嗜卷书虱低氧耐性品系的选育及其遗传稳定性和生态适合度研究

室内恒温条件下以人工饲料饲养的嗜卷书虱Ｌｉｐｏｓｃｅｌｉｓ ｂｏｓｔｒｙｃｈｏｐｈｉｌａ Ｂａｄｏｎｎｅｌ成虫,分别在０．５％和１％Ｏ２组配的气调环境中以７％左右的选择压力处理,以选育其耐低氧气调性。选育至３０低氧品系ＬＯＣ１和ＬＯＣ２,以ＬＴ５０为标准其性倍数分别达４．７和３．９倍。整个选育过程中,气调暴露时间对数值与死亡率机率值间的回归直线基本平行,其值均低于敏感基线的斜率值,这表明嗜卷书虱对     

嗜卷书虱抗气调性的一些生物化学特性研究(英文)

嗜卷书虱成虫于２８°Ｃ、７０％—８０％ＲＨ条件下,在３５％ＣＯ２。和１％Ｏ２。组配的气调环境中连续暴露３０代,选择压力保持在７０％左右,以选育其抗气调性。至第３０代,以ＬＴ５０。为指标衡量其抗性倍数达５．６倍。生化分析表明,抗性选育过程中离体羧酸酯酶（ＣａｒＥ）和超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活力均随选育代数的增多而显著增强,且酶活力与抗气调水平显著相关。第３０代,抗性品系（ＣＡ－Ｒ）的ＣａｒＥ和ＳＯＤ活力分别是敏感品系（ＣＡ－Ｓ）的４．０６和５．２２倍。两品系暴露于气调环境中,其ＣａｒＥ活力均受抑制,但对ＣＡ－Ｓ品系的抑制率显著强于ＣＡ－Ｒ品系。短时间的气调暴露对ＳＯＤ具有诱导作用,但诱导作用的时间及强度ＣＡ－Ｒ品系明显长（强）于ＣＡ－Ｓ品系。离体过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）活力也随着抗气调性的增强而增强,但两着之间并无显著的相关性。抗性选育过程中离休酸性磷酸酯酶（ＡＣＰ）和碱性磷酸酯酶（ＡＬＰ）活力均未发生明显的变化。过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）在两品系中均未检测出。由此看出,ＣａｒＥ和ＳＯＤ活力增强是嗜卷书虱抗气调性形成的主要机制,ＣＡＴ可能对低氧气调抗性的形成具有辅助作用。     

嗜卷书虱气调抗性形成过程中能源物质的积累与利用

报道了嗜卷书虱对高二氧化碳,低氧气调抗性形成过程中能源物质的积累以及抗性形成后在气调胁迫下能源物质的利用情况。结果表明随着抗性水平的提高。嗜卷书虱体内甘油三酯,多糖以及游离氨基酸含量均显升高。在气调胁迫环境下,嗜卷书虱抗性品系能源物质的消耗率明显低于敏感品系,甘油三酯的积累以及在气调摁迫下缓慢消耗可能是其抗气调性的主要内在机理之一。     

嗜卷书虱抗气调品系的选育及其适合度研究

于恒温条件下以人工饲料饲养的嗜卷书虱Liposcelis bostrychophila,在35% CO₂和1% O₂组配的气调环境中以50%左右的选择压力处理,以选育其抗气调性。至30代获得抗性品系(CA-R),抗性倍数达5.6倍,且有继续增强的基因潜能。该抗性品系对气调的抗性不太稳定,在无选择压力的情况下经室内5代饲养,抗性衰退了63.2%。CA-R品系与敏感品系在无气调选择压力的条件下相比具有一定程度的繁殖不利性;但没有发现CA-R品系在生长发育特性上的不利性。以净增殖率来衡量,CA-R品系相对于敏感品系具有0.39的适合度。     

在无杀虫剂压力下淡色库蚊的抗性稳定性研究(英文)

