基于后翅特征的中国芫菁科(鞘翅目,拟步甲总科)族级阶元系统发育分析

通过对中国芫菁科5族11属19种(亚种)后翅翅脉、翅关节和翅基部综合特征的比较形态学研究,归纳了族级特征,并用Hennig 86(1.5)软件对其后翅综合特征进行支序分析得出它们之间初步的进化关系,即栉芫菁族Nemognathini+(齿角芫菁族Cerocomini+(豆芫菁族Epicautini+(绿芫菁族Lyttini+斑芫菁族Mylabrini)))。     

基于触角感器的部分芫菁属、种分类地位和关系分析(鞘翅目:芫菁科)

针对斑芫菁族分类系统中伪斑芫菁属Pseudabris分类关系的不确定,选择该族6个代表种,对其触角感器的形态特征、类型变化和分布位置做了记述、分析比较,提供了扫描电镜照片;基于14个触角特征的分析数据,构建了该族3个属和6个种可能的系统发育树。属间关系:沟芫菁属Hycleus+(伪斑芫菁Pseudabris+苹斑芫菁Mylabris);种间关系:(眼斑沟芫菁H.cichorii+大斑沟芫菁指名亚种H.phaleratus)+((长角伪斑芫菁P.hingstoni+长腹伪斑芫菁P.longiventris)+(苹斑芫菁M.calida+丽斑芫菁M.speciosa))。     

细纹豆芫菁和大斑芫菁的性行为

本文对细纹豆芫菁EpicautamannerheimiM kl和大斑芫菁MylabrisphalerataPallas的求偶和交配过程进行了描述。列举了芫菁亚科 5族 1 3属 3 4种芫菁的性行为 ,并讨论了雄成虫在形态构造上对求偶和交配行为的适应性行为。     

新疆芫菁雄性外生殖器的研究

本文报道新疆20种芫菁雄性外生殖器的比较研究。 研究结果表明：1.芫菁的雄性外生殖器主要由一个阳茎基和中间的一个阳茎组成,属于变异的三瓣型;2.不仅在外生殖器的结构上,在属,亚属和种间存在着明显差异,与外生殖器肌肉相联系的腹部第IX节背板和沟状小针突亦表现如此：3.上述结构特征同其它外部形态特征一样,可用在物种的鉴定分类上。     

芫菁科昆虫体内斑蝥素的气相色谱法测定

分别采用酸水解法和直接浸提法处理不同种芫菁样品、短翅豆芫菁Epicauta aptera Kaszab的卵和大斑芫菁Mylabris phalerata Pallas的不同虫体部位,后用气相色谱仪测定斑蝥素含量。结果表明:用酸水解法处理后的芫菁体内斑蝥素含量较之用直接浸提法处理后有显著提高,增高幅度在1~9倍之间,其中以豆芫菁属Epicauta昆虫的增高幅度最大,一般在7倍以上,而斑芫菁属Mylabris的斑蝥素含量增幅不高,芫菁卵中斑蝥素含量变化不显著;斑蝥素主要富集于大斑芫菁的腹部。     

河北省芫菁种类记述(鞘翅目:芫菁科)

在多年野外物种考察基础上,依据河北大学馆藏标本和文献资料,对河北省的芫菁种类进行分类和整理,共计9属24种,其中丽斑芫菁Mylabris(Chalcabris)speciosa(Pallas,1781)、四星栉芫菁Megatrachelus politus(Ge-bler,1832)、二斑狭翅芫菁Stenoria(Stenoria)fasciata (Faldermann,1835)和异色带栉芫菁Zonigis fortuccii Fairmaire,1887为河北省新纪录种,并编制了属、种检索表.记述了各种的地理分布.     

A NEW CHINESE RECORD GENUS AND ONE NEW RECORD SPECIES OF MELOIDAE FROM CHINA (COLEOPTERA, TENEBRIONOIDEA)

记述芫菁科Meloidae 中国1新纪录属,异角芫菁属Rhampholyssa,以及中国1新纪录种,斯氏异角芫菁Rhampholyssa steveni (Fischer von Waldheim.1823).该属的主要鉴别特征是:触角8 节,♂性第3～5节极为特化,背面观颊几乎不可见;♂额具发达纵隆脊并由侧面可见.提供了斯氏异角芫菁形态描述、生物学、寄主及形态特征图.研究标本保存在河北大学博物馆.     

