伊春地区红松和红皮云杉径向生长对气候变化的响应

树木生长-气候关系对准确评估气候变化对森林生态系统影响、预测森林生产力与植被动态及揭示树木对气候变化的响适应策略至关重要。在全球变暖背景下,升温可能会对树木的生长产生影响,从而改变区域森林生态系统的生产力或碳储量。本研究利用生长-气候响应函数、滑动相关分析等树木年轮学方法,探讨伊春地区阔叶红松林内红松和红皮云杉径向生长的主要限制因子及两者径向生长对快速升温(1980年后)响应的异同。结果表明:1980年前红松径向生长有明显加速的趋势,红皮云杉上升趋势较弱;而1980年后红松径向生长趋势显著下降,红皮云杉则下降不明显。红皮云杉径向生长与上一年9月及当年6月平均气温显著负相关,而红松径向生长与上一年12月及当年1月、4月和6月最低气温显著正相关。1980年快速升温后,高温对两树种生长的抑制作用增强,尤其是红松。生长季末(9月)降水对红松和红皮云杉的限制作用由升温前的负相关转变为升温后的显著正相关。温度是限制红松和红皮云杉径向生长的主要气候因子,降水影响相对较弱;其中红松径向生长对气候变化的响应比红皮云杉更敏感。快速升温后,红松和红皮云杉生长-气候关系的变化可能与升温导致的暖干旱化有关。若气候变暖持续或加剧,二者径向生长的气候限制因子也将由温度转变为水分;红松和红皮云杉会出现生长衰退,尤其是红松。     

长白山北坡不同年龄红松年表及其对气候的响应

运用树木年轮气候学方法,研究了长白山北坡红松(Pinus koraiensis)不同年龄年表特征及其与气候因子间的关系,以期揭示年龄因素对年表的潜在影响。结果表明,平均年龄为63a的红松低龄年表与平均年龄为184a的高龄年表对气候的响应明显不同:低龄红松径向生长与当年1、2月月平均温度负相关(P<0.05),同时也受到上年及当年多个月份的月平均最高温度或最低温度的影响,但与降水的相关性未达到显著水平;高龄红松径向生长则与月平均温度间的关系不明显,而与当年1、2、4、6、7、9月的月平均最高温度正相关,与当年4月、9月的月平均最低温度负相关,同时受到上年5月及当年5月月总降水量的影响。因此,年龄因素对红松年表的气候响应方面存在一定影响,且高龄年表对气候响应的敏感性更高,包含有更多的气候信息。     

小兴安岭红皮云杉年轮-气候关系及其衰退原因

运用树木年轮学方法,建立了小兴安岭丰林自然保护区不同海拔2个红皮云杉树轮宽度年表,研究其与局地温度、降水、帕默尔干旱指数(PDSI)及大尺度气候因子的关系,探讨红皮云杉径向生长的主要限制因子,分析其近几十年衰退的原因.结果表明： 小兴安岭红皮云杉径向生长受温度限制作用强于降水,且生长季最低温度限制最强.不同海拔红皮云杉径向生长对气候响应存在明显差异：低海拔红皮云杉径向生长与生长季(6—9月)年降水量呈显著正相关;与不同深度土壤温度呈显著负相关,80 cm土层土温在生长季阶段限制作用最强;与PDSI在生长季呈显著正相关.高海拔红皮云杉与空气温度、降水、土壤温度及PDSI的关系没有低海拔显著.小兴安岭红皮云杉衰退可能与北大西洋多年代际振荡(AMO)、太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)的相位转变以及1980年后的显著升温有一定关联,上述因素的耦合作用使该区土壤蒸发量加大,暖干化现象加剧,进而导致低海拔红皮云杉生长衰退.     