本文对淡色库蚊（Ｃｕｌｅｘ ｐｉｐｉｅｎｓ ｐａｌｌｅｎｓ Ｃｏｑｕｉｌｌｅｔｔ）的毒死蜱抗性品系、抗一敏杂交品系及抗性酯酶Ｂ_２纯合品系在无杀虫剂压力选择下的抗性水平变化进行了研究。结果表明,在毒死蜱抗性品系中,抗性水平逐代下降,ＬＣ_（５０）从Ｆ_０代的０．２０９９ｍｇ／Ｌ快速降至Ｆ_８代的０．０２６２ｍｇ／Ｌ,然后继续缓慢地降至Ｆ_（１６）代的０．０２０７ｍｇ／Ｌ。从毒死蜱抗性品系中的这种抗性水平下降,可以推断该品系中并不是纯的高抗性酯酶基因扩增个体,在传代中抗性个体的比例由于其生物学方面的不适应性而逐步减少。本研究中的抗性品系与敏感品系的杂交群体的抗性变化趋势也证实了这种推理。在纯的抗性酯酶Ｂ_２基因扩增品系中,抗性水平则在后代中基本上保持稳定,并且所有的个体抗性水平和酯酶活力水平更趋集中。本文进一步对蚊虫抗性的演替进行了讨论。     

地衣芽孢杆菌碱性蛋白酶的研究：I.碱性蛋白酶高产菌的筛选及产酶条件初探

从成都佳丰食品厂等处采集的样品中平板分离初筛到１２４株碱性蛋白酶产生菌,进一步复筛出一株高产,且稳定的碱性蛋白酶产生菌株Ｂ．Ｌ．ＪＦ－ｌｄ初步鉴定为地衣芽孢杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｌｉｃｈｅｎｉｆｏｒｍｉｓ）。该菌的最适产酶条件为：培养基（％）为麦芽糖７．５,酵母膏３,ＮａＣｌ０．５,Ｋ２ＨＰＯ４·３Ｈ２Ｏ０．５３,ＮａＨ２ＰＯ４·２３Ｈ２Ｏ０．０３,Ｎａ２ＣＯ３０．０５６,ＭｎＳＯ４ｌ×１０＾－４     

氧化修饰使HDL促动脉平滑肌细胞胆固醇流出减少

为了研究氧化修饰对高密度脂蛋白（ＨＤＬ）转运细胞胆固醇地＾３Ｈ－胆固醇负荷的培养人动脉平滑肌细胞（ＳＭＣ）分别与天然ＨＤＬ及Ｃｕ＾２＋ａｋｇ ＨＯＣｌ氧化修饰的ＨＤＬ在３７℃温育不同时间后,分别测定细胞＾３Ｈ－胆固醇清除率。结果发现,温育２４ｈ后,经Ｃｕ＾２＋或ＨＯＬｌ氧修饰后的ＨＤＬ其细胞胆因醇清除率分别较天然ＨＤＬ下降了３０．０％和４３．１％（ｐ〈０．０１）。结果还发现,Ｃｕ＾２＋或ＨＯＣｌ氧     

铃虫对氰戊菊酯抗性和敏感品系的选育

用氰戊菊酯对来自阳谷的棉铃虫（ＹＧ）Ｈｅｌｉｏｔｈｉｓａｒｍｉｇｅｒａ（Ｈｕｂｎｅｒ）进行抗性品系的筛选。在１５代期间经过９代的室内选育,获得抗性品系（Ｆｅｎ－Ｒ）,抗性倍数高达２４６３倍,筛选后Ｆ１,代ＬＤ５０值（２４．１４１２ｇ／头）比筛选前Ｆ１代ＬＤ５０值（０．２０２０　ｇ／头）提高了１１９．５倍。对来自偃师的棉铃虫（ＹＳ）进行了连续两代单对筛选,得到敏感品系（Ｆｅｎ－Ｓ）,敏感品系的ＬＤ５０值为０．０１１６ｇ／头,接近１９８３年东台敏感品系的ＬＤ５０值（０．００９８ｇ／头）。Ｆｅｎ－Ｒ抗性品系筛选前后分别测定了七种杀虫剂的剂量－死亡回归线,发现Ｆｅｎ－Ｒ抗性品系对溴氰菊酯［ＬＤ５０（Ｆｅｎ－Ｒ）ＬＤ５０（ＹＧ）＝５．２Ｘ］和氯氰菊酯（２．５Ｘ）具有一定程度的交互抗性;而对功夫菊酯（０．６６Ｘ）,氯菊酯（０．８７Ｘ）、灭多威（０．７４Ｘ）及久效磷（１．５Ｘ）没有交互抗性。氰戊菊酯加Ｐｂ的增效试验结果表明棉铃虫对氰戊菊酯的抗性主要是由于多功能氧化酶的代谢作用。毒理学资料还暗示抗性为多因子（基因）的。     

