加工番茄高光效特性与其产量和品质的协调性研究

以6个加工番茄品种为试材,通过盆栽试验对各品种叶片光合色素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、光合特性以及果实产量和相关品质性状进行了鉴定,探讨不同品种光效特性与产量和品质性状的相关关系及其可能机理。结果表明,番茄由苗期进入花期后,各品种叶片光合色素和可溶性蛋白含量均显著增加,叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素比例亦提高,"库"和"源"的增加呈对应关系;各品种的果实产量与花期叶片净光合速率和可溶性蛋白含量呈正相关,与光合色素含量相关性不显著;在本栽培地区和试验条件下,花期‘石红9号’品种的叶片净光合速率和可溶性蛋白含量以及果实产量显著高于其它品种,且其果实Vc含量、番茄红素含量、可溶性糖含量及糖酸比等品质指标也均表现良好,综合性状最优,而‘UC-82’品种的光合色素含量、番茄红素含量和产量等指标均显著低于其它品种。研究发现,加工番茄品种的高光效特征与产量和品质提高具有一定协调性。     

外源激素对脱毒马铃薯扦插苗生长及生理效应研究

以‘早大白’马铃薯脱毒苗为试验材料,通过人工温室苗床栽培探讨外源激素萘乙酸(NAA)、吲哚丁酸(IBA)和硼酸生根处理对扦插脱毒苗生长和生理特征的影响,为马铃薯微型薯的实际生产提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)外源激素生根处理较对照扦插苗根系长势好,根活力、根系可溶性蛋白含量增加。(2)外源激素生根处理较对照脱毒扦插苗光合速率提高、叶绿素含量增加,光合物质的形成与积累增多。(3)外源激素生根处理较对照叶片SOD、POD、CAT活性和游离氨基酸含量均表现出不同程度的上升,MDA含量下降,衰老减缓。(4)外源激素生根处理有利于小区产量和单株结薯数的增加。研究表明,不同外源激素生根处理可改善脱毒马铃薯扦插苗农艺性状和生理指标,并以NAA 100mg/L+IBA 50mg/L+硼酸17.5mg/L配方处理植株的长势最好,叶绿素含量、保护酶活性及游离氨基酸含量最高,净光合速率大、小薯膨大速度快且单株结薯数量及产量增加显著,更利于发挥脱毒薯的增产优势。     

氮素对不同品种烤烟叶片衰老、光合特性及产量和品质的影响

以豫烟5号、豫烟7号和NC89为材料,研究氮素对不同品种烤烟叶片衰老、光合特性及产量和品质的影响.结果表明：增施氮素可显著增强烤烟叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,降低丙二醛(MDA)含量,提高叶绿素含量,增强光合性能,从而延缓烤烟叶片衰老.与豫烟5号和NC89相比,豫烟7号叶片叶绿素含量较低,光合性能较弱,SOD活性低,MDA含量高,叶片衰老较快.与60和75 kg·hm^-2施N处理相比,45 kg·hm^-2 施N处理的烟叶均价、产值、上等烟比例均最高,且化学品质指标较好,符合优质烟叶要求.表明不同品种烤烟衰老生理特性有明显差异;氮素营养对烤烟叶片衰老、产量和品质有明显的调节作用;适量施氮可提高烟叶品质,获得较高的经济效益.     

香石竹斑驳病毒(CarMV)脱除对几种生理指标的影响

感染病毒的香石竹组培苗于(38.5±1)℃条件下热处理29d后,切取0.1～0.2mm的茎尖生长点无菌培养成苗后,经DAS-Elisa检测获得脱除香石竹斑驳病毒(Carnation mottle virus,CarMV)的香石竹脱毒苗,取脱毒苗与非脱毒苗的叶片,测量叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素、丙二醛(MDA)、干物质含量几种生理生化指标。结果表明,脱毒苗与非脱毒苗相比:(1)叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量增加,具有较强的光合效率;(2)与抗性生理有关的MDA含量下降,衰老减缓;(3)光合物质的形成与积累增多,干物质含量增加。     

