塔里木盆地YJ1X井中奥陶统一间房组燧石结核中的有机壁微体化石

位于新疆塔里木盆地塔北隆起的YJ1X井中奥陶统钻遇富含硅质结核的一间房组地层,通过对硅质结核进行切片观察,发现大量丝状蓝藻化石及少数疑源类化石。经鉴定疑源类化石共包括:Aremoricanium sp.,Cheleutochroa oculata,Cymatiogalea sp.,Cymatiosphaera sp.,Dictyotidium microreticulatum,Leiosphaeridia sp.,Polygonium gracile,Pterospermella sp.;丝状蓝藻类化石两属四种,包括:Siphonophycus typicum,S.kestron,S.solidum,Oscillatoriopsis longa;多细胞球状藻类化石1种:Eoentophysalis sp.。其中丝状蓝藻类化石均为奥陶系一间房组的首次报道。该化石组合的发现为塔里木盆地奥陶系一间房组燧石结核中微体化石的研究提供了新资料,大量破碎的藻席及少数疑源类反映了本区沉积环境由浅水相变为深水相的过程。     

湖北保康白竹磷矿埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组微体化石新材料

埃迪卡拉纪(震旦纪)是早期多细胞生物起源与辐射的重要地质时期,磷酸盐化保存的微体化石则是研究该时期生命演化的重要窗口。目前对我国扬子地台埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组磷酸盐化微体化石的研究主要集中于贵州瓮安等地,其他地区的研究偏少。本次研究报道了保存于湖北保康白竹磷矿埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组磷块岩的微体化石。这些微体化石以三维磷酸盐化形式保存,种类丰富,共计14属21种,包括大型带刺疑源类Asterocapsoides sp.,Dicrospinasphaera sp.,Knollisphaeridium sp.,Mengeosphaera chadianensis,Tanarium conoideum,T.digi-tiforme,T.pilosiusculum,Tianzhushania sp.;球状化石Megasphaera inornata;球状蓝藻Archaeophycus yunnanensis,丝状蓝藻Cyanonema majus,Obruchevella minor,Salome sp.,Siphonophycus septatum,S.robustum,S.typicum,S.kestron;以及多细胞藻类Gremiphyca corymbiata,Thallophyca ramosa,Wengania exquisita,W.globosa。这些微体化石的发现,进一步丰富了白竹磷矿陡山沱组的化石组合,为华南扬子地台陡山沱组的生物地层对比提供了新的材料。     

湖北宜昌樟村坪埃迪卡拉纪陡山沱组磷酸盐化微体化石组合

保存于华南新元古代晚期陡山沱组中的磷酸盐化化石被认为与后生动物起源、真核生物演化有重要联系。位于鄂西黄陵隆起北缘的樟村坪地区,是华南最重要的工业磷矿产地之一,主要磷矿层属于埃迪卡拉纪地层,却鲜有磷块岩化石报道。此次研究利用钻孔样品的大量连续切片,在陡山沱组磷矿层中发现了丰富的保存精美的微体化石,化石组合包括可能的动物胚胎化石Megasphaera inornata;大型具刺疑源类Appendisphaerasp.,Cymatiosphaeroides kullingii,Dicrospinasphaera sp.,Ericiasphaera magna,Weissiella sp.;多细胞藻类Wengania globosa,W.exquisite,Sarcinophycus papilloformis,Thallophyca sp.,以及球状丝状蓝藻化石Archaeophycus yunnanensis,Cyanonema majus,Salome nunavutensis,Obruchevella minor,Siphonophycus kestron,S.typicum,S.robustum,S.septatum。这些微体化石的发现丰富了该区磷酸盐化化石资料,同时该化石组合面貌与黔中地区陡山沱组上磷块岩"瓮安生物群"以及峡东陡山沱组典型硅化生物群都具有相似性,化石层位的探讨也为华南不同沉积相区陡山沱组的地层对比提供了新的参考依据。     