长白山红松和鱼鳞云杉在分布上限的径向生长对气候变暖的不同响应

用树木年代学方法研究了近50年来气候变化对长白山自然保护区两种广泛分布的重要乔木树种红松(Pinus koraiensis)和鱼鳞云杉(Picea jezoensis var. komarovii)分布上限树木径向生长的影响, 发现红松年轮宽度具有与温度升高相一致的趋势, 而鱼鳞云杉年轮宽度则出现随温度升高而下降的“分离现象”。对水热条件的正响应是分布上限红松年表与温度保持一致的关键: 生长季的温度和降水的增加对上限红松的生长有促进作用, 且二者对树木生长的有利效应有相互促进的现象; 生长季的延长也有利于红松的生长。升温导致的水分胁迫是造成上限分布的鱼鳞云杉年轮宽度与温度变化趋势相反的重要因素: 分布上限的鱼鳞云杉年表与大多数温度指标均呈负相关关系; 随着温度升高, 年表与年降水量尤其是春季降水量的相关性逐渐由负转正; 各月的高温以及生长季中后期的少雨是形成上限鱼鳞云杉窄轮的主要气候因素, 而较低的各月温度以及生长季后期充足的降水则有利于上限鱼鳞云杉的生长; 此外, 生长季长度没有变化也可能是造成鱼鳞云杉年表序列对温度变化敏感性下降的重要因素。     

玉龙雪山不同海拔丽江云杉径向生长对气候变异的响应

为研究滇西北高原树木径向生长与气候关系随海拔的变化规律, 分别在玉龙雪山低、中、高海拔采集丽江云杉(Picea likiangensis)年轮样本, 建立了不同海拔丽江云杉树轮宽度残差年表, 将年轮指数与气候因子进行响应分析、冗余分析以及滑动响应分析。结果表明: 玉龙雪山丽江云杉径向生长受气温和降水共同影响, 但不同海拔径向生长响应模式存在差异。其中当年1-3月降水与不同海拔丽江云杉径向生长均呈显著正相关关系; 当年生长季后期降水与中、低海拔树木生长呈显著负相关关系, 与高海拔树木生长呈显著正相关关系; 中、低海拔树木生长还受当年春季干旱胁迫; 而当年7月气温升高促进高海拔丽江云杉生长。冗余分析与响应分析结果基本一致, 说明冗余分析能够有效量化树轮宽度指数与气候因子的关系。滑动响应分析显示气温和降水在小时间尺度上的变化也会影响树木生长。结合不同海拔丽江云杉生长对气候因子的响应模式及未来气候预测, 玉龙雪山高海拔丽江云杉生长将得到加强, 而中、低海拔丽江云杉生长则表现出不确定性。     

Radial growth responses of Picea likiangensis to climate variabilities at different altitudes in Yulong Snow Mountain,southwest China

为研究滇西北高原树木径向生长与气候关系随海拔的变化规律, 分别在玉龙雪山低、中、高海拔采集丽江云杉(Picea likiangensis)年轮样本, 建立了不同海拔丽江云杉树轮宽度残差年表, 将年轮指数与气候因子进行响应分析、冗余分析以及滑动响应分析。结果表明: 玉龙雪山丽江云杉径向生长受气温和降水共同影响, 但不同海拔径向生长响应模式存在差异。其中当年1-3月降水与不同海拔丽江云杉径向生长均呈显著正相关关系; 当年生长季后期降水与中、低海拔树木生长呈显著负相关关系, 与高海拔树木生长呈显著正相关关系; 中、低海拔树木生长还受当年春季干旱胁迫; 而当年7月气温升高促进高海拔丽江云杉生长。冗余分析与响应分析结果基本一致, 说明冗余分析能够有效量化树轮宽度指数与气候因子的关系。滑动响应分析显示气温和降水在小时间尺度上的变化也会影响树木生长。结合不同海拔丽江云杉生长对气候因子的响应模式及未来气候预测, 玉龙雪山高海拔丽江云杉生长将得到加强, 而中、低海拔丽江云杉生长则表现出不确定性。     

长白山过渡带红松和鱼鳞云杉径向生长对气候因子的响应

利用树轮生态学方法, 研究了长白山阔叶红松林和暗针叶林过渡带优势树种红松(Pinus koraiensis)和鱼鳞云杉(Picea jezoensis var. komarovii)的生长特征及其与气候因子的关系, 以期揭示气候响应关系的种间差异性。结果表明, 红松和鱼鳞云杉年平均径向生长量与生理年龄显著相关, 红松先于鱼鳞云杉达到最大年生长量, 且红松年平均生长速率显著高于鱼鳞云杉(p < 0.001); 红松和鱼鳞云杉对气候的响应存在差异, 红松与7月份的月平均温度和降水显著正相关, 而鱼鳞云杉与5月平均温度显著正相关, 与5月降水显著负相关。响应面分析进一步证实, 红松生长主要与生长季温度和降水相关, 而生长季初期的降水是限制鱼鳞云杉生长的主要原因。全球变暖有利于红松径向生长, 红松种群有向高海拔上升的可能。     