紫云英汁液单细胞蛋白发酵工艺研究

紫云英汁液含有１０％的糖和２．６６％的有机氮化物,稀释成５倍后,以假丝酵母Ｃａｎｄｉｄａ ａｒｂｏｒｏ Ａｓ２．５６６为生产菌进行单细胞蛋白发酵,通过单因素搜索和正交试验对发酵工艺进行了优化,结果表明：较优培养基为初糖２．５％、酵母粉０．１５％、ＫＨ２Ｐ０Ｒ０．２％、ＭｇＳＯ４、０．０５％,初始ｐＨ值＝５,发酵温度３０℃,接种量５％。在２Ｌ发酵罐中验证,酵母浓度最高达１０．５３ｇ干重／Ｌ,基质生长     

高浓度CO2对三种澳大利亚园林植物插条的影响

在繁殖棚内昼夜施放ＣＯ２,使棚内ＣＯ２浓度保持在８００±１００μｌＬ－１,对三种澳大利亚园林植物：Ｃｈａｍｅｌａｕｃｉｕｍｕｎｃｉｎａｔｕｍ、Ｃｏｒｒｅａｒｅｆｌｅｘａ和Ｐｒｏｓｔａｎｔｈｅｒａｉｎｃｔｓａ进行插条试验。结果表明：高浓度ＣＯ２处理的Ｃｈａｍｅｌａｕｃｉｕｍｕｎｃｉｎａｔｕｍ和Ｃｏｒｒｅａｒｅｆｌｅｘａ插条干物质重量和淀粉含量显著增加,使插条出根早、出根率高和根量多,据后４０ｄ的插条出根率分别比对照高２６．６％和３３．４％．然而,同样的ＣＯ２处理对Ｐｒｏｓｔａｎｔｈｅｒａｉｎｃｉｓａ的插条没有明显影响。这可能是由于后者对ＣＯ２处理不敏感之故。     

SELECTION OF RESISTANCE STRAINS IN LIPOSCELIS BOSTRYCHOPHILA BADONNEL TO CO2-ENRICHED ATMOSPHERES*

Abstract Adults of the psocid Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel were exposed to atmospheres containing 35% and 55% CO₂ for 30 generations to select strains resistant to high CO₂ content (HCC). Selection pressure was maintained at around 70% of mortality. At the 30th generation, comparison of sensitivities between the selected strains (HCC₁ and HCC₂) and the original susceptible strain (MA-S) revealed a resistance factor (RF) at the 50% mortality level (LT₅₀) of 4. 6-and 5. 3-folds, respectively. Throughout the selection process, log-time against probit-mortality lines remained roughly parallel and the slopes remained lower than that of MA-S strain until the last generation. It is inplied that the genetic potential of L. bostrychophila to develop resistance to CO₂ was not exhausted until the 30th generation. Removal of selection pressure for 5 generations from 2 sub-populations of two selected strains from the 25th generation caused significant reduction in resistance. In the absence of MAs exposure, the two selected strains (HCC₁ and HCC₂) possessed the fitness defect. HCC₁ and HCC₂ were calculated by R₀ to have a fitness value of 0. 52 and 0. 45 relative to MA-S.     

甜菜夜蛾虫酰肼抗性品系选育及相对适合度研究

本试验在室内对甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua(Hübner)武汉敏感品系进行了8代群体汰选后分别于9、10、12代采用了单对汰选。结果表明虫酰肼处理后各单对品系后代幼虫存活率发生明显分离,F9(s1)、F10(s2)和F12(s3)代幼虫平均存活率分别为48.34%、11.72%和2.37%,筛选后分别为84.00%、83.33%和7.29%。经过12代汰选后,汰选品系抗性倍数为敏感品系的5.24倍,且单对汰选世代对虫酰肼的抗性发展较快,其抗性倍数分别是群体汰选的1.27、1.67和1.38倍。比较单对汰选世代与群体汰选世代某些生物学特性,显示单对汰选世代并不存在生长发育和生殖不利性,表明在虫酰肼群体汰选中穿插几代单对汰选可以加速抗性品系的选育。汰选品系相对于敏感品系具有0.31的适合度,表明甜菜夜蛾对虫酰肼产生抗性后存在适合度缺陷。     