盐胁迫对黄独脱毒苗生长和若干生理生化指标的影响

通过在培养基中添加不同浓度NaCl,探讨盐胁迫对黄独脱毒苗生长及若干生理生化指标的影响。结果表明,在盐胁迫条件下,黄独脱毒苗的生长受到明显抑制,叶片中总叶绿素含量、SOD活性下降,丙二醛含量增加,脯氨酸大量积累;随盐胁迫强度的加大,对试管苗生长及生理生化指标的影响相应加剧;在盐胁迫下,黄独脱毒苗叶片脯氨酸含量与丙二醛含量呈极显著正相关,而与叶绿素含量和SOD活性呈极显著负相关。因此,盐胁迫下叶片中脯氨酸含量的变化可作为黄独脱毒苗受害程度的主要生理鉴定指标。     

施钾方式对抗虫杂交棉光合特性和产量品质的影响

以抗虫杂交棉‘中棉所29’和‘鲁棉研15号’为材料,研究了育苗移栽种植条件下施钾方式对其光合特性及产量品质的影响。结果显示:与不施钾肥相比,在棉苗移栽期和初花期分2次或移栽期一次性施入氯化钾225kg/hm2,能提高棉花LAI、叶片SPAD值和叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo和ФPSⅡ,加大叶片Gs,提高叶片Pn;棉花总成铃数、铃重和衣分均有不同程度提高,皮棉产量显著增加;并改善了棉纤维2.5%跨距长度、比强度和整齐度等品质性状。表明于棉花移栽期和初花期分2次施入钾肥比移栽期一次性施入效果更好,平均籽棉和皮棉产量分别增加4.43%和5.87%。     

施氮对不同抗旱性冬小麦叶片光合与呼吸的调控

在大田条件下对两个不同抗旱特性的冬小麦品种全生育期叶片光合气体交换参数、光合色素含量和呼吸值及其对氮素水平的响应进行了研究.结果表明,施氮180 kg·hm^-2处理旱地品种叶片气孔导度、总光合色素含量、光合速率较不施氮处理在全生育期分别提高了43.75%、18.54%和49.66%,水地品种分别提高了12.12%、20.88%和29.25%;而旱地品种总呼吸速率降低了4.8%,水地品种降低了4.5%.适量施氮,增强了小麦叶片的气体交换能力,提高了光合色素含量,并降低了呼吸速率,从而提高了小麦叶片光合碳同化能力.小麦品种间光合的差异主要由非气孔因素引起.旱地品种呼吸速率较低,吸收的光能较多地用于光合碳同化作用.不施氮处理叶片光合速率较高的生育时期其呼吸速率也高,而施氮处理叶片光合速率高的生育时期呼吸值较低.施氮增加了光能向光合碳同化方向的分配.施氮对提高冬小麦抗旱能力有积极作用,其机理在于氮素改善了叶片气体交换状况,提高了光合色素含量,并优化了叶片对光能吸收的分配.     

南城淮山脱毒苗移栽驯化期的光合生理

为了解南城淮山脱毒苗移栽驯化期的光合生理,本研究对其移栽驯化期的叶绿素含量以及其光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数进行测定和统计分析。结果表明,南城淮山脱毒苗在移栽驯化初期具有较高的叶绿素含量;随着移栽驯化时间延长,脱毒苗的叶绿素含量也显著提高;当移栽驯化时间达到10 d时,脱毒苗的叶绿素含量达到最高值;但当移栽驯化时间超过10 d时,脱毒苗的叶绿素含量则显著下降。脱毒苗在移栽驯化期间的叶绿素含量显著高于其带毒苗。脱毒苗移栽驯化期内的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔限制值(Ls)、水分利用效率(WUE)、瞬时羧化速率(CUE)、初始荧光(Fo)、暗适应下最大荧光(Fm)、暗适应下PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在光化学效率(Fv/Fo)、光适应下PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ФPSⅡ)、光适应下PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv'/Fm')、光化学荧光猝灭系数(q P)先增后降;蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)显著下降;胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和非光化学猝灭系数(q N)先降后升。脱毒苗的Pn、Tr、Gs、Ls、WUE、CUE、Fo、Fm、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、ФPSⅡ、Fv'/Fm'、q P均显著高于带毒苗,而其Ci和q N显著低于带毒苗。因此,南城淮山脱毒苗老叶在移栽驯化期第10天具有较强的光合效率,随后其光合效率随着移栽驯化时间的延长而显著下降,并逐渐由新生叶的光合作用所代替。南城淮山脱毒苗的光合效率显著高于带毒苗,有利于积累更多的光合产物,从而实现增产。本实验结果为南城淮山脱毒苗的移栽驯化及其大田种植提供了理论基础。     