小兴安岭红松和鱼鳞云杉径向生长对气候变化的响应

基于树木年代学方法,利用小兴安岭低海拔阔叶红松林优势树种红松和鱼鳞云杉树轮宽度资料,分别建立年轮宽度年表,探讨影响2个树种径向生长的关键气候因子.结果表明:2个树种对气候因子的响应存在差异,红松较鱼鳞云杉对气候因子的响应更加敏感,更适合用于年轮气候学研究;响应函数分析表明,红松径向生长与当年6月平均温度呈显著负相关,与当年6月降水量呈显著正相关,而鱼鳞云杉与气候因子未表现出显著相关关系;空间相关分析揭示,红松年表具有较大的空间代表性,相关性最高出现在研究区域附近;升温导致的干旱胁迫是限制红松树木生长的主要原因,如果未来全球气温进一步增加,将对红松产生不利的影响;一些大尺度的大气-海洋变化的耦合作用可能对小兴安岭红松径向生长产生影响.     

长白山北坡不同林型内红松年表特征及其与气候因子的关系

运用树木年轮学的基本原理和方法,选取了长白山北坡保存完好的典型性植被阔叶红松林,探讨了杨桦红松林和椴树红松林内建群种红松(Pinus koraiensis)径向生长对气候要素的响应.结果表明,长白山北坡红松的径向生长对降水较为敏感,杨桦红松林和椴树红松林中,红松年轮宽度均与当年7月以及上一年9月的降水呈显著正相关关系.不同林型内红松的生长与气候因子的关系也有差异.椴树红松的年轮宽度还与上年7月的降水显著负相关,与当年3、4月份的平均气温呈显著正相关.而杨桦红松林内红松年轮宽度和平均温度没有显著的相关关系.特征年分析进一步验证了响应函数相关分析的结果,即当年生长季以及上年生长季末的降水充足促进了红松的径向生长;椴树红松林中,初春温度的升高有利于红松的生长.     

云南小中甸地区丽江云杉径向生长对气候变化的响应

丽江云杉原始林是云南省香格里拉县小中甸地区的主要森林类型.本文采用树轮年代学的方法分析了丽江云杉年轮宽度对气候变化的响应;选取相对保守的结果负指数曲线或线性回归拟合生长趋势建立年表,进行了不同时间尺度的气候因素与差值年表(RES)序列的相关及响应函数分析,并利用特征年分析了产生宽窄年轮的原因.结果表明:研究区丽江云杉的径向生长与温度升高在1990-2008年存在一定的“分离现象”;上一生长季的水热状况是限制丽江云杉当年生长的主要气候因子,特别是上年7月的气温对当年径向生长具有负反馈作用,而上年7月的充足降水则促进当年的径向生长;上年生长季温度与降水变化的相反趋势是导致宽窄年轮形成的主要原因;丽江云杉的生长对帕尔默干旱指数(PDSI)的变化不敏感.     

Parasites, emerging disease and wildlife conservation

In this review some emerging issues of parasite infections in wildlife, particularly in Australia, are considered. We discuss the importance of understanding parasite biodiversity in wildlife in terms of conservation, the role of wildlife as reservoirs of parasite infection, and the role of parasites within the broader context of the ecosystem. Using a number of parasite species, the value of undertaking longitudinal surveillance in natural systems using non-invasive sampling and molecular tools to characterise infectious agents is illustrated in terms of wildlife health, parasite biodiversity and ecology.     

Relationships of plant pathogenic enterobacteria based on partial atpD, carA, and recA as individual and concatenated nucleotide and peptide sequences

Relationships of the genera in the Enterobacteriaceae containing plant pathogenic species: Brenneria, Dickeya, Enterobacter, Erwinia, Pantoea, Pectobacterium, and Samsonia, were investigated by comparison of their nucleotide and peptide sequences of atpD, carA, recA, and the concatenated sequences. Erwinia spp. and Pantoea spp., with Pectobacterium cypripedii, formed a group distinct from other pathogenic taxa. Pectobacterium, Brenneria, Dickeya, and Samsonia formed a contiguous clade. Samsonia was usually concurrent with Pectobacterium. Most Brenneria were also close to Pectobacterium, suggesting that these three taxa might be better represented as a single genus. Brenneria quercina was not closely associated with other members of this genus and may represent a separate genus. The sequences representing Dickeya were distinct, further supporting the generic status of the taxon. Plant pathogenic Enterobacter spp. display such sequence variability that few definite conclusions as to their specific placement could be made. These data highlight the difficulty of drawing reliable and robust taxonomic conclusions based on comparative analysis of sequence data without some independent criterion to calibrate a scale for diversity.     

