水稻OsRhoGDI2蛋白生物信息学分析及亚细胞定位研究

水稻OsRhoGDI2是通过酵母双杂交筛选到的小G蛋白Rho家族成员OsRacD的互作蛋白的编码基因,为研究OsRhoGDI2和OsRacD的相互作用特点和调控机制,对OsRhoGDI2进行了生物信息学分析和亚细胞定位检测。通过生物信息学方法比较了二者编码蛋白的理化性质、修饰位点和亚细胞定位特点,并进一步构建了受控于CaMV35S启动子的与绿色荧光蛋白融合表达的OsRhoGDI2基因的双元植物表达载体,采用农杆菌介导法转化洋葱表皮细胞,通过荧光显微镜观察了融合蛋白在活细胞内分布特点。OsRhoGDI2和OsRacD具有一些相似的理化特性和翻译后修饰位点,在洋葱表皮细胞中,OsRhoGDI2主要分布在细胞质、细胞膜和细胞核。OsRhoGDI2与OsRacD在蛋白理化特性和胞内分布上存在一定的相关性,OsRhoGDI2蛋白可能在调控OsRacD的胞内分布和活性中发挥重要作用。     

水稻OsRacD蛋白G15V、T20N点突变对其细胞定位的影响及其与靶蛋白的相互作用

OsRacD是水稻小GTP结合蛋白Rho家族成员,功能之一是作为“分子开关",通过控制花粉管的延伸生长,参与光敏核不育水稻光周期育性转换过程. 为研究该蛋白的作用机制,采用重叠延伸PCR方法,分别在其GTPase结构域中引入G15V、T20N点突变,模拟GTP和GDP结合形式的OsRacD. 进一步构建了受控于CaMV35S的与绿色荧光蛋白融合表达的双元植物表达载体;采用农杆菌介导法转化洋葱表皮细胞,在荧光显微镜下观察蛋白在活细胞内定位的特点. 结果显示,野生型蛋白在细胞质和细胞膜都有分布,组成型激活的蛋白主要分布在细胞膜上,而失活型蛋白则大都集中到细胞核周围. 蛋白相互作用的酵母双杂交体系分析显示,OsRacD及其2个突变体具有不同的靶蛋白结合特性. 研究证实,水稻OsRacD蛋白G15V和T20N点突变不仅影响其在活细胞内的定位,而且也影响了与靶蛋白的相互作用.说明处于不同鸟苷酸结合状态的OsRacD具有不同的胞内定位方式,可能通过结合不同的靶蛋白,引发不同的细胞应答事件.     

CRISPR/Cas9技术编辑OsRhoGDI2基因导致水稻半矮化

OsRhoGDI2是通过酵母双杂交从水稻幼穗中分离的一个与Rho蛋白家族成员OsRacD相互作用蛋白的编码基因,但功能尚不明确。本研究利用CRISPR/Cas9技术创制水稻OsRhoGDI2基因敲除突变体。检测结果表明,转基因水稻T0代获得2种纯合突变体,T1代获得8种纯合突变体。序列分析显示,在敲除水稻中,该基因的编辑靶点附近发生了碱基的替换或缺失,预期生成丧失RhoGDI保守结构域的截短蛋白。表型比对分析发现,敲除水稻与对照相比,株高显著降低,统计学分析结果显示,敲除水稻株高降低源于第Ⅱ和第Ⅲ茎节的缩短,提示OsRhoGDI2基因可能与水稻株高控制相关。     