苹果密植园与间伐园树冠层内叶片光合潜力比较

通过对成龄苹果密植园和间伐园树冠不同层次和部位叶片光合潜力及辐射通量密度、叶片N含量和比叶重等指标的比较分析,研究了苹果园改造前后辐射能和氮素利用效率差异及其与产量品质的关系.结果表明：间伐显著改善了冠层内的辐射环境,间伐园冠层内的辐射分布明显比密植园均匀,相对辐射通量密度小于30%的无效光区接近0,而密植园冠层内的最低相对辐射通量密度为17%,在相对高度03以下均为无效光区;间伐园内冠层叶片的光合效率显著提高,间伐园树冠中、下部叶片的光合速率比密植园分别提高了78%和102%;叶片的最大羧化速率和最大电子传递速率也有较大幅度的提升.苹果园冠层叶片的光合效率与叶片N含量存在显著的相关关系,而叶片N含量又与辐射通量密度存在显著的相关关系,因此,可根据冠层叶片相对N含量的垂直分布间接和定量地判断叶片的光合效率或相对辐射通量密度的空间分布.     

荸荠组培苗、原生苗植株生理特性、产量及品质比较研究

对荸荠组培苗、原生苗植株生理特性、球茎产量及品质进行了比较研究.结果表明,荸荠组培苗与原生苗相比,在生理特性、产量和品质方面均有显著的提高.分蘖率提高19.65%,株高降低5.49%,叶状茎含水量提高5.04%,叶绿素含量增加0.25 mg/g,可溶性糖含量提高0.31%.组培苗球茎含水量增加5.54%,可溶性糖含量提高3.58%,淀粉含量增加1.34%,粗纤维含量降低1.15%.荸荠组培苗大果率提高24.63%,单位面积产量提高15.30%.研究认为,荸荠组培苗分蘖能力强.苗高均匀,整齐度高,抗性较高,新陈代谢能力强,组培球茎甜、脆、渣少、汁多,组织培养使荸荠优良种性状得到恢复.     

香石竹的脱病毒苗与带病毒苗生长发育特性比较

以香石竹(DianthuscaryophyllusL.)带病毒组培苗和扦插苗作为对照,研究香石竹脱病毒苗在苗期和花期的生长发育特性.实验结果表明,在苗期,香石竹脱病毒苗在株高、叶片数、分枝数、叶面积和根、茎、叶的干重等大多数营养生长发育指标明显优于对照.在花期,脱病毒苗在花苞和花朵直径,花枝高度和粗度等花质量指标明显优于对照,且脱掉病毒显著提高了花产量,缩短了生长发育期.     

草莓脱病毒苗的诱导及其光合特性的研究

利用茎尖分生组织(0.2~0.3mm)培养和花药培养, 产生草莓脱病毒苗.茎尖培养脱病毒率在72.7~95.5%间, 花药培养脱病毒率在66.7~79.2%间。进行38℃恒温处理茎尖分生组织组培苗, 可提高脱病毒效果。产量比较试验表明, 不同品种的草毒脱病毒苗比对照增产11.7~26.2%, 花药脱病毒苗和茎尖脱病毒苗的增产效果一致.叶绿素含量和光合作用强度测定表明, 脱病毒苗与对照相比, 叶绿素含量增加2.3~26.9%, 光合作用强度增加6.9~12.1%.     

