城市遗存山体植被群落特征对不同人为干扰方式及强度的响应

快速城市化发展对城市内植被和生物多样性产生了显著的影响,研究植物群落特征对人为干扰的响应规律可为城市残余生境生态恢复、生物多样性保护及植被的合理开发利用提供科学依据。以典型的喀斯特多山城市贵阳市为研究区域,城市遗存山体为研究对象,基于遥感解译与群落生态学调查和分析等方法,探讨了不同人为干扰方式及强度对城市遗存山体植被特征、群落物种组成和多样性的影响。结果表明：（1）中度人为干扰强度下城市遗存山体植被覆盖度（FVC）和植被净初级生产力（NPP）数值最高;复垦干扰下FVC和NPP值相一致且为最高,中小型公园化利用山体FVC和NPP值完全不一致且NPP最低。（2）不同人为干扰强度和方式下城市遗存山体间的平均物种数和生活型构成均存在显著性差异。整体上城市遗存山体的平均物种数在不同干扰强度下表现为轻度人为干扰 > 中度人为干扰 > 重度人为干扰;不同干扰方式下的平均物种数呈现为人为踩踏 > 构筑物 > 工程建设 > 公园化利用 > 复垦 > 工程开挖的趋势;重度干扰下城市遗存山体的落叶乔木、灌木占比最高,中度干扰下常绿灌木和多年生草本为主。（3）不同干扰强度下城市遗存山体植物群落垂直结构各层次物种多样性指数均偏低且存在显著性差异,乔木层、灌木层Shannon-Wiener （H''）、Simpson （D）、Margelf （R）指数在中度干扰强度最大,而在草本层均最小;均匀度Pielou （Jh）指数在乔木层和草本层中表现为轻度人为干扰 > 中度人为干扰 > 重度人为干扰,而在灌木层完全相反。（4）乔木层4种多样性指数在不同干扰方式下的差异较大;灌木层和草本层的多样性指数在人为踩踏和构筑物建设干扰方式下显著高于其它干扰方式,工程开挖为主的干扰方式下灌木层和草本层多样性各指数均偏低且存在显著性差异。总体而言,轻中度人为干扰对城市遗存山体植物群落物种组成和多样性的影响不突出,且中度干扰对植物群落物种多样性具有一定的促进作用,但重度干扰对城市遗存山体植物群落特征存在明显的负面影响。     

长江三峡地区退化生态系统植物 群落物种多样性特征

以三峡地区退化生态系统植物群落样地资料为基础,研究了不同退化类型、不同退化程度植物群落的物种多样性特征,分析了植物群落物种多样性与人为干扰和演替的关系。结果表明：受干扰较轻的退化类型,群落物种多样性比自然生态系统高,受干扰较严重的退化类型,群落物种多样性比自然生态系统低。随着生态系统的退化,群落物种丰富度先升高后又逐渐降低。从不同层次来看,乔木层物种多样性逐步减低,灌木层和草本层物种多样性则表现出先升高后又逐渐降低。退化森林生态系统各层次的物种多样性表现为灌木层、草本层＞乔木层,和地带性生态系统常绿阔叶林的灌木层（包括乔木幼苗和幼树）＞乔木层＞草本层的格局有显著差别。若以空间代替时间,则表现出随着演替进程群落物种多样性升高后又降低。从群落各层次来看,乔木层随着演替进程物种多样性逐步升高,灌木层、草本层则先升高后又降低。     

人为干扰对川西碧峰峡山矾次生林群落结构和物种多样性的影响

为探讨人为干扰对川西碧峰峡山矾(Symplocos sumuntia)次生林群落结构和物种多样性的影响,对其群落结构、物种组成和物种多样性特征进行了研究。结果表明,在总面积为7200 m~2的12块样地中共记录到维管束植物151种,隶属于58科98属,以樟科(Lauraceae)、山矾科(Symplocaceae)、蔷薇科(Rosaceae)等为主。单因素方差分析表明,不同强度人为干扰对山矾次生林群落径级、高度级结构影响的差异不显著(P0.05),群落乔木层径级为单峰型结构,高度级结构分布呈倒“J”型,群落天然更新能力强。受不同人为强度干扰的山矾次生林群落各层次物种组成和优势种数量不同,乔木层优势种数量差异显著,且轻度干扰中度干扰重度干扰;灌木层和草本层中,中度干扰的优势种数量最多,轻度干扰次之,重度干扰的最少。总体上看,人为干扰对山矾次生林群落乔木层、草本层物种多样性水平具有负面影响,群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)、Simpson优势度指数(H′)、物种丰富度指数(S)和均匀度指数(J_(sw))随人为干扰强度的增加而降低,物种多样性水平呈下降趋势;中度干扰下灌木层的物种多样性有增加的趋势。总体上物种多样性指数表现出灌木层乔木层草本层的规律。     

公路建设对雾灵山自然保护区植被的影响

选取雾灵山自然保护区莲花池至燕山主峰段盘山公路周边的植被为对象,调查分析了公路建设对沿线植被组成、盖度、密度、生物量的影响。结果表明:1)公路干扰作用下,公路沿线乔木数量减少,但出现不同种类的幼龄乔木;草本植物群落生物量较高,物种丰富度指数、多样性指数较高。2)随样地与路肩距离的增加,草本与灌木层植物群落的生物多样性逐渐降低,乔木层植物群落的密度、高度、胸径均有所增加;距离路肩30m以上时,灌草植物群落组成趋向稳定;距离路肩150m以上时,乔木层植物群落结构趋于稳定。3)公路对植被的干扰作用包括正负2种,乔木层主要受负干扰影响,灌木和草本层主要受正干扰影响,且灌草植物群落所受的干扰作用大于乔木植物群落。4)公路干扰对于边坡上、下区域植被群落物种丰富度影响强度不同,对上边坡植物群落的影响大于下边坡植物群落。     