RhoGDI2 在结直肠癌组织中的表达及其与临床侵袭转移的关系

目的:研究鸟嘌呤核苷酸解离抑制因子2(Rho GDI2)在结直肠癌(CRC)组织中的表达及其与临床侵袭转移的关系。方法:收集本院于2015年1月至2015年12月收治的80例CRC患者手术切除的原发灶组织和正常癌旁组织。采用免疫组化法检测各组织标本中Rho GDI2的表达情况,并分析其表达量与临床病理特征的相关性。结果:(1)Rho GDI2主要表达于CRC癌细胞胞浆中,在肿瘤原发灶和正常癌旁组织中的阳性表达率分别为26.25%和0.00%,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);(2)肿瘤原发灶中Rho GDI2的阳性表达率与患者的性别、年龄、肿瘤位置、大小、数量、组织学分级、原发灶分期、血管浸润、神经浸润间均不存在相关关系(P0.05),而与淋巴结转移及远端转移有关(P0.05)。结论:Rho GDI2在CRC肿瘤原发灶中呈阳性表达,且其高表达可促进CRC的侵袭转移,可作为CRC治疗的作用靶点。     

T20N点突变对水稻OsRacD蛋白GTP酶活性的影响

OsRacD是水稻小GTP结合蛋白Rho家族成员,其功能之一是作为“分子开关”,通过控制花粉管的延伸生长,参与光敏核不育水稻光周期的育性转换。在序列同源性比对和蛋白保守结构域分析的基础上,采用重叠延伸PCR方法在水稻OsRacD基因的第一个高度保守的基序G1区引入T20N点突变,模拟GDP结合形式的OsRacD。进一步构建了与组氨酸标签融合的原核表达载体,原核表达和纯化了野生型和突变型OsRacD蛋白,并通过Western blot证实了融合蛋白表达和纯化的正确性。纯化蛋白的GTP酶活性检测结果显示,突变后的OsRacD蛋白GTP水解活性显著降低,提示OsRacD在T20N突变前后具有不同的生化特性。     

G15V点突变对水稻OsRacD基因蛋白产物效应的影响

在水稻OsRacD基因编码GTPase结构域处,采用PCR方法引入G15V点突变模拟GTP结合形式的OsRacD.原核表达并纯化了突变前后的OsRacD蛋白,用于蛋白生化活性的分析.结果显示,突变后的OsRacD蛋白在GTP水解活性上有显著的提高,提示OsRacD在激活前后具有不同的蛋白生化特性,而且可能通过不同的胞内互作蛋白,引发不同的信号传递,证实了OsRacD在Rho信号转导通路中“分子开关”的重要作用.     

水稻OsMY1和OsRacD基因互作的分子鉴定

OsRacD是光敏核不育水稻农垦58S光周期育性转换信号通路中的重要分子开关,通过酵母双杂交筛选,从水稻幼穗中分离到一种与OsRacD 互作的新的肌球蛋白重链编码基因的cDNA片段,命名为OsMY1。本文在酵母双杂交体系鉴定的基础上,构建了OsMY1和OsRacD的原核表达载体,表达和纯化了融合蛋白GST-OsMY1 和His6-OsRacD, 通过pull down实验进一步确认了上述互作关系。本研究提示OsMY1和OsRacD可能在功能上相关,为深入研究二者在水稻生理功能上的联系提供了重要线索和依据。     

新疆卡波西肉瘤组织中MT1-MMP和ARHGDIB蛋白的表达

目的:探讨新疆卡波氏肉瘤组织中膜型1型基质金属蛋白酶(Menberane 1 Matrix metalloproteinases,MT1-MMP),Rho蛋白解离抑制因子β(Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor GDI beta,ARHGDIB)的表达及临床意义.方法:应用免疫组织化学Envision二步法检测新疆17例卡波氏肉瘤和17例健康人正常皮肤组织内MT1-MMP和ARHGDIB的表达水平.结果:免疫组化显示MT1-MMP和ARHGDIB在卡波氏肉瘤组织阳性表达率为82.4%和100%,在正常皮肤组织中阳性率为6.9%和17.7%,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论:新疆卡波西肉瘤组织中MT1-MMP和ARHGDIB蛋白呈异常表达,有可能在KS的发展过程中发挥了重要作用.     