Unification of the genera Nonlabens, Persicivirga, Sandarakinotalea and Stenothermobacter into a single emended genus, Nonlabens, and description of Nonlabens agnitus sp. nov

Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that a bacterial isolate, designated JC2678(T), represents a distinct phyletic line within the suprageneric monophyletic clade containing the genera Nonlabens, Persicivirga, Stenothermobacter and Sandarakinotalea. The polyphasic data presented in this study demonstrated that the members belonging to the Nonlabens-like clade overall constitute a single genus. Therefore, it is proposed to transfer the members of genera Persicivirga O'Sullivan et al. 2006, Stenothermobacter Lau et al. 2006 and Sandarakinotalea Khan et al. 2006 to the genus Nonlabens Lau et al. 2005. Thus, P. dokdonensis (Yoon et al. 2006) Nedashkovskaya et al. 2009, P. ulvanivorans Barbeyron et al. 2010, P. xylanidelens O'Sullivan et al. 2006, Sandarakinotalea sediminis Khan et al. 2006 and Stenothermobacter spongiae Lau et al. 2006 should be transferred to Nonlabens dokdonensis comb. nov., Nonlabens ulvanivorans comb. nov., Nonlabens xylanidelens comb. nov., Nonlabens sediminis comb. nov. and Nonlabens spongiae comb. nov., respectively. In addition, strain JC2678(T) (=KACC 14155(T)=JCM 17109(T)) is proposed to constitute a novel species belonging to the genus Nonlabens with the name of Nonlabens agnitus sp. nov.     

小兴安岭红松径向生长对未来气候变化的响应

基于SRES A1B温室气体排放情景,由全球气候模式(MPI_ECHAM5)产生的逐日气候模拟数据驱动TREE-RING树轮生态机理模型,模拟了小兴安岭红松(Pinus koraiensis)树木径向生长变化.结果表明:在A1B情景下,随着大气CO2浓度的不断增加以及局地气温的不断升高,红松树木生长开始和结束时间显著提前,2011-2060年比1961-2010年径向生长开始时间平均提前约5d左右,生长结束时间平均提前约3d左右.红松树木的径向生长量不断增加,2011-2060年比1961 -2010年径向生长量平均增加约35％,径向生长量的增加主要是CO2施肥作用的结果,在不考虑CO2施肥效应下,只考虑降水量变化使树木径向生长量增加约2％,而未来50a的气温变化使树木径向生长量相对于1961 -2010年减少约23％.     

模拟增温和不同凋落物基质质量对凋落物分解速率的影响

采用凋落物分解袋法,研究了在土壤、水分相当的条件下模拟增温对红松(Pinus koraiensis)、蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)及其混合凋落物分解的影响,以及在不同温度水平下,不同凋落物质量(两种单一凋落物和混合凋落物)的分解特性。利用碱式吸收法测量了凋落物分解累积释放CO₂动态。将N浓度和C/N率作为凋落物质量参数,用呼吸产生CO₂的积累值和凋落物质量损失率确定凋落物分解率。结果表明温度升高对单一凋落物和混合凋落物分解均有促进作用,在不同温度水平上,不同质量凋落物的分解特性有所差别,25 ℃和29 ℃条件下混合凋落物分解速率>蒙古栎单一凋落物>红松单一凋落物分解速率。然而,在31 ℃条件下混合凋落物与蒙古栎单一凋落物分解速率相差不大,二者均大于红松单一凋落物分解速率。     

Eya1 acts upstream of Tbx1, Neurogenin 1, NeuroD and the neurotrophins BDNF and NT-3 during inner ear development

Cell fate specification during inner ear development is dependent upon regional gene expression within the otic vesicle. One of the earliest cell fate determination steps in this system is the specification of neural precursors, and regulators of this process include the Atonal-related basic helix-loop-helix genes, Ngn1 and NeuroD and the T-box gene, Tbx1. In this study we demonstrate that Eya1 signaling is critical to the normal expression patterns of Tbx1, Ngn1, and NeuroD in the developing mouse otocyst. We discuss a potential mechanism for the absence of neural precursors in the Eya1-/- inner ears and the primary and secondary mechanisms for the loss of cochleovestibular ganglion cells in the Eya1bor/bor hypomorphic mutant.     

