生物固定化技术及其应用研究进展

生物固定化技术具有小型高效、稳定性好、操作简便、易实现连续化、自动化控制等优点,在生物、医药、农业、食品、化工、能源开发、环境保护等方面得到了广泛应用.当前生物固定化的材料已由单一的酶发展到含酶菌体或菌体碎片.固定化方法主要包括载体结合法、交联法和包埋法,这些方法近年来都通过发展新型材料和技术得到了长足发展,生物固定化技术在有机污染物净化、土壤重金属污染修复、真菌毒素降解、生物能源开发等方面都取得了重要进展.今后应在开发固定化生物资源、提高固定化微生物活性、固定化机理和应用等方面加强研究.     

固定化技术在促进光合细菌产氢中的应用

氢气是一种新型的清洁高效能源,制氢技术的创新是目前研究的热点。将新型的技术及材料应用到生物制氢工艺中,从而促进生物制氢技术的产氢效率和工程应用是研究的重点之一。该文阐述了光合细菌在固定化生长条件下发酵产氢的最新研究进展,从固定化技术的原理、固定化方法的应用进展及影响因素几个方面进行了综述,详细阐述了包括包埋、悬浮载体附着生长及固定生物膜法等几种固定化方法对光发酵产氢的作用,介绍了国内外用于固定化的新型材料,并对今后的研究重点及方向进行了展望。     

多酶共固定化的研究进展

固定化酶技术是现代生物催化的核心技术。过去几十年里,固定化酶技术的研究主要集中在单酶固定化。近年来,多酶共固定化由于具有可增加反应的局部浓度、提高反应收率等优点而得到研究者的广泛关注。本文根据国内外研究现状并结合本实验研究从多酶非特异性共价共固定化、非特异性非共价共固定化、非共价包埋固定化以及位点特异性固定化四个方面阐述多酶固定化方法的研究进展,并分析和展望了其在工业上的应用前景。     

酵母细胞固定化实验拓展

就人教版高中生物学新课程标准选修——“酵母细胞的固定化”实验．从选择合适的包埋载体、凝胶形状,以及检测包埋效果如传质性能、蔗糖酶活性、连续发酵能力等方面进行拓展,为更好地理解细胞固定化技术在实际生产中的应用提供借鉴。     

脂肪酶的固定化新技术

脂肪酶已被广泛应用于有机相催化体系中的水解、酯化和转酯反应,其固定化技术是得以工业化应用的关键因素。简要介绍了最新发展的几种固定化技术即交联酶晶体、硅基质包埋、脂质包被、共价固定、ＣＬＡｓ固定化等方法。     

共固定化生物催化剂的制备及其应用

固定化酶和固定化细胞业已用于工业、化学分析、环境保护等领域。近年来建立的酶与微生物细胞(或二种微生物细胞)共固定化技术,进一步扩大了固定化生物催化剂的应用范围。本文就共固定化生物催化剂的制备方法及其在食品发酵工业中的应用作一概要介绍。     

固定化米根霉发酵制L-乳酸

采用海藻酸钙包埋法固定化米根霉（Ｒｈｉｚｏｐｕｓｏｒｙｚａｅ）,菌体在颗粒表面形成一层菌丝膜,有利于氧气和其它营养物质的传递;三相流化床生物反应器结构简单、动力消耗低、反应器内物质混合均匀、氧传递量大于固定化米根霉的需氧量,非常适合好氧的固定化米根霉发酵。利用它进行重复使用固定化米根霉的间歇发酵或连续发酵制备Ｌ 乳酸,整个过程一般可持续两周以上。固定化米根霉的产酸速率达１６～１８ｇ／Ｌ ｂｅａｄ．ｈｒ,得率为７０～８０％,反应器生产能力约为传统搅拌罐的３倍。采用海藻酸钙包埋法固定化米根霉在三相流化床生物反应器中进行发酵可以有效地提高Ｌ 乳酸的生产效率,具有良好的工业应用前景。     