一种高效抑制Jurkat细胞表达RhoGDI2的方法

目的:RhoGDI2是RhoGTP酶的解离抑制因子,在白血病细胞内表达量很高。构建Rho GDI2短发夹RNA(sh RNA)的慢病毒载体,并鉴定该慢病毒在急性T细胞白血病细胞系Jurkat内的抑制效率。方法:针对人rho GDI2基因序列合成sh RNA序列,通过限制性内切酶Bam HⅠ和XhoⅠ、T4DNA连接酶,将该sh RNA序列插入慢病毒载体p EN_h H1c,测序正确后通过LR重组酶与p DSL_hp UGIP重组,转化感受态细菌,筛选阳性克隆,测序鉴定正确后用脂质体法将质粒与ps PAX2、p MD2共转染293T细胞、包装病毒并侵染Jurkat细胞,采用荧光显微镜观察侵染效率、West-ern印迹鉴定Rho GDI2 sh RNA在Jurkat细胞内的表达。结果:构建的Rho GDI2 sh RNA慢病毒成功侵染Jurkat细胞并抑制Rho GDI2的表达。结论:构建并鉴定了RhoGDI2 shRNA的慢病毒表达质粒,为研究RhoGDI2在白血病中的作用奠定了基础。     

乳腺癌中Rho A蛋白表达及其与Cyclin D1和P21WAF1/CIP1蛋白表达的相关性

目的探讨Rho A蛋白在人乳腺癌中的表达情况,Rho A蛋白与临床病理因素的关系,及其与细胞周期蛋白Cyclin D1,细胞周期抑制蛋白 P21 WAF1/CIP1表达的相关性.方法应用免疫组化S-P法,检测64例乳腺癌组织及20例正常乳腺组织中Rho A蛋白、Cyclin D1和P21 WAF1/CIP1蛋白的表达情况.结果 (1)Rho A、 Cyclin D1和P21 WAF1/CIP1蛋白在正常乳腺组织中的表达率分别为5.00%、25.00%、15.00%,在乳腺癌组织中的表达率分别为73.44%、59.38%、48.44%,三者在乳腺癌组织中的阳性表达分别与正常乳腺组织相比,均差异有显著性意义(P< 0.01).(2)Rho A蛋白表达与病理组织分级,淋巴结转移相关(P< 0.05),与患者年龄、肿瘤大小及临床分期无关.(3)RhoA蛋白与P21 WAF1/CIP1蛋白表达呈负相关(χ2=4.548,P<0.05),与Cyclin D1蛋白表达无关.结论乳腺癌患者RhoA蛋白过表达与预后不良有关.RhoA蛋白通过下调P21 WAF1/CIP1蛋白参与细胞周期调节,进而与乳腺癌发展及侵袭转移相关.     

Rho guanine dissociation inhibitors: pivotal molecules in cellular signalling.

The small G proteins of the Ras family act as bimodal relays in the transfer of intracellular signals. This is a dynamic phenomenon involving a cascade of protein-protein interactions modulated by chemical modifications, structural rearrangements and intracellular relocalisations. Most of the small G proteins could be operationally defined as proteins having two conformational states, each of which interacts with different cellular partners. These two states are determined by the nature of the bound nucleotide, GDP or GTP. This capacity to cycle between a GDP-bound conformation and a GTP-bound conformation enables them to filter, to amplify or to temporise the upstream signals that they receive. Thus the control of this cycle is crucial. Membrane anchoring of the proteins in the Ras family is a prerequisite for their activity. Most of the proteins in the Rho/Rac and Rab subfamilies of Ras proteins cycle between cytosol and membranes. Then the control of membrane association/dissociation is an other important regulation level. This review will describe one family of crucial regulators acting on proteins in the Rho/Rac family-the Rho guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors, or RhoGDIs. As yet, only three RhoGDIs have been described: RhoGDI-1, RhoGDI-2 (or D4/Ly-GDI) and RhoGDI-3. RhoGDI 1 and 2 are cytosolic and participate in the regulation of both the GDP/GTP cycle and the membrane association/dissociation cycle of Rho/Rac proteins. The non-cytosolic RhoGDI-3 seems to act in a slightly different way.     