Zebrafish msxB, msxC and msxE function together to refine the neural-nonneural border and regulate cranial placodes and neural crest development

The zebrafish muscle segment homeobox genes msxB, msxC and msxE are expressed in partially overlapping domains in the neural crest and preplacodal ectoderm. We examined the roles of these msx genes in early development. Disrupting individual msx genes causes modest variable defects, whereas disrupting all three produces a reproducible severe phenotype, suggesting functional redundancy. Neural crest differentiation is blocked at an early stage. Preplacodal development begins normally, but placodes arising from the msx expression domain later show elevated apoptosis and are reduced in size. Cell proliferation is normal in these tissues. Unexpectedly, Msx-deficient embryos become ventralized by late gastrulation whereas misexpression of msxB dorsalizes the embryo. These effects appear to involve Distal-less (Dlx) protein activity, as loss of dlx3b and dlx4b suppresses ventralization in Msx-depleted embryos. At the same time, Msx-depletion restores normal preplacodal gene expression to dlx3b-dlx4b mutants. These data suggest that mutual antagonism between Msx and Dlx proteins achieves a balance of function required for normal preplacodal differentiation and placement of the neural-nonneural border.     

SNS: Adhesive properties, localization requirements and ectodomain dependence in S2 cells and embryonic myoblasts

The body wall muscles in the Drosophila larva arise from interactions between Duf/Kirre and Irregular chiasm C-roughest (IrreC-rst)-expressing founder myoblasts and sticks-and-stones (SNS)-expressing fusion competent myoblasts in the embryo. Herein, we demonstrate that SNS mediates heterotypic adhesion of S2 cells with Duf/Kirre and IrreC-rst-expressing S2 cells, and colocalizes with these proteins at points of cell contact. These properties are independent of their transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, and are observed quite readily with GPI-anchored forms of the ectodomains. Heterotypic interactions between Duf/Kirre and SNS-expressing S2 cells occur more rapidly and to a greater extent than homotypic interactions with other Duf/Kirre-expressing cells. In addition, Duf/Kirre and SNS are present in an immunoprecipitable complex from S2 cells. In the embryo, Duf/Kirre and SNS are present at points of contact between founder and fusion competent cells. Moreover, SNS clustering on the cell surface is dependent on Duf/Kirre and/or IrreC-rst. Finally, although the cytoplasmic and transmembrane domains of SNS are expendable for interactions in culture, they are essential for fusion of embryonic myoblasts.     

Gene expression in spider appendages reveals reversal of exd/hth spatial specificity, altered leg gap gene dynamics, and suggests divergent distal morphogen signaling

Leg development in Drosophila has been studied in much detail. However, Drosophila limbs form in the larva as imaginal discs and not during embryogenesis as in most other arthropods. Here, we analyze appendage genes in the spider Cupiennius salei and the beetle Tribolium castaneum. Differences in decapentaplegic (dpp) expression suggest a different mode of distal morphogen signaling suitable for the specific geometry of growing limb buds. Also, expression of the proximal genes homothorax (hth) and extradenticle (exd) is significantly altered: in the spider, exd is restricted to the proximal leg and hth expression extends distally, while in insects, exd is expressed in the entire leg and hth is restricted to proximal parts. This reversal of spatial specificity demonstrates an evolutionary shift, which is nevertheless compatible with a conserved role of this gene pair as instructor of proximal fate. Different expression dynamics of dachshund and Distal-less point to modifications in the regulation of the leg gap gene system. We comment on the significance of this finding for attempts to homologize leg segments in different arthropod classes. Comparison of the expression profiles of H15 and optomotor-blind to the Drosophila patterns suggests modifications also in the dorsal-ventral patterning system of the legs. Together, our results suggest alterations in many components of the leg developmental system, namely proximal-distal and dorsal-ventral patterning, and leg segmentation. Thus, the leg developmental system exhibits a propensity to evolutionary change, which probably forms the basis for the impressive diversity of arthropod leg morphologies.