斜纹夜蛾对氯氟氰菊酯不同抗性水平与解毒代谢酶的关系

为探讨斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)对氯氟氰菊酯抗性水平与解毒代谢酶之间的关系, 以泰安郊区对氯氟氰菊酯抗性为543.7倍的斜纹夜蛾田间种群为材料, 研究了药剂汰选与否的抗性动态及不同抗性水平的解毒代谢酶活性变化。结果表明: 室内继代饲养至第30代, 不接触任何药剂的抗性下降至102.3倍, 用氯氟氰菊酯汰选28代后, 抗性上升到3 049.3倍, 而在药剂汰选至第14代, 抗性已至2 593.8倍时, 停止用氯氟氰菊酯汰选, 到第30代的抗性又降至786.3倍。表明斜纹夜蛾抗氯氟氰菊酯田间种群, 在无药剂选择压力时抗性水平会显著下降, 继续给予药剂汰选会使抗性水平显著上升。检测斜纹夜蛾田间种群5龄幼虫中肠酯酶和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性, 发现与敏感种群有显著性差异, 而多功能氧化酶O-脱甲基活性与敏感种群的差异不明显; 给予氯氟氰菊酯药剂汰选, 酯酶、谷胱甘肽S 转移酶和多功能氧化酶O-脱甲基3种酶的活性均呈显著增加趋势; 停止用氯氟氰菊酯汰选后, 3种酶的活性又呈显著下降趋势; 不接触任何药剂, 随着饲养世代数的增加, 其酯酶和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶的活性也呈下降趋势。结果提示斜纹夜蛾幼虫酯酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶和多功能氧化酶O-脱甲基活性的提高是斜纹夜蛾对氯氟氰菊酯抗性上升的重要原因。     

Resistance to the Cry1Ac delta-endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Three laboratory strains of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) were established by mating of field-collected insects with an existing insecticide-susceptible laboratory strain. These strains were cultured on artificial diet containing the Cry1Ac protoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis using three different protocols. When no response to selection was detected after 7-11 generations of selection, the three strains were combined by controlled mating to preserve genetic diversity. The composite strain (BX) was selected on the basis of growth rate on artificial diet containing Cry1Ac crystals. Resistance to Cry1Ac was first detected after 16 generations of continuous selection. The resistance ratio (RR) peaked approximately 300-fold at generation 21, after which it declined to oscillate between 57- and 111-fold. First-instar H. armigera from generation 25 (RR = 63) were able to complete their larval development on transgenic cotton expressing Cry1Ac and produce fertile adults. There appeared to be a fitness cost associated with resistance on cotton and on artificial diet. The BX strain was not resistant to the commercial Bt spray formulations DiPel and XenTari, which contain multiple insecticidal crystal proteins, but was resistant to the MVP formulation, which only contains Cry1Ac. The strain was also resistant to Cry1Ab but not to Cry2Aa or Cry2Ab. Toxin binding assays showed that the resistant insects lacked the high affinity binding site that was detected in early generations of the strain. Genetic analysis confirmed that resistance in the BX strain of H. armigera is incompletely recessive.     

Physiological differences between strains of Tribolium castaneum selected for resistance to hypoxia and hypercarbia, and the unselected strain

Abstract. The metabolic rates, as expressed by oxygen (O₂) consumption, carbon dioxide (CO₂) production, and losses in wet and dry weights, were examined for adults of three strains of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), during exposure to two modified atmospheres (MAs). Exposure of a strain selected for resistance over twenty-one generations to an atmosphere of 65% CO₂, 20% O₂ and the balance nitrogen (N₂), termed a high carbon dioxide concentration atmosphere (HCC) and exposure of an unselected strain to HCC, showed considerable levels of aerobic metabolism during exposure. For the unselected strain water loss and mobilization of energy reserves were rapid and mortality was followed by rapid desiccation. For the HCC-resistant strain water balance was maintained and energy reserves were utilized more slowly over a prolonged period. Exposure of a strain selected for resistance over twenty-one generations to a low oxygen concentration atmosphere (LOC) of 0.5% O₂ in N₂, and an unselected strain to LOC, revealed that even at 0.5% O₂, metabolism was largely aerobic in both strains. Maintenance of water balance was not a major factor causing mortality of either strain during exposure to LOC. In air, metabolic rates of both the resistant strains were lower than that of the unselected strain.     