The role of Mg2+ cofactor in the guanine nucleotide exchange and GTP hydrolysis reactions of Rho family GTP-binding proteins

The biological activities of Rho family GTPases are controlled by their guanine nucleotide binding states in cells. Here we have investigated the role of Mg(2+) cofactor in the guanine nucleotide binding and hydrolysis processes of the Rho family members, Cdc42, Rac1, and RhoA. Differing from Ras and Rab proteins, which require Mg(2+) for GDP and GTP binding, the Rho GTPases bind the nucleotides in the presence or absence of Mg(2+) similarly, with dissociation constants in the submicromolar concentration. The presence of Mg(2+), however, resulted in a marked decrease in the intrinsic dissociation rates of the nucleotides. The catalytic activity of the guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) appeared to be negatively regulated by free Mg(2+), and GEF binding to Rho GTPase resulted in a 10-fold decrease in affinity for Mg(2+), suggesting that one role of GEF is to displace bound Mg(2+) from the Rho proteins. The GDP dissociation rates of the GTPases could be further stimulated by GEF upon removal of bound Mg(2+), indicating that the GEF-catalyzed nucleotide exchange involves a Mg(2+)-independent as well as a Mg(2+)-dependent mechanism. Although Mg(2+) is not absolutely required for GTP hydrolysis by the Rho GTPases, the divalent ion apparently participates in the GTPase reaction, since the intrinsic GTP hydrolysis rates were enhanced 4-10-fold upon binding to Mg(2+), and k(cat) values of the Rho GTPase-activating protein (RhoGAP)-catalyzed reactions were significantly increased when Mg(2+) was present. Furthermore, the p50RhoGAP specificity for Cdc42 was lost in the absence of Mg(2+) cofactor. These studies directly demonstrate a role of Mg(2+) in regulating the kinetics of nucleotide binding and hydrolysis and in the GEF- and GAP-catalyzed reactions of Rho family GTPases. The results suggest that GEF facilitates nucleotide exchange by destabilizing both bound nucleotide and Mg(2+), whereas RhoGAP utilizes the Mg(2+) cofactor to achieve high catalytic efficiency and specificity.     

Rom1p and Rom2p are GDP/GTP exchange proteins (GEPs) for the Rho1p small GTP binding protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The RHO1 gene encodes a homolog of the mammalian RhoA small GTP binding protein in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Rho1p is localized at the growth site and is required for bud formation. Multicopy suppressors of a temperature-sensitive, dominant negative mutant allele of RHO1, RHO1(G22S, D125N), were isolated and named ROM (RHO1 multicopy suppressor). Rom1p and Rom2p were found to contain a DH (Dbl homologous) domain and a PH (pleckstrin homologous) domain, both of which are conserved among the GDP/GTP exchange proteins (GEPs) for the Rho family small GTP binding proteins. Disruption of ROM2 resulted in a temperature-sensitive growth phenotype, whereas disruption of both ROM1 and ROM2 resulted in lethality. The phenotypes of deltarom1deltarom2 cells were similar to those of deltarho1 cells, including growth arrest with a small bud and cell lysis. Moreover, the temperature-sensitive growth phenotype of deltarom2 was suppressed by overexpression of RHO1 or RHO2, but not of CDC42. The glutathione-S-transferase (GST) fusion protein containing the DH domain of Rom2p showed the lipid-modified Rholp-specific GDP/GTP exchange activity which was sensitive to Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor. These results indicate that Rom1p and Rom2p are GEPs that activate Rho1p in S.cerevisiae.     

Uncoupling of inhibitory and shuttling functions of rho GDP dissociation inhibitors