中国绿芫菁属一新种（鞘翅目：芫菁科）

记述采自中国河北的绿芫菁属Lytta Fabricius 1 新种:周氏绿芫菁Lytta choui sp. nov.。新种外形与绿边绿芫菁L. suturella (Motschulsky, 1860)十分相似,但新种:1)头部黄色额斑菱形;2)前足胫节末端 2 距,外距细小,内距大而弯;3)第8节背板锐角凹陷;4)前胸前缘凹陷较浅;5)中茎腹钩发达,阳茎细长等特征可与后者区别。文中还给出了新种的成虫和形态特征图。模式标本保存于河北大学博物馆。     

疆芫菁科的区系组成及药用价值(鞘翅目：芫菁科)

调查表明,新疆芫菁科(Meloidlc)昆虫有41种,分隶于5属,以斑芫菁属Mylabris F.种类最多,达32种,占78.0%;在41种中,有10种为我国首次纪录。区系组成含中亚细亚,蒙古,欧洲,准噶尔和泛古北种五种成分,其中以中亚细亚种最多,达23种,约占56.0%。芫菁是药用昆虫,对常见的10种芫菁药用有效成分-斑蝥素含量进行了测定,发现其中,种含量较高,药用价值明显。     

大斑芫菁成虫排毒量的初步研究

应用自行设计的活体取毒器,进一步研究了大斑芫菁成虫活体排毒量.结果表明:不同饲养密度下大斑芫菁排毒量无明显差异;在受到外界刺激时,大斑芫菁雄虫排毒量0.7656mg/头略高于雌虫的0.7381mg/头.同时为了有利于大斑芫菁的正常生长,每天活体提取斑蝥毒素1次比较适宜.     

青藏高原褐背拟地鸦表型特征的性别差异与地理变异

将数值分类用于鸟类分类学研究时,对于雌雄的形态特征差异没有被重视,尤其是对于雌雄同形的鸟类。本文以雌雄同形的褐背拟地鸦Pseudopodoces humilis为材料,运用SPSSl0．0FORwINDOwS统计分析软件对108号褐背拟地鸦标本(51♀♀,57♂♂)的数量性状(体长、跗跖长、翅长、尾长、嘴宽、嘴高、上喙长、下喙长、嘴裂、第3趾爪长、第1趾爪长)的原始数据进行分析,结果表明雌、雄性状在翅长(n＝51,P＝0．012)和嘴高(n＝57,P＝0．043)上有明显差异,但在体长、跗跖长、尾长、嘴宽、上喙长、下喙长、嘴裂、第3趾爪长、第1趾爪长等数值特征上却没有明显的差异。所以在以后对于褐背拟地鸦的地理种群变异和亚种分化的研究中,翅长和嘴高两特征应该根据雌雄分别讨论。通过对不同性状量度和纬度的相关回归分析,发现在测量标本所涉及的采集地范围内,即主要在青藏高原东南部地区,褐背拟地鸦体长和雄乌的翅长在地理分布上随纬度的增加而变小,而其它性状特征没有明显的地理分布纬度上的变化。     

中国安徽瘦腹水虻一新种记述(双翅目,水虻科,瘦腹水虻亚科)

记述了安徽黄山风景名胜区瘦腹水虻属Sargus Fabricius,17981新种,黄山瘦腹水虻Sargus huangshanensis sp.nov.。详细描述了其形态特征,并绘制了其主要鉴别特征图,所有标本均保存在贵州大学昆虫研究所。     

Flight style in bats as predicted from wing morphometry: the effects of specimen preservation

An as yet unconsidered potential error in studies that predict flight style from morphological measurements of bats is the effect of the specimen type employed. On the basis of the finding that morphological measurements taken from fluid-preserved bat specimens may not yield values equivalent to those taken from the live animal, we compared the values of several variables (lifting surface area, wingspan, mass, aspect ratio, wing loading and minimum power speed) for live and fluid-preserved little brown bats ( Myotis lucifugus ) with the accepted standards for this species given by Norberg & Rayner (1987). Significant differences were detected for lifting surface area, wingspan, mass, aspect ratio and wing loading values taken from live bats and their respective values reported by Norberg & Rayner. Differences between preserved bats and Norberg & Rayner's numbers were limited to lifting surface area and wingspan (extended wing positions only), aspect ratio (all wing positions), and mass (both 70% ethanol- and 45% isopropyl alcohol-preserved specimens). Thus, Norberg & Rayner's values correspond most closely to values obtained from preserved museum specimens, a fact reflecting the source of their data in this instance. This and other limitations involved in attempting to predict the flight style of bats from a few morphological characters are discussed.     

