微波消解技术在土壤重金属元素分析中的应用

通过利用光纤维压力自动控制密闭微波消解系统和采用正交实验设计等方法,对土壤样品进行一次性微波消解处理制备统一测试溶液,优化了微波消解土壤样品的混合酸比例及用量,微波消解的时间及消解压强范围等项目指标。试验测试结果表明,在供试条件下,以HNO_3 8ml、H_2O_2 5ml、HCl 8ml混合酸作为土壤样品消解液,采用0.5MPa 3min、1.2 MPa 5min二个阶段微波消解模式,可以取得很好的土壤样品测试结果,其准确性和精确度均符合土壤环境样品分析要求,具有快速简单,试剂消耗量少、节约能源经济的特点,并且可以对土壤样品一次性消解,取得的消解液分别能测定土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni等重金属元素,是测定土壤重金属元素含量的有效方法。     

食品中铅、镉、砷、汞、铬检测技术研究进展

食品中铅、镉、砷、汞、铬样品前处理的方法,主要包括干法灰化法、湿法消化法、高压消解法和微波消解法;分析检测技术中,应用最普遍的为原子光谱法、质谱法,快速检测技术包括生物化学传感器、免疫分析法和电化学分析法。快速检测技术将是今后的重要发展方向。     

亚硒酸钠浓度和培养时间对中华羊茅内生真菌液体培养菌丝体矿质元素的影响

为测定亚硒酸钠浓度和培养时间对中华羊茅内生真菌液体培养菌丝体干物质和矿质元素的影响,菌丝体样品经微波消化后,采用钼蓝比色法、四苯硼钠法、偶氮氯膦III法、邻菲啰啉比色法、氢化物原子荧光光谱法分别测定磷、钾、钙、铁、硒的含量.结果表明,当培养时间为4周、5周、6周、7周或8周时,亚硒酸钠浓度0.1～0.4 mmol/L抑...     

微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定大鼠组织中的微量硒

目的:建立微波消解石墨炉原子吸收光谱法(GFAAS)测定大鼠组织中的微量硒的检测方法.方法:采用微波消解法处理样品,用硝酸作为消解剂进行微波消解;采用氯化钯则作为基体改进剂来测定样品中的微量硒.结果:最佳灰化温度为900℃,原子化温度为2500℃;脑组织和肺组织的相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为2.83％和3.05％,样品加标回收率为97％～105％.结论:该方法用于检测大鼠组织中的硒含量,操作简便、快速、准确度好、结果满意,能够适用于生物体内多种组织器官中硒含量的测定与分析.     

双波长薄层扫描法测定不同来源枸杞子中甜菜碱的含量

通过对枸杞子样品提取、脱色时间等前处理条件的优化,建立不同来源枸杞子中甜菜碱含量测定的双波长薄层扫描法(TLCS法)。使用快速溶剂萃取仪(ASE 350)用80%甲醇提取出枸杞子中的甜菜碱,经活性炭脱色、雷氏盐沉淀、丙酮溶解沉淀,采用改进的薄层扫描法在检测波长为530 nm,参比波长为625 nm条件下对枸杞子中的甜菜碱进行含量测定。得到清晰的薄层色谱斑点,无干扰;甜菜碱点样量在3.84~38.40μg范围内线性关系良好,r=0.9995;平均加样回收率为98.30%,RSD=2.55%(n=9)。该方法简便、准确,重现性好,适用于测定枸杞子中甜菜碱的含量测定,可为枸杞的质量控制提供依据。     

微波消解-ICP-MS法测定油菜蜂花粉咀嚼片中12种元素

采用微波消解法处理样品,研究了微波消解和ICP-MS的测定条件,测定了咀嚼片中Cr、Mn、CA、As、Sn、Ni、Zn、Co、Ag、Pb、Se、Te12种元素含量,在最佳实验条件下,方法测定下限介于0．01μg/g-0．10μg／g之间,RSD均小于5％,加标回收在97—103％之间,方法可用于实际样品分析。     