湖南张家界四都坪埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组微体化石新材料

首次描述并研究了在湖南张家界四都坪乡四都坪剖面埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组下部硅质条带和结核中发现的保存精美的微体化石。化石组合包括大型具刺疑源类Cavaspina acuminata,Cavaspina basiconica,Gyalosphaeridium sp.,Mengeosphaera latibasis,Tanarium varium,Tanariumsp.和Urasphaera fungiformis;球状化石Megasphaera inornata;球状、丝状蓝藻化石Archaeophycus yunnanensis,Polytrichoides sp.,Salome hubeiensis,Siphonophycus robustum,S.typicum,S.kestron,和S.solidum以及多细胞藻类Wengania minuta。该微体化石组合与湖北峡东地区陡山沱组三段硅质结核中以大型具刺疑源类Tanarium为特征的组合面貌基本一致。这些微体化石的发现,进一步完善了我国埃迪卡拉系(震旦系)陡山沱组的生物地层序列,也为华南扬子地区陡山沱组的地层对比提供了新的古生物证据。     

华北高于庄组硅化微体化石组合的古环境

华北中元古代高于庄组 ( 1 4- 1 5亿年 )的硅质叠层石中保存了完好的多种微生物化石。从这些叠层石的微细构造分析 ,成岩早期硅质矿物的交代作用为微体化石的原位保存起了很重要的作用。除部分居住者和浮游的分子外 ,两种丝状蓝藻 ( Siphonophycus inornatum和Eoschizothric composita)和两种球状蓝藻 ( Coccostratusdispergens和 Eoentophysalisbelcherensis)是这些藻席的主要建造者。以球状蓝藻 Eoentophysalis为主的藻席可能发育于潮下高能环境中 ;而以多种丝状蓝藻为主的藻席可能反映了当时的沉积环境为中—高潮间带的局部静止小水体     

湖北保康陡山沱组磷酸盐化微体化石组合

中国南方震旦系陡山沱组磷块岩、燧石和页岩中陆续发现的精美保存的化石生物群,为我们提供了一个栩栩如生的新元古代晚期生物演化的图景,表明多细胞真核生物在新元古代冰期之后发生了非常显著的分异。其中磷块岩化石库以生物细胞结构的完好保存而著称。继在贵州瓮安、陕西勉县茶店和江西上饶朝阳之后,湖北保康白竹磷矿陡山沱组磷块岩中也发现了类似的磷酸盐化化石生物群。保康化石组合中包括多细胞藻类Wengania,Paramecia和原地保存的Thallophyca;大型复杂疑源类Meghystrichosphaeridium,Echinosphaeridium和目前仅在保康发现的Bacatisphaera;球状蓝菌化石Archaeophycus,丝状蓝菌化石Siphonophycus和在陡山沱组磷块岩中首次发现的Obruchevella;同时,内部保存不同数量小球体的球状化石在保康也大量产出。古地理分析表明中国南方扬子地台陡山沱组磷块岩中保存的磷酸盐化化石库大都形成于浅水台地边缘地带。     

新元古代陡山沱组具细胞裂殖结构的丝状蓝藻

新元古代陡山沱组丝状蓝藻化石Oscillatoriopsis sp.,具丝状蓝藻化石记录中罕见的细胞分裂结构;其胞壁内陷的二等分裂方式,可能的丝体断裂结构。是现生丝状蓝藻生长和繁殖的典型特征;不具异形胞结构的形态特征,可能与其当时生存的海底表面的缺氧环境有关;这种基底环境,可能有利于Oscillatoriopsis sp。等磷酸盐化化石细节构造的保存。     

江西上饶朝阳磷矿新元古代晚期陡山沱组微体化石新材料

江西上饶朝阳磷矿新元古代晚期微体化石产于上震旦统陡山沱组上部含磷地层中,微体化石组合包括疑源类Asterocapsoides sp.,Megasphaera inornata,Meghystrichosphaeridium chadianensis,M.gracilentum,丝状蓝绿藻Siphonophycus septatum,S.robustum,S.tpicum,S.kestron,S.soldium,Oscillatoriopsis sp.和Slome nunavutensis,及可能的多细胞藻类。该化石组合的发现为中国南方扬子区陡山沱组含磷岩系中微体化石生物群的研究提供新的材料。     

鲁西上元古界佟家庄组的微体植物化石

鲁西安丘地区停家庄组含保存很好的微体植物化石。经研究计有14属11种(含1新种),1相似种和6个未定种。这一微体植物化石组合以球形疑源类最多,另有少数Micrhystridium,?Ceratophyton conicum以及丝状微体化石的标本。根据佟家庄组微体植物化石组合与国内外已知组合的比较,并参考从上覆浮莱山组获得的同位素年龄资料,笔者认为鲁西佟家庄组与安徽淮南地区的刘老碑组是同时的,皆为800—700Ma前沉积形成。     