Virus Free Garlic (Allium Sativum L.) Plants Obtained by Thermotherapy and Meristem Tip Culture

Virus infection in garlic considerably reduces yield and quality in Argentina. The production of virus free “seed” was attempted by means of thermotherapy and meristem tip culture. A hot water treatment was employed to determine the lethal temperature/time combination for clonal type (c.t.) Blanco cloves. It was established that 50°C × 20 min, 50°C × 15 min and 55°C × 5 min were the limit thermal/time combinations which garlic could withstand. Those treatments were employed followed by meristem tip culture, however, none of the successfully developed plants after culture (only 13 %) were virus-free. Hot air treatments in a growth chamber at 36°C lasting for 30, 40 and 60 days, and at 25°–32° for 30 days in a greenhouse were tested on c.t. Blanco. Cloves kept at room temperature throughout the experiment were employed as controls. In the 25°–32°C treatment, 73% of meristems produced plants and, of these, 33 % were virus free. After 30 and 40 days at 36 °C, 62 % and 67 % of the meristems developed into plantlets, of which respectively 51 % and 50 % were virus-free. Very few meristems (10 %) developed into plants when cloves had been kept at 36°C for 60 days but the resulting plantlets were all virus free. Controls produced 78 % of plants, of which 14 % were virus free. Results of hot air treatments of 36 °C for 40 days performed on c.t. Colorado, Rosado, Paraguayo, Espaol and Hilario Ascasubi were similar to those obtained with c.t. Blanco. In Espaol and Hilario Ascasubi, no virus-free plants were detected among control specimens (no thermotherapy treatment). The only virus (from up to 3 that infected the plants) that persisted in some plants after themotherapy and meristem tip culture was garlic yellow streak.     

寡雄腐霉发酵液的动物安全性及其对黄瓜的防病促生效应

【目的】生物农药安全无害,环境友好。为了评价寡雄腐霉发酵液(Pythium oligandrum broth,POB)的动物安全性和防病促生效应,研制高效、无害的生物农药。【方法】试验利用自主分离的寡雄腐霉生防菌株(P.oligandrum CQ2010)制备POB,通过动物试验、拮抗试验、盆栽和生产试验,研究了POB的动物毒性,对黄瓜蔓枯病的防治作用,以及对黄瓜生长、产量和品质的影响。【结果】用大剂量的POB灌胃给药对小鼠体重增长无显著影响,其外观和行为均无异常,组织器官也未见病理改变。POB对甜瓜球腔菌的抑制率为51.95%,药效介于1∶800的百菌清溶液和1∶200的甲基托布津溶液之间。在黄瓜幼苗接种甜瓜球腔菌前后喷施POB,叶片丙二醛含量下降,过氧化物酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性增强,发病率和病情指数均显著降低,相对防治效果达到54.8%–64.1%,故POB能减轻病原菌对细胞膜的伤害,激发防御性生理反应,增强黄瓜植株的抗病能力。此外,POB处理提高叶绿素含量,增强根系活力,增加植株氮、磷、钾吸收量,促进黄瓜植株生长,生物量和果实产量分别提高81.10%和11.58%。POB还使黄瓜果实Vc和可溶性糖提高,硝酸盐含量降低。【结论】寡雄腐霉发酵液对动物安全无毒,能有效防治黄瓜蔓枯病,促进黄瓜生长,提高产量品质。     

湿沙催芽对脱毒马钤薯原种的生长及产量的影响

通过对脱毒荷兰马铃薯原原种(品种名：Favorita 拉丁名：Solanum tuberosum L．)在播种前进行的两种不同催芽处理的对比试验,发现湿沙催芽的种薯生长势及单株产量明显高于普通散射光催芽的种薯。湿沙催芽对种薯地上部生长的作用主要表现在：增加了地上部茎数;提高了茎的生长速率(单位时间内生长量),植株高度明显高于昔通催芽的种薯;主茎叶龄的增长速率虽然相同,但经过湿沙催芽种薯主茎叶龄比未经湿沙埋藏处理的提前生长一片叶。湿沙催芽对种薯地下部分生长的作用主要表现在提高了单株结薯数和单个薯块的均匀度。在脱毒马铃薯种薯生产序列中(原原种→原种→生产种)湿沙催芽对马铃薯原种的薯块形体和产量具有积极的意义。     

Impact of Sugarcane yellow leaf virus (ScYLV) infection on physiological efficiency and growth parameters of sugarcane under tropical climatic conditions in India