叶面喷施硅和磷对水稻及其抗白背飞虱的影响

【目的】硅可以增强植物的抗病性和对环境胁迫的耐受性,本实验检测了水稻叶面喷施硅和磷后叶片中硅和两种次生物质含量的变化以及喷硅对白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera种群的影响,旨在阐明外源元素施用是否会提高水稻的抗虫性。【方法】采用对分蘖期水稻进行硅肥、磷肥、和两者混合的喷施处理,测定比较了水稻叶片正面和反面硅含量、草酸含量和可溶性糖含量,同时检测了喷施硅肥后水稻叶片硅化细胞数量和取食处理水稻后白背飞虱种群增长的参数。【结果】20和40 mg/L 硅或硅+磷混合施用后,水稻叶片中的硅含量比对照显著增加(P<0.05)。在40 mg/L硅+ 40 mg/L磷喷施处理后,水稻叶片正反面的硅含量分别比对照增加了116%和104.4%。扫描电镜结果显示,处理后的水稻叶片上气孔周围硅化细胞明显增加。此外,硅和磷喷施后3 d和6 d,水稻叶片草酸含量显著增加(P<0.01)。40 mg/L硅处理后的水稻上饲养的白背飞虱产卵量与对照相比明显下降(P<0.05)。【结论】硅+磷喷施处理促进水稻叶片抗虫物质含量增加,硅喷施抑制了白背飞虱的产卵量。     

测定固氮酶钼铁蛋白中钼含量的催化极谱法

引言固氮酶钼铁蛋白中微量钼的测定,应用得最广的是硫氰酸盐法和甲苯二硫酚法等比色法。这些方法需要蛋白样品较多,而且为了去除有机物质,在显色前还需要将样品消化,操作比较繁杂。近年来采用原子吸收光谱法,使测定过程大为简化。但     

微波消解- 火焰原子吸收光谱法测定蜂胶中金属元素含量

目的:测定一种原产地为加拿大的蜂胶中金属元素的含量,为进一步研究蜂胶营养价值提供数据,同时改进测量方法。方法:用微波消解法处理样品,用硝酸和过氧化氢的混合物作为消解剂进行微波消解,并优化消解条件,然后用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定蜂胶制品中钙、铁、镁、锌、钠、钾、铜的含量。结果:七种元素相对标准偏差为0.85%~2.33%(n=7),回收率在96.5%~104.7%之间。试验结果表明该蜂胶中含有丰富的金属元素,且与河南产蜂胶相比,加拿大产蜂胶中多种金属元素含量远低于河南产蜂胶。结论:使用本文方法测定蜂胶中的金属元素含量,结果准确,方法可靠。为进一步探讨蜂胶制品金属元素与其保健功能的关系提供了有用数据。     

超声波对蔷薇藻生长及生理特性的影响

目的:用超声波处理蔷薇藻(Rhodella reticulata),研究超声波电流、处理时间和脉冲时间对蔷薇藻生长代谢的影响.方法:通过均匀设计实验结合DPS软件对均匀设计实验结果进行二次多项式模型分析和拟合,以生物量、胞外多糖和藻蓝蛋白为目标建立回归模型,优化超声波处理条件.结果:以生物量为目标:电流39%,超声时间123.27s,脉冲时间0.55s,干重的预测值为2.42g/L;以胞外多糖为目标:电流21%,超声时间245s,脉冲时间9.5s,胞外多糖的预测值为656.22mg/L;以藻蓝蛋白为目标:电流21%,超声时间5.0s,脉冲时间0.5s,藻蓝蛋白的预测值为63.53mg/L;优化后生物量、胞外多糖和藻蓝蛋白的产量比未经优化的分别提高了13.3%、11.4%和31.1%.结论:一定强度的超声波促进了蔷薇藻的生长和胞外多糖及藻蓝蛋白的积累.     