鼎湖山植物群落多样性的研究

根据鼎湖山自然保护区１６个植物群落的样地调查资料,从种丰富度和不同类型的物种多样性指数、均匀度与植被类型、人为干扰程度、演替阶段等方面的关系进行了分析。本区植被类型的多样性指数、均匀率指数变化反映了其结构复杂程度、生境的差异。物种丰富和多样性随着人为干扰程度的增强而降低。群落内各层的物种丰富度的大小的顺序为“灌木层＞草本层＞乔木层”,而群落多样性指数的大小顺序为“灌木层＞乔木层＞草本层”。群落多样     

人为干扰对碧峰峡山矾次生林群落物种多样性和土壤理化性质的影响!

人为干扰是影响退化系统系统恢复的决定性因素。本研究以碧峰峡山矾3种不同强度干扰下(轻度、中度、重度)的次生林为对象,分析各干扰群落物种组成、植物多样性水平(丰富度指数、Simpson指数、Shannon指数、Pielou均匀度指数)和土壤生态因子差异及其相关关系。结果表明:在调查区共记录到维管植物132种,隶属56科99属,不同强度干扰群落物种数及物种组成存在差异,随干扰强度增加,乔木和草本层物种数减少,灌木层物种数先增加后减少;各干扰群落乔木层多样性水平差异极显著(P0.01),随干扰强度增加乔木层多样性水平持续下降;灌木和草本层多样性水平均无显著差异,且多样性水平均为中度干扰下最高,表明乔木层受干扰影响大,中度人为干扰能增加林下群落物种多样性,但不利于乔木多样性水平的提升;方差分析显示,土壤含水量、有机质和速效钾含量受人为干扰影响显著(P0.05),除土壤全磷、pH、容重外,其余土壤理化指标(全氮、全钾、有效磷、速效钾、有机质和含水量)均为中度干扰下最大,说明中度干扰在一定程度上能改善土壤理化性质;土壤环境因子与植物多样性存在一定的相关性,土壤速效钾、有机质、有效磷与群落多样性关系最显著;中度人为干扰能增加林下群落物种多样性水平,改善土壤理化性质,对山矾次生林群落构建与森林群落生态恢复而言属于增益性干扰。     

安徽皇甫山黄檀群落物种多样性初步研究

分析了安徽皇甫山黄檀（Dalbergia hupeana）群落乔木层、灌木层、草本层物种多样性指数,表明群落物种多样性较低.乔木层物种多样性指数最低,灌木层、草本层物种多样性指数较高.黄檀在群落中优势度明显.     

植被状况对乔木幼苗物种多样性的影响

运用灰色关联度分析亚热带常绿阔叶林植被状况对乔木幼苗物种多样性的影响。结果表明,所选取的植被状况参数对乔木幼苗物种多样性有不同的影响,对乔木幼苗物种多样性影响较大的是草本层的Simpson指数、灌木层Simpson指数和灌木层盖度,影响较小的为草本层盖度和灌木层Shannon-Wiener指数。乔木幼苗4个物种多样性指数受植被状况影响的顺序为：Pielou均匀性指数＞Shannon-Wiener指数＞物种丰富度指数＞Simpson指数。草本层、灌木层和乔木层对乔木幼苗的物种多样性有不同的影响,其影响方式也不一样。     

百花山植物群落物种多样性研究

基于百花山50个样方的调查资料，从不同类型群落的物种多样性及其与海拔的关系等方面对百花山植被进行了分析，并且用DCA排序和海拔高程排序对物种多样性在环境梯度上的分布格局进行了初步研究。结果表明：群落内不同生长型的物种丰富度指数在森林群落中大小顺序为草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层，灌丛群落主要表现为草本层﹥灌木层，只有荆条灌丛表现为灌木层＞草本层；Shannon-Wiener指数在山杨—华北落叶松群落中表现为灌木层＞草本层＞乔木层,其他森林群落为草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层，在灌丛群落中主要表现为草本层＞灌木层，只有荆条灌丛表现为灌木层＞草本层；均匀度指数在灌丛群落中表现为灌木层＞草本层，在辽东栎林和山杨—华北落叶松林中表现为灌木层＞乔木层＞草本层,而其他森林群落表现为乔木层＞灌木层＞草本层。物种多样性在DCA第一轴排序和海拔高程梯度上都表现出单峰曲线变化趋势，但拟和效果的显著程度不同：丰富度和均匀度指数在海拔高程上曲线的拟和效果优于DCA环境梯度排序效果；而多样性指数则相反。     

人为干扰对栲树次生林群落物种多样性和土壤理化性质的影响

为探究人为干扰对栲树群落的影响,采用典型样地法研究不同程度人为干扰对碧峰峡栲树(Castanopsis fargesii)次生林群落的物种多样性和土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明,碧峰峡栲树群落共有维管植物148种,隶属60科106属。乔木层和草本层物种多样性指数随干扰强度的加强先增加后减小,灌木层物种多样性水平最高。乔木层优势种以栲树、杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)等为主,灌木层物种丰富,优势种较多,草本层优势种数量为中度干扰轻度干扰重度干扰。土壤有机碳、钾含量和含水量与群落物种多样性水平显著相关(P0.05)。中度干扰在一定程度上能够促进碧峰峡栲树群落物种多样性并改善土壤性质,土壤有机碳、钾含量和含水量对物种多样性有显著影响。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.