中国湖北秭归县庙河村早寒武世天竺山段的硅化微体化石

描述了湖北秭归县庙河村寒武系最底部(天竺山段)硅化微体化石13属16种,并论述了其地层意义.所有微体化石皆见于燧石切片中,此组合含大量小个体的具刺凝源类,以Micrhystridium ampliatum Wang为主,并与Paracymatiosphaera spp.,其它球形分子Lelosphaeridia,Favososphaeridium,Eoaperturilites及丝状体Obruchevella 和Megathrix共生,此地真正的陡山沱组是以含大量的和形态复杂的疑源类及简单的丝状体和球状化石为特征,这两个可靠的微体化石组合的发现和区分对本区及邻区震旦系-寒武系过渡层的划分和地层对比有重要意义.     

New Microorganisms from the Gaoyuzhuang Formation of Northern Taihang Mountains,China

A new diverse assemblage of microorganisms has been discovered in black bedded, nodular and lenticular cherts and dark chert of domical stromatolites in dolostone of the Gaoyuzhuang Formation in Lingqiu County, northern Taihang Mountains. The geologic relationships, biostratigraphic correlations, and available radiometric age determinations place the age of the Gaoyuzhuang Formation at approximately 1 400-1 600 million years in age. Eight new species, three unnamed species, and two emended genera of oscillatoriacean, nostocacean, and chroococcacean cyanobacteria are described. These data coupled with reports of others indicate that the diversity of taxa in the Gaoyuzhuang Formation reaches 100 species. The Gaoyuzhuang Formation contains one of the richest Mesoproterozoic communities of microfossils. The following new and emended taxa are described: Oscillatoriaceae: Eophormidium orculiformis sp. nov., E . sp., Siphonophycus caudataceous sp. nov., Palaeolyngbya complanata sp. nov., P. capitata sp. nov., P . sp. and Oscillatoriopsis sp..Nostocaceae: Veteronostocale vaginata sp. nov.. Chroococcaceae: Maculosphaera giganta sp. nov. and Gloeotheceopsis grandis sp. nov. Incertae sedis: Myxococcoides limpida sp. nov.     

华北太行山北段高于庄组微古植物的新发现

长城群高于庄组主要分布于我国华北地区,地质年龄约在14－16亿年。主要描述了华北太行山北段灵邱县境内高于组白云岩中的层状和扁豆状透镜体燧石及穹隆式叠层石的黑色燧石中的颤藻、念珠藻和色球藻植物的8个新种和3个未定种,其中还有两个新修订属。这些新的促群再加上前人在高于庄组地层中已报道的汇成了近100个种生物组合,进一步证明高于庄组地地球上中元代微化石类群最丰富的产地之一。以下是该 新发现和新修订的分类类群：颤藻科（Oscillatoriaceae): Eophormkidium orculiformis sp. nov., E. sp., Siphonophycus caudataceous sp. nov., Palaeolyngbya complanata sp. nov., P. capitata sp. nvo., P. sp., Oscilaltoriopsis sp.;念珠藻科（Nosto-caceae):Veteronostiocale vaginata sp.nov.;色球藻科（Chroococcaceae):Maculosphaera giganta sp.nov.,Gloeotheceopsis grandis sp.nov.;分类位置未定的类群：Myxococcoides limpida sp.nov.。     