Rho GDP dissociation inhibitors (rhoGDIs) are postulated to regulate the activity of small G proteins of the Rho family by a shuttling process involving the extraction of Rho from donor membranes, the formation of the inhibitory cytosolic Rho/rhoGDI complexes, and delivery of Rho to target membranes. However, the role of rhoGDIs in site-specific membrane targeting or extraction of Rho is still poorly understood. Here we investigated the molecular functions of two rhoGDIs, the specific rhoGDI-3 and the less specific but well studied rhoGDI-1, in HeLa cells using structure-based mutagenesis of the rhoGDI protein. We identified two sites in rhoGDI, which form conserved interactions with their Rho target, whose mutation results in the uncoupling of inhibitory and shuttling functions of rhoGDIs: D66GDI-3 (equivalent to D45GDI-1), a conserved residue in the helix-loop-helixGDI/switch 1Rho interface, and D206GDI-3 (equivalent to D185GDI-1) in the beta-sandwichGDI/switch 2Rho interface. Mutations of both sites result in the loss of rhoGDI-3 or rhoGDI-1 inhibitory activity but not of their ability to form cytosolic complexes with RhoG or Cdc42 in vivo. Remarkably, the mutants were detected at Rho-induced membrane ruffles or protrusions where they co-localized with RhoG or Cdc42, likely identifying for the first time the site of extraction of a Rho protein by a rhoGDI in vivo. We propose that these mutations act by modifying the steady-state kinetics of the shuttling process regulated by rhoGDIs, such that transient steps at the cell membranes now become detectable. They should provide valuable tools for future investigations of the dynamics of membrane extraction or delivery of Rho proteins and their regulation by cellular partners.     

Mechanism of nucleotide release from Rho by the GDP dissociation stimulator protein

Guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator (GDS) promotes the release of tightly bound GDP from various Ras superfamily proteins, including RhoA, Rac1, K-Ras, Rap1A, and Rap1B. It displays no significant sequence homology to other known exchange factors for small G-proteins. Studies are reported here of the mechanism of GDS-mediated nucleotide release from RhoA using a combination of equilibrium and stopped-flow kinetic measurements, employing fluorescent N-methylanthraniloyl (mant) derivatives of GDP and 2'-deoxyGDP. It is proposed that GDS operates by an associative displacement mechanism where stimulated nucleotide release from the Rho.mantGDP complex occurs via a transiently populated ternary complex (Rho.GDS.mantGDP). In kinetic experiments where excess GDS was mixed with the Rho.mantGDP complex, stimulated mantGDP dissociation rates of 1 s(-)(1) were measured during a single turnover, representing a 5000-fold enhancement over the intrinsic rate of mantGDP dissociation from Rho. The stable, nucleotide-free binary complex Rho.GDS was isolated. When the Rho.GDS complex was mixed with excess mantGDP, a biphasic increase in fluorescence occurred, the observed rate constants of which both reached saturating values at high mantGDP concentrations. This is compelling evidence that an isomerization of the Rho.GDS.mantGDP ternary complex is an important feature of the mechanism of nucleotide release.     

Inhibition of Rho family GTPases by Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor disrupts cardiac morphogenesis and inhibits cardiomyocyte proliferation

Studies of Rho GTPases in Drosophila and Xenopus suggest that Rho family proteins may play an important role in embryogenesis. A reverse genetic approach was employed to explore the role of Rho GTPases in murine cardiac development. Cardiac-specific inhibition of Rho family protein activities was achieved by expressing Rho GDIalpha, a specific GDP dissociation inhibitor for Rho family proteins, using the alpha-myosin heavy chain promoter, active at embryonic day (E)8.0 during morphogenesis of the linear heart tube. RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42 activities were significantly inhibited, as shown by decreased membrane translocation of these proteins in the transgenic hearts. Transgenic F1 mice for each of two independent lines expressing the highest levels of the transgene, died around E10.5. Homozygotes of the middle copy-number lines, in which Rho GDIalpha expression was increased four-fold over normal levels, were also embryonic lethal. Cardiac morphogenesis in these embryos was disrupted, with incomplete looping, lack of chamber demarcation, hypocellularity and lack of trabeculation. Cell proliferation was inhibited in the transgenic hearts, as shown by immunostaining with anti-phosphohistone H3, a marker of mitosis. In addition, ventricular hypoplasia was associated with up-regulation of p21, an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases, and with down-regulation of cyclin A, while cell survival was not affected. These results reveal new biological functions for Rho family proteins as essential determinants of cell proliferation signals at looping and chamber maturation stages in mammalian cardiac development.