黄酒中挥发性和半挥发性成分检测固相微萃取条件的优化

采用固相微萃取-气相色谱联用质谱法分析黄酒中的挥发性和半挥发性成分,对萃取时间、萃取温度、预热时间、酒样添加量、盐添加量、解析时间等条件参数进行了优化,最终确定最佳条件为采用50/30 μm DVB/CAR/PDMS萃取头,在20 mL顶空瓶中,加入6 mL黄酒样和2.0 g NaCl,萃取温度60℃,预热时间15 min,萃取时间30 min,解析温度250℃,解析时间6 min。本方法简单快速,干扰少,灵敏度高。     

Optimal conditions for pretreatment of rice straw with n-butylamine for enzymatic solubilization

Summary Three different pretreatment methods with n-butylamine (n-BA) were used to obtain fermentable sugars in a high yield from rice straw. The optimal conditions of each method were as follows: treating at boiling point for 1 h under refluxing in 10 w/w% n-BA with the weight ratio of n-BA to original rice straw more than 1.0, autoclaving at 120°C for 1 h in 1 w/w% n-BA with the weight ratio more than 0.1, and wetting for 2 h with the circulating condensate of the vapour evaporated from 2.5 w/w% n-BA with the weight ratio more than 0.8. Soaking rice straw with n-BA before the above pretreatments was not needed. For the circulation pretreatment, the overall cumulative yield of total sugars (70% of cellulose and hemicellulose in original rice straw) was best for both pretreatment and enzymatic solubilization steps, because there was no decomposition of monosaccharides during the pretreatment. Furthermore, the optimal degree of delignification for enzymatic solubilization of the pretreated rice straw was approximately 60% of lignin in the original.     

Lithium metaborate fusion for silicon,calcium, magnesium,and potassium analysis of wild rice

A rapid batch method was developed for the analysis of Si, Ca, Mg, and K in a large number of plant tissue samples by fusion with lithium metaborate (LiBO₃) in graphite crucibles with the use of a molybdenum blue spectrophotometric analysis of silicon and FAAS for Ca, Mg, and K. Our method was tested for whole plant analysis of mature wild rice (Zizania palustris L.). Analysis of Si in plant tissue with LiBO₃ in graphite crucibles is reliable and fast. Thirty-six samples can be ashed overnight, fused in one hour the next day, and analyzed for Si within approximately two hours.     

Properties of Gastric Chyme from Pigs Fed Cooked Brown or White Rice

Specific effects of food processing on food digestion remain to be clearly established. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of rice processing (cooked brown and white rice) on the rheological properties, chemical composition (water, starch, fiber, protein) and pH of gastric chyme in pigs over a two hour post-ingestion period in the proximal and distal regions of the stomach. Results showed the distal region having a higher moisture content, lower pH, and lower viscosity compared to the proximal region for both brown and white rice. Starch content was significantly affected by the region x time x rice interaction (p?=?0.0259), protein content by both the rice x time (p?=?0.0143) and the region x time (p?=?0.0181) interactions, and total dietary fiber by rice type (p?=?0.005). Rice digesta behaved as a gel, with G’ (42288–1911 Pa) greater than G” (6307–360 Pa). The extent of particle breakdown for brown and white rice was different. Overall, the results indicated a connection between food processing and food breakdown during gastric digestion. These findings have implications in the management of nutrient absorption and satiety control that can be used in future food design.     

Quantitation of molybdopterin oxidation product in wild-type and molybdenum cofactor deficient mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

A simple and reliable procedure of oxidation of molybdenum cofactor (MoCo) from molybdoenzymes by autoclaving samples at 120 degrees C for 20 min yielded a single predominant fluorescent species that could be quantitatively determined by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. This method allowed detection and quantitation of molybdopterin in cell-free extracts of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The MoCo oxidation product from C. reinhardtii has the same chromatographic and spectral properties as that of milk xanthine oxidase and chicken liver sulfite oxidase. The oxidized species was also detected in molybdenum cofactor mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii defective at the nit-3, nit-4, nit-5/nit-6 and nit-7 loci, which strongly suggests that active molybdenum cofactor itself is not directly involved in the control of its own biosynthetic pathway.     