Paleobiology of the Neoproterozoic Svanbergfjellet Formation, Spitsbergen

A fossil Lagerstätte from the 700–750 Ma old Svanbergfjellet Formation of northeastern Spitsbergen offers a substantially enhanced view of late Proterozoic paleobiology. Fossils occur primarily as Organic-walled compressions in shales and permineralizations in chert: secondary modes of preservation include bedding-plane imprints and mineral replacements in apatite and goethite (?). The depositional setting of all fossiliferous horizons is broadly peritidal with highest taxonomic diversity occurring in shallow subtidal settings; the details of included fossil assemblages contribute to improved paleoecological resolution. The often distinct constituents of shale-and chert-hosted fossil assemblages appear to be a product of both paleoenvironment and fundamentally dissimilar taphonomic pathways, such that only forms with inferred wide ecological tolerance appear in both. Consideration of taphonomic processes also provides a variety of useful taxonomic insights, on the one hand permitting some resolution of so-called wastebasket taxa. such as Chuaria, and on the other acknowledging the taxonomic disparity that can occur in simple forms like Siphonophycus and Oscillatoriopsis. True multicellular (including coenocytic) eukaryotes are a conspicuous Component of the Svanbergfjellet assemblage: of eight distinct taxa, one can be identified as a coenobial/colonial chlorococcalean and three as filamentous siphonocladaleans (Chlorophyta). Other forms are problematic, but several show significant cell, or possibly tissue, differentiation. A review of Proterozoic multicellular organisms reveals that a coenocytic grade of organization was common among early metaphytes and supports the view (that a cellularity is a derived condition in many ‘multicellular’ lineages. Nineteen acritarch taxa are preserved in the Svanbergfjellet sediments. Ten of these show a readily identifiable ornamentation and contribute significantly to Neoproterozoic biostratigraphy; a world-wide and exclusively Late Riphean distribution of the acanthomorph Trachyhystrichosphaera aimika identifies it as a particularly valuable index fossil. The Svanbergfjellel fossil assemblage preserves a total of 63 distinct forms, of which 56 are treated taxonomically. As much as possible, principles of ‘natural’ taxonomy are applied, such that taphonomic and ontogenetic variants are declined separate taxonomy status. Major taxonomic revisions are offered for the acritarchs Trachyhystrichosphaera and Chuaria as well as for the prokaryotic-grade filaments: Cephalonyx, Cyanonema, Oscillatoriopsis, Palaeolyngbya, Rugossopsis, Siphonophycus, Tortunema, and Veteronostocale. Newly erected taxa include 7 new genera: Palaeastrum. Proterocladus, Pseudotawuia, Valkyria, Cerebrosphaera, Osculosphera and Pseudodendron; 14 new species in 12 genera: Palaestrum ***dyptocranum, Proterocladus major, Proterocladus minor, Proterocladus ***hermannae. Pseudodendron birenifera, Valkyria borealis, Cerebrosphaera buickii, Osculosphaera hyaline, Pseudodendron anteridium fullerne, Germinosphaera jankauskasii, Trachyhystrichosphaera polaris, Siphonophycus thulenema and thulenema and Digitus adumbrates 7 new combinations: Leiosphaeridia wimanii, Eoentophysalis croxfordii Cephlonyx geminatus. Oscillatoriopsis amadeus. Siphonophycus typicum, Siphonophycus solidum and Tortunema Wernadskii.     

苏皖北部新元古代微生物化石

苏皖北部新元古代海相泥页岩,粉砂岩及燧石中富含微生物化石,其中,通过化学浸解法,从碎屑岩中获得14个形态属种的微生物化石;6个形态属种的蓝细菌化石呈三维立体状态保存在燧石切片中。浸解获得的泥页岩,粉砂岩相微生物化石,在刘老碑组中-上部的主要是片形和球形：Laminarites antiquis-simus,Leiosphaeridia pelucida,Spumiosa alara及Asperatopsophosphaera bavlinensis;在九里桥组,贾园组和赵圩组主要为多面形和球形;Monilinema quadratucella及Synsphaeridium sp.而史家组,金山寨组和沟后组则有丰富的球形,片形,梭形和带形个体;Leiosphaeridia hyperboreica,Trachysphaeridium simplex,Annulum difuminatum,Nucellosphaeridium asperatum,Tophoporata sp.Symplassosphaeridium sp,Macroptycha uniplicata及Taenia-tum simplex。该微生物组合可与河北及天津蓟县的新元古界景儿峪组和下马岭组的相对比,虽然上述微生物化石的系统古生物学仍在研究中,但却为我们了解新元古代大冰期前夕近岸海相环境生物圈提供了有关浮游植物的信息。苏皖北部新元古代倪园组及九顶山组的燧石中,保存良好的微生物三维立体化石为丝形和球形蓝细菌遗留物,包括Siphonophycus sp,Eoentophysalis belcherensis,Eozygion grande,Tetraphycus conjionceum,Globophycus rugosum及Caryospharoides pristine。该蓝细菌组合可能是底栖的,它们出现在非叠层石的碳酸盐沉积环境。     

Multicellular thallophytes with differentiated tissues from Late Proterozoic phosphate rocks of South China

