent recombinant NDV strain, rLaSota, were exchanged. The hemadsorption and neuraminidase activities of the chimeric viruses showed significant differences from those of their parental strains, but heterotypic F and HN pairs were equally effective in fusion promotion. The tissue tropism of the viruses was shown to be dependent on the origin of the HN protein. The chimeric virus with the HN protein derived from the virulent virus exhibited a tissue predilection similar to that of the virulent virus, and vice versa. The chimeric viruses with reciprocal HN proteins either gained or lost virulence, as determined by a standard intracerebral pathogenicity index test of chickens and by the mean death time in chicken embryos (a measure devised to classify these viruses), indicating that virulence is a function of the amino acid differences in the HN protein. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the virulence of NDV is multigenic and that the cleavability of F protein alone does not determine the virulence of a strain.     

Newcastle Disease Virus Fusion Protein Is the Major Contributor to Protective Immunity of Genotype-Matched Vaccine

Virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) can cause devastating disease in chickens worldwide. Although the current vaccines are substantially effective, they do not completely prevent infection, virus shedding and disease. To produce genotype-matched vaccines, a full-genome reverse genetics system has been used to generate a recombinant virus in which the F protein cleavage site has been changed to that of avirulent vaccine virus. In the other strategy, the vaccines have been generated by replacing the F and HN genes of a commercial vaccine strain with those from a genotype-matched virus. However, the protective efficacy of a chimeric virus vaccine has not been directly compared with that of a full-genome virus vaccine developed by reverse genetics. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the protective efficacy of genotype VII matched chimeric vaccines by generating three recombinant viruses based on avirulent LaSota (genotype II) strain in which the open reading frames (ORFs) encoding the F and HN proteins were replaced, individually or together, with those of the circulating and highly virulent Indonesian NDV strain Ban/010. The cleavage site of the Ban/010 F protein was mutated to the avirulent motif found in strain LaSota. In vitro growth characteristics and a pathogenicity test indicated that all three chimeric viruses retained the highly attenuated phenotype of the parental viruses. Immunization of chickens with chimeric and full-length genome VII vaccines followed by challenge with virulent Ban/010 or Texas GB (genotype II) virus demonstrated protection against clinical disease and death. However, only those chickens immunized with chimeric rLaSota expressing the F or F plus HN proteins of the Indonesian strain were efficiently protected against shedding of Ban/010 virus. Our findings showed that genotype-matched vaccines can provide protection to chickens by efficiently preventing spread of virus, primarily due to the F protein.     

A recombinant Newcastle disease virus (NDV) expressing VP2 protein of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) protects against NDV and IBDV

Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) causes a highly immunosuppressive disease in chickens. Currently available, live IBDV vaccines can lead to generation of variant viruses. We have developed an alternative vaccine that will not create variant IBDV. By using the reverse genetics approach, we devised a recombinant Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vector from a commonly used vaccine strain LaSota to express the host-protective immunogen VP2 of a variant IBDV strain GLS-5. The gene encoding the VP2 protein of the IBDV was inserted into the most 3'-proximal locus of a full-length NDV cDNA for high-level expression. We successfully recovered the recombinant virus, rLaSota/VP2. The rLaSota/VP2 was genetically stable, at least up to 12 serial passages in chicken embryos, and was shown to express the VP2 protein. The VP2 protein was not incorporated into the virions of recombinant virus. Recombinant rLaSota/VP2 replicated to a titer similar to that of parental NDV strain LaSota in chicken embryos and cell cultures. To assess protective efficacy of the rLaSota/VP2, 2-day-old specific-pathogen-free chickens were vaccinated with the recombinant virus and challenged with a highly virulent NDV strain Texas GB or IBDV variant strain GLS-5 at 3 weeks postvaccination. Vaccination with rLaSota/VP2 generated antibody responses against both NDV and IBDV and provided 90% protection against NDV and IBDV. Booster immunization induced higher levels of antibody responses against both NDV and IBDV and conferred complete protection against both viruses. These results indicate that the recombinant NDV can be used as a vaccine vector for other avian pathogens.     

The large polymerase protein is associated with the virulence of Newcastle disease virus

Naturally occurring Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains vary greatly in virulence, ranging from no apparent infection to severe disease causing 100% mortality in chickens. The viral determinants of NDV virulence are not completely understood. Cleavage of the fusion protein is required for the initiation of infection, and it acts as a determinant of virulence. The attachment protein HN was found to play a minor role in virulence. In this study, we have evaluated the role of the internal proteins (N, P, and L) in NDV virulence by using a chimeric reverse-genetics approach. The N, P, and L genes were exchanged individually between an avirulent NDV strain, LaSota, and an intermediate virulent NDV strain, Beaudette C (BC), and the N and P genes were also exchanged together. The recovered chimeric viruses were evaluated for their pathogenicity in the natural host, chickens. Our results showed that the pathogenicities of N and P chimeric viruses were similar to those of their respective parental viruses, indicating that the N and P genes probably play minor roles in virulence. However, replacement of the L gene of BC with that of LaSota significantly increased the pathogenicity of the L-chimeric virus, suggesting that the L gene probably contributes to the virulence of NDV. The L-chimeric BC virus was found to replicate at a 100-fold-higher level than its parental virus in chicken brain, suggesting that the increase in pathogenicity may be due to the increased replication level of the chimeric virus. Our findings offer new insights into the pathogenesis of NDV infection.     

Different Regions of the Newcastle Disease Virus Fusion Protein Modulate Pathogenicity

Newcastle disease virus (NDV), also designated as Avian paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1), is the causative agent of a notifiable disease of poultry but it exhibits different pathogenicity dependent on the virus strain. The molecular basis for this variability is not fully understood. The efficiency of activation of the fusion protein (F) is determined by presence or absence of a polybasic amino acid sequence at an internal proteolytic cleavage site which is a major determinant of NDV virulence. However, other determinants of pathogenicity must exist since APMV-1 of high (velogenic), intermediate (mesogenic) and low (lentogenic) virulence specify a polybasic F cleavage site. We aimed at elucidation of additional virulence determinants by constructing a recombinant virus that consists of a lentogenic NDV Clone 30 backbone and the F protein gene from a mesogenic pigeon paramyxovirus-1 (PPMV-1) isolate with an intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) of 1.1 specifying the polybasic sequence R-R-K-K-R*F motif at the cleavage site. The resulting virus was characterized by an ICPI of 0.6, indicating a lentogenic pathotype. In contrast, alteration of the cleavage site G-R-Q-G-R*L of the lentogenic Clone 30 to R-R-K-K-R*F resulted in a recombinant virus with an ICPI of 1.36 which was higher than that of parental PPMV-1. Substitution of different regions of the F protein of Clone 30 by those of PPMV-1, while maintaining the polybasic amino acid sequence at the F cleavage site, resulted in recombinant viruses with ICPIs ranging from 0.59 to 1.36 suggesting that virulence is modulated by regions of the F protein other than the polybasic cleavage site.