土壤供Si能力及Si与N、P的相互作用

辽宁地区水田土壤有效Si含量和土壤pH值及粘粒含量呈正相关,和DTPA-Fe含量呈负相关.根据土壤有效Si含量及其有关因素判断土壤供Si能力强弱,发现供Si能力强的土壤主要分布在辽南稻作区及部分中部和辽北稻作区,供Si能力弱的土壤主要分布在东部山地稻作区和辽东稻作区.试验证明Si和N、Si和P之间有相互促进肥效的关系,在N、P、Si适当配比下稻谷产量最高,N、P、Si都影响谷草比,在三者相互作用下,稻谷最高产量出现在谷草比1.0-1.1范围内.     

Silicon-Mediated Resistance in a Susceptible Rice Variety to the Rice Leaf Folder,Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

The rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée), is one of the most destructive rice pests in Asian countries. Rice varieties resistant to the rice leaf folder are generally characterized by high silicon content. In this study, silicon amendment, at 0.16 and 0.32 g Si/kg soil, enhanced resistance of a susceptible rice variety to the rice leaf folder. Silicon addition to rice plants at both the low and high rates significantly extended larval development and reduced larval survival rate and pupation rate in the rice leaf folder. When applied at the high rate, silicon amendment reduced third-instars’ weight gain and pupal weight. Altogether, intrinsic rate of increase, finite rate of increase and net reproduction rate of the rice leaf folder population were all reduced at both the low and high silicon addition rates. Although the third instars consumed more in silicon-amended treatments, C:N ratio in rice leaves was significantly increased and food conversion efficiencies were reduced due to increased silicon concentration in rice leaves. Our results indicate that reduced food quality and food conversion efficiencies resulted from silicon addition account for the enhanced resistance in the susceptible rice variety to the rice leaf folder.     

施硅增强水稻对纹枯病的抗性

采用水培的方法,从细胞学和生理生化方面研究了硅增强水稻对纹枯病的抗性作用。结果表明：加硅处理的水稻叶片硅化细胞和叶片表面的硅元素含量均显著高于缺硅处理（对照）：接种纹枯病菌后,加硅处理的MDA含量总体上低于缺硅处理,峰值尤为显著;加硅处理的SOD活性始终高于缺硅处理,接种后第4天加硅处理SOD活性较低时,其POD活性较高,而缺硅处理的POD活性较低,表明硅增强了SOD和POD之间的协调性;接种后硅对CAT和PAL活性没有产生明显影响,但降低了PP0活性;加硅能显著降低水稻植株的纹枯病病情指数。     

Apparent digestibility of broken rice in horses using in vivo and in vitro methods

The aim of this study was to assess the apparent digestibility of broken rice using total collection of feces and the pepsin-cellulase in vitro technique to provide updated and more accurate digestion coefficients for this by-product when fed to horses. The in vivo digestibility trial was consecutively performed, using five adult geldings, weighing 555.6 kg on average. First, hay was given as the only feedstuff, while second, the experimental diet consisted of the same hay plus broken rice at a forage-to-concentrate ratio of 70/30 (on dry matter (DM) basis). Feces were collected over 6 days preceded by a 14-day adaptation period. The digestibility trial was carried out to determine the digestion coefficients for DM, organic matter (OM), CP and gross energy in both diets, while apparent digestion coefficients for the same parameters were calculated for broken rice alone, using the difference between the two sets of results. At the same time, an in vitro trial was carried out using pepsin-cellulase technique on the samples of hay and broken rice tested during the in vivo trial. As expected, supplementation with broken rice increased digestibility according to all the parameters used. The high OM digestion coefficients of broken rice were confirmed both by the calculated in vivo method and by the predicted results of pepsin-cellulase technique (92.6% and 87.1%, respectively), underlining the high digestibility of this by-product when fed to horses.