Impact of inbreeding on performance of the predator Podisus maculiventris

Effects of inbreeding on the development and reproduction of the predatory pentatomid Podisus maculiventris were assessed throughout 30 generations following introduction in the laboratory. Developmental and reproductive fitness of two mildly inbred lines did not differ dramatically from that of a reference population. In most generations, egg weight, egg hatch and developmental rate of nymphs were greater in the reference strain than in both inbred strains, but fecundity and longevity did not differ among strains. In the 30th generation, fecundity of all strains had dropped to about half of that observed in the 15th generation, which was presumably related to non-genetic factors. There were consistent differences among strains for adult body weight and size, indicating heritable variation. A positive relationship between weight at day 14 and humeral width of P. maculiventris females was found, but neither of these parameters was associated with total fecundity. In the 30th generation, predators from both inbred lines had generally similar predation capacities to those from the reference population. No significant relationship could be detected between body weights and predation rates of either nymphs or adults. The use of inbreeding to minimize selective adaptation during rearing or to select for favourable traits in P. maculiventris is discussed.     

SOME BIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF RESISTANCE TO CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE IN LIPOSCELIS BOSTRYCHOPHILA BADONNEL (POSCOPTERA: LIPOSCELIDIDAE)*

Abstract Adults of the psocid Liposcelis bostrychophila were exposed to an atmosphere containing 35% CO₂ and 1% O₂ for 30 successive generations at 28 C and 70%–80% RH in order to select a resistant strain to controlled atmosphere (CA). At the 30th generation the resistance factor (LT₅₀ for selected generation / LT₅₀ for non-selected generation) reached to 5. 6-folds. The results of biochemical assays showed that the activities of carboxylesterase (CarE) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in vitro increased considerably from generation to generation during the selection process, and they were closely correlated with the resistance levels. At the 30th generation, the CarE and SOD activities in the resistant strain to CA (CA-R) were 4. 06-and 5. 22-folds as much as those in the susceptible strain to CA (CA-S), respectively. Exposure to CA resulted in decrease in CarE activity; however, the decreasing range for CA-S was significantly greater than that for CA-R. CA had induction effect on SOD within short time, but for CA-R the induction time was longer and activity induced was higher than CA-S. Catalase (CAT) activity was also raised with the resistance development, but no statistical relationship was found between CAT activity and CA resistance. No significant difference of both acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was found in CA-R and CA-S during the selection process. Peroxidase (POD) activity was not detected in L. bostrychophila. These suggest that the major mechanism responsible for CA resistance appears to be the enhanced CarE and SOD activities, and probably CAT plays an additionary role to adopt low O₂ concentration in CA resistance.     

Responses to relaxed and reverse selection in strains artificially selected for duration of death-feigning behavior in the red flour beetle, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tribolium castaneum</Emphasis>

Divergent lines selected artificially for many generations make it possible to answer two questions: (1) whether genetic variation still exists within the selected population; and (2) whether the selection itself is costly for the selected strain. In previous studies, the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum was divergently selected artificially for duration of death-feigning, and strains selected for longer (L-strain) and shorter (S-strain) durations of death-feigning have been established (Miyatake et al. 2004, 2008). Because the selection experiments have been conducted for more than 27 generations, genetic variation may be eroded. Furthermore, because another previous study reported physiological costs to L-strains, the L-strains selected artificially for longer duration of death-feigning may have suffered more costs than the S-strains. In the present study, therefore, we relaxed the selection pressure after the 27th or 30th generation of S- and L-strains. We also carried out reverse selection during the most recent eight generations of S- and L-strains. The results showed that each strain clearly responded to relaxation of selection and reverse selection, suggesting that (1) additive genetic variation still existed in both strains after long-term selection, and (2) selection for shorter and longer duration of death-feigning was costly. These results suggest that anti-predator behavior is controlled by many loci, and longer or shorter duration of death-feigning is costly in a laboratory without predators.