Effects of ornamentation and phylogeny on the evolution of wing shape in stalk‐eyed flies (Diopsidae)

Exaggerated male ornaments are predicted to be costly to their bearers, but these negative effects may be offset by the correlated evolution of compensatory traits. However, when locomotor systems, such as wings in flying species, evolve to decrease such costs, it remains unclear whether functional changes across related species are achieved via the same morphological route or via alternate changes that have similar function. We conducted a comparative analysis of wing shape in relation to eye‐stalk elongation across 24 species of stalk‐eyed flies, using geometric morphometrics to determine how species with increased eye span, a sexually selected trait, have modified wing morphology as a compensatory mechanism. Using traditional and phylogenetically informed multivariate analyses of shape in combination with phenotypic trajectory analysis, we found a strong phylogenetic signal in wing shape. However, dimorphic species possessed shifted wing veins with the result of lengthening and narrowing wings compared to monomorphic species. Dimorphic species also had changes that seem unrelated to wing size, but instead may govern wing flexion. Nevertheless, the lack of a uniform, compensatory pattern suggests that stalk‐eyed flies used alternative modifications in wing structure to increase wing area and aspect ratio, thus taking divergent morphological routes to compensate for exaggerated eye stalks.     

Wing shape heritability and morphological divergence of the sibling species Drosophila mercatorum and Drosophila paranaensis

The fruit-flies Drosophila paranaensis and Drosophila mercatorum pararepleta are sibling species belonging to the repleta group. Females of these two species are normally considered to be morphologically indistinguishable while males only differ consistently in the morphology of their genitalia. These species are sympatric throughout a large area of their geographic distribution. In this study, we investigated the degree of morphological divergence between D. paranaensis and D. mercatorum pararepleta based on morphometric analysis of their wings. The ellipse method was used to describe the placement of the longitudinal and transversal wing veins as well as the size of the wing and the shape of its outline. The heritability under laboratory and field conditions was also estimated from the parameters generated. Multivariate analysis showed that wing morphology possessed sufficient differences to discriminate between the two species with a successful classification rate of 95-98% for females and 82-87% for males. The results of the autoclassification were confirmed by a cross-validation test for females (92-96%). Most measurements possessed significant natural heritability (a mean of 0.48 for D. mercatorum and 0.88 for D. paranaensis), indicating that the variation observed was related to differences in genes acting additively. The principal difference between the two species was in the placement of the posterior transverse wing vein. However, the pattern of morphological variation in the wings of both species was similar, possibly because of shared restrictions in wing development pathways.     

Wing structure and polymorphism in minute scavenger beetles (Coleoptera,Latridiidae)

The main structural elements of the hind wing in 56 species of the family Latridiidae (Coleoptera) are analyzed. In macropterous forms, wing venation is reduced to 3 modified veins. 10 areas of sclerotization of the wing membrane are distinguished. Three forms with different degrees of wing reduction are revealed: the brachypterous, the micropterous, and the apterous form. Among 56 species examined, 40 are represented only by the macropterous form; 2, 3, 5, and 6 species, by macropterous and brachypterous, macropterous and micropterous, micropterous, and apterous forms, respectively.     