An assemblage of megascopic, multicellular thallophytes with well-preserved tissues and microstructures was discovered in phosphate rocks of the Late Proterozoic Doushantuo Formation (approximately 680 Ma old) at the Wengan-Fuquan Phosphate Mines, Guizhou Province, South China. Two new genera and three new species are erected: Thallophyca ramosa n. gen. et n. sp., Thallophyca simplica n. gen. et n. sp. and Wengania globosa n. gen. et n. sp. The thalli of Thallophyca are embedded in amorphous collophane and consist of differentiated tissues interpreted as cortex and medulla, and distinct structures (conceptacle-like cavities and special cell-groups or 'cell-islands'). Tissue differentiation and megascopic (millimetric to centrimetric) size of the thalli suggest that the new genus Thallophyca may represent a primitive metaphyte. The new genus Wengania is assigned to the Paleozoic algal group Solenoporaceae Pia. This study provides reliable fossil evidence of Late Proterozoic metaphytes and leads to the following conclusions: (1) diverse multicellular thallophytes had evolved during Late Proterozoic Ediacaran time; (2) adaptive radiations possibly took place more or less contemporaneously in both metazoans and metaphytes, and (3) Precambrian phosphate rocks can preserve megafossils with delicate microstructures.     

A New Stromatolitic Mat Builder Discovered from Late Precambrian in Northern China

Abundant and preserved chain algal microfossils have been discovered in cherty stromatolitic mats from the second member of Gaoyuzhuang Formation (about 1,500 Ma old), Ling-qiu county of Shanxi province, China. They are described as Veteronostocale moniliforme Xu et Gao sp. nov.. The small diametral trichomes resemble the Family Nostocaceae in possessing specilized cells resembling the classic heterocysts and akinetes. This paper gives emphasis to the following remark: (1) The Gaoyuzhuang stromatolitic mats were products of microbial (Veteronostocale moniliforme) activity and the plant Nostocaceae was one of the main stromatolitic builders as both modern and Precambrian stromatolite-forming microorganisms; (2) Based on the fact that the chain fossils are preserved perpendicularly to the laminations the rates of sedimentation and algal growth were probably equal and each small sedimentary rhythm could be completed in about one or two months; (3) According to the environment and habits of living Nostoc Precambrian hydrosphere might be of a fresh water type.     

New data on the terrestrial gastropods from the Oligocene-Miocene transition in the Valley of Lakes, Central Mongolia

The Oligocene-Miocene terrestrial gastropod fauna of the Valley of Lakes, Central Mongolia, is described for the first time based on SEM images. These allowed detailed anatomical analyses and resulted in better species delimitation and taxonomic rectifications. The assemblage comprises six pupilloid species of the genera Gastrocopta, Vallonia, and Pupoides. Vallonia stworzewiczae Neubauer, sp. nov. is introduced as a new species. Two samples from the Loh Formation exposed at the Hotuliin Teeg locality have yielded excellently preserved specimens. Based on a small mammal fauna, these samples are proposed to span the interval of the Oligocene-Miocene boundary. A comparison with ecological requirements of modern congeners suggests the presence of rather open but vegetated habitats in the Valley of Lakes during sedimentation of the Loh Formation.     

西藏晚白垩世晚Campanian期至早Maastrichtian期菊石群——中国最年轻的菊石群

记述产自西藏南部仲巴县的一个中国目前所知最年轻的菊石群 ,含 2科 4属 6种 ,其中 4新种。据菊石群面貌和它们所产出的层位可以划分出上、下两个组合带 :上部Pachydiscuscf.hidakaensis Libycoceraszhongbaense组合带 ;下部Manambolitescujiangdingensis M .pivaeteaui组合带。产菊石的曲贝亚组的下段和上段的中、下部(82F5 0及其以下层位 )为晚Campanian期 ,上段上部 (即 82F5 2及其以上层位 )为早Maastrichtian期。     

内蒙古道虎沟中侏罗世原褶蚊科化石记述(昆虫纲,双翅目,原褶蚊科)

描述原褶蚊科Eoptychopteridae Handlirsch,1906化石3新种,华美刻痕原褶蚊Crenoptychoptera decorosa sp.nov.,普通刻痕原褶蚊Crenoptychoptera vulgaris sp.nov.,近刻痕原褶蚊Crenoptychoptera vicina sp.nov..所有标本均采自内蒙古宁城道虎沟中侏罗世九龙山组,模式标本保存在首都师范大学生命科学学院.