Yellow leaf (YL) of sugarcane caused by Sugarcane yellow leaf virus (ScYLV, a Polerovirus of the Luteoviridae family) is a serious disease affecting the crop production and productivity in India. Although impact of the disease on cane growth is observed, no systematic study has been done so far from the tropical Asian region to establish its impact on various physiological parameters, cane yield and juice quality. We have assessed physiological parameters in symptomatic and asymptomatic plants of ten different cultivars and a genotype. In addition, similar comparisons were made between virus-infected and virus-free plants derived through meristem culture. Our studies established that among several physiological parameters, photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal conductance (g _s) and SPAD metre values were significantly reduced in cultivars severely infected with ScYLV. Virus-infected cultivars exhibited significant reduction in growth/yield parameters, viz. stalk height, stalk thickness and number of internodes. Plant growth reductions were found to be 42.9, 42.3 and 38.9 % in susceptible cultivars CoPant 84211, Co 86032 and CoC 671, respectively. In addition to reduction in stalk weight, height and girth, YL disease also reduced juice yield in the affected canes up to 34.15 %. Similarly, comparison of diseased (virus-infected) and virus-free plants derived through meristem culture also revealed a drastic reduction in cane growth/physiological parameters and juice yield due to virus infection. The present study is the first comprehensive report demonstrating that YL disease caused by ScYLV seriously affects cane and juice yield in major sugarcane varieties under tropical climatic conditions (India). Consequently, this situation warrants a massive programme to provide healthy seed material and initiate breeding for YL resistance in sugarcane.     

Growth Suppression of Canola through Wheat Stubble II. Investigating Impacts of Hypocotyl Elongation using Simulated Stubble

In south-eastern Australia, surface-retained wheat stubble can reduce the growth and yield of canola as a result of reductions to the quality and quantity of light under the stubble and the associated elongation of the hypocotyl. This paper reports a series of pot experiments that examined the effect of hypocotyl elongation on the leaf area development of canola, the allocation of dry mass, and the absolute and relative growth rates compared to non-etiolated seedlings. The primary aim was to determine the magnitude of the growth reductions caused by hypocotyl elongation in canola seedlings under controlled conditions. Seedling hypocotyl elongation was induced by growing canola seedlings in narrow poly-pipe tubing of different lengths placed over the seedlings as they began to emerge through the soil, and removing the shade cloth covering the top of the tube when the cotyledons had reached it, to mimic the plant reaching and overtopping a stubble layer. Plants with longer hypocotyls had smaller root systems, less leaf area and less leaf and root biomass. These plants had lower relative growth rates than plants that allocated fewer resources to hypocotyls and more to roots and leaves. The magnitude of the growth responses observed in these experiments was similar to those of plants with long hypocotyls growing through stubble layers in previously reported field studies. This suggests that a significant portion of the effect of stubble observed in the field under stubble retention is due to the re-allocation of resources to the production and growth of the hypocotyls, rather than other biochemical effects of the stubble.     

Autotoxicity of the soil of consecutively cultured tea plantations on tea (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Camellia sinensis</Emphasis>) seedlings

The production and quality of Tie-Guan-Yin tea (Camellia sinensis) decrease with time after continuous picking over multiple years. However, it is unclear how the soils of consecutively cultured tea plantations affect the growth of tree seedlings. In this study, soil samples were collected from 4-, 9-, and 30-age Tie-Guan-Yin plantations within the original production area, Longjuan town, Anxi County, China. The toxicity of soil samples were tested by laboratory bioassay. Then, new tea seedlings were transplanted in situ into the land of three age tea plantations. One year after transplantation, the growth indexes, physiological parameters (protective enzymes and primary metabolites), photosynthesis parameters, and main tea quality indicators were measured. The results showed that the 4-, 9-, and 30-age soils inhibited lettuce root growth by 10.32, 24.19, and 48.04 %, respectively. The consecutively cultured soil negatively impacted on the growth, physiology, photosynthesis, and overall quality of transplanted tea seedlings. For example, seedlings grown in the 30-age soil had 20 % lower growth rates, 17 % less soluble sugar, 28 % less soluble protein, 37 % less polyphenol, 34 % less theanine, 25 % less amino acid, 37 % less caffeine, and 40 % less of eight catechols than tea seedlings grown in new soil with no history of tea production. These results indicated that the soils of consecutively cultured tea plantations resulted in significant autotoxicity which negatively affected tea seedling growth, metabolism, tea yield, and tea quality. Greater understanding of the causes and mechanisms of autotoxicity is critical to the reclamation of longstanding tea plantation and improvement of the yield and quality of the tea they produce.