滇中半湿润常绿阔叶林主要优势及常见种叶形态结构特征

通过对滇中亚热带半湿润常绿阔叶林８２个主要优势种和常见种进行叶结构分析研究,结果表明这些主要组成树种虽亲缘关系相互较远,但在相同的生态环境条件下叶结构却表现出了相似和相同的特点。主要为：群落中以单叶为主,边缘具齿较全缘为多,缺长渐尖叶,有毛叶和无毛叶所占的比例近于相等;叶脉主要为环结曲行羽状脉,大部分二级脉结环,被三、四级脉环所包围,夹角为锐角且变异多近一致;三级脉多为结网型;网眼发育完善较不完善为多,盲脉多分枝;大部分无包藏脉。并且讨论了其中一些特征如毛被,网眼,包藏脉和边缘脉等可能的生态学意义。该类森林群落主要树种的叶形态结构特征除了是物种自身系统进化的原因外,还是植物长期适应滇中高原偏干旱的季风气候的表现,是生态适应在叶形态结构上的反映     

山西高原植被与土壤分布格局关系的研究

利用ＣＣＡ、ＤＣＣＡ等多元分析方法,在景观尺度上对山西高原植被与土壤分布格局之间的关系进行了分析,所得结论表明：纬向上主要是栗褐土、褐土、风沙土和栗钙土与植被的变化格局相关性较强,由于山西高原南北跨度大,土壤和植被格局纬向变化趋势的一致性十分明显;黄绵土、栗钙土、山地草甸土与植被的经向分布格局密切相关,由于山西高原东西向跨度较小,且大部分地区处于吕梁山与太行山之间,植被和土壤的经向格局梯度不明显;随海拔高度的增加,棕壤、山地草甸土、亚高山草甸土与山西高原植被的垂直分布格局相平行,由于山西高原相对高差较大,这种趋势也非常明显。综合分析还表明了气候、土壤与植被格局的一致性,也反映了地貌对其分布格局的影响     

A new Hermeuptychia (Lepidoptera,Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) is sympatric and synchronic with H. sosybius in southeast US coastal plains,while another new Hermeuptychia species – not hermes – inhabits south Texas and northeast Mexico

Hermeuptychia intricata Grishin, sp. n. is described from the Brazos Bend State Park in Texas, United States, where it flies synchronously with Hermeuptychia sosybius (Fabricius, 1793). The two species differ strongly in both male and female genitalia and exhibit 3.5% difference in the COI barcode sequence of mitochondrial DNA. Setting such significant genitalic and genotypic differences aside, we were not able to find reliable wing pattern characters to tell a difference between the two species. This superficial similarity may explain why H. intricata, only distantly related to H. sosybius, has remained unnoticed until now, despite being widely distributed in the coastal plains from South Carolina to Texas, USA (and possibly to Costa Rica). Obscuring the presence of a cryptic species even further, wing patterns are variable in both butterflies and ventral eyespots vary from large to almost absent. To avoid confusion with the new species, neotype for Papilio sosybius Fabricius, 1793, a common butterfly that occurs across northeast US, is designated from Savannah, Georgia, USA. It secures the universally accepted traditional usage of this name. Furthermore, we find that DNA barcodes of Hermeuptychia specimens from the US, even those from extreme south Texas, are at least 4% different from those of H. hermes (Fabricius, 1775)—type locality Brazil: Rio de Janeiro—and suggest that the name H. hermes should not be used for USA populations, but rather reserved for the South American species. This conclusion is further supported by comparison of male genitalia. However, facies, genitalia and 2.1% different DNA barcodes set Hermeuptychia populations in the lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas apart from H. sosybius. These southern populations, also found in northeastern Mexico, are described here as Hermeuptychia hermybius Grishin, sp. n. (type locality Texas: Cameron County). While being phylogenetically closer to H. sosybius than to any other Hermeuptychia species, H. hermybius can usually be recognized by wing patterns, such as the size of eyespots and the shape of brown lines on hindwing. “Intricate Satyr” and “South Texas Satyr” are proposed as the English names for H. intricata and H. hermybius, respectively.     

Sexual Dichromatism of the Damselfly Calopteryx japonica Caused by a Melanin-Chitin Multilayer in the Male Wing Veins

Mature male Calopteryx japonica damselflies have dark-blue wings, due to darkly coloured wing membranes and blue reflecting veins. The membranes contain a high melanin concentration and the veins have a multilayer of melanin and chitin. Female and immature C. japonica damselflies have brown wings. We have determined the refractive index of melanin by comparing the differently pigmented wing membranes and applying Jamin-Lebedeff interference microscopy. Together with the previously measured refractive index of chitin the blue, structural colour of the male wing veins could be quantitatively explained by an optical multilayer model. The obtained melanin refractive index data will be useful in optical studies on melanized tissues, especially where melanin is concentrated in layers, thus causing iridescence.