聚乙烯醇包埋固定化微生物的研究及进展

对聚乙烯醇包埋固定化微生物的原理,固定化方法的改进以及固定化细胞的应用进行了综述,ＰＶＡ是一种廉价的包埋材料,具有实用价值。     

固定化生物催化剂技术新进展──联合固定化技术及其应用

本文介绍了联合固定化生物催化剂及其发展过程,综述了联合固定生物催化剂体系的应用,展望了联合固定化生物催化剂体系在发酵工业中的应用前景。     

包埋法固定微生物细胞技术的新进展

自六十年代固定化酶技术问世以来,固定化细胞技术随之迅速发展。到了七十年代,作为酶源的微生物菌体本身的固定化又引起人们极大兴趣,其研究和应用已涉及食品、化工、医药、环境保护等领域。目前,工业化生产上采用的固定化方法主要有两大类:吸附法和包埋法。微生物菌体的固定化一般采用包埋法。其优点是:(1)微生物菌体包埋在聚合物中不易漏出;(2)操作条件温和、对外界环境的缓冲作用大;(3)可防止微生物菌体的机械损伤,易于再生,产物分离提取容易。 载体的性能影响固定化细胞的机械强度、细胞活性、工作稳定性,因此,载体的选择及其制备方法一直     

固定化小球藻产氧及光合速率的研究

通过对固定化小球藻产氧及光合速率的研究,进一步解决水产养殖水体溶解氧不足的问题,为生物增氧技术投入使用奠定基础。固定化具有较高的生物量及生物活性,在研究中被广泛使用。运用固定化技术对固定化小球藻产氧及光合速率进行了研究,结果表明,固定化小球藻具有较好的生物量及生物活性,海藻酸钠+羧甲基纤维素钠+硅藻土作为固定化基质有利于小球藻的放氧,其最高放氧量介于第3-4天,对于1 L水体增氧的最适固定化小球藻体积为150 mL,固定化小球藻的光合速率明显高于游离态小球藻。固定化技术增加了小球藻生物量和生物活性,具有较好的生物增氧特性,是较好的生物增氧材料。     

Photopolymers as an immobilized matrix in biosensing

Biosensors are perspective devices for analysis of substances in chemistry, biological chemistry, medicine, biotechnology and also for environment status monitoring. Their advantages are compact size, short time of analysis, display high response and simplicity in usage. The working characteristics of biosensors often depend on efficacy of a biological stuff immobilization on the surface of transducer. In this context there is a need for development of immobilization methods capable to provide for execution of the following demands: 1) compatibility of this process with technology of building transducer; 2) simplicity in fulfillment, cheapness and expressness at manufacture of biomembranes; 3) ability to provide the maximal safety of a biological stuff activity and its high adhesion to a surface of transducer; 4) reproducibility at serial application and capacity of standardizing. Usage of photocrosslinked and photopolymerized compound at the immobilization of a biological stuff allows to provide execution of the listed above demands. The present review is devoted to features of application of the given class of compound at building of biosensors.     

Arraying prostate specific antigen PSA and Fab anti-PSA using light-assisted molecular immobilization technology

We here report for the first time the creation of prostate specific antigen (PSA) and Fab anti‐PSA biosensor arrays using UV light‐assisted molecular immobilization (LAMI), aiming at the detection and quantification of PSA, a cancer marker. The technology involves formation of free, reactive thiol groups upon UV excitation of protein aromatic residues located in spatial proximity of disulphide bridges, a conserved structural feature in both PSA and Fab molecules. The created thiol groups bind onto thiol reactive surfaces leading to oriented covalent protein immobilization. Protein activity was confirmed carrying out immunoassays: immobilized PSA was recognized by Fab anti‐PSA in solution and immobilized Fab anti‐PSA cross‐reacted with PSA in solution. LAMI technology proved successful in immobilizing biomedically relevant molecules while preserving their activity, highlighting that insight into how light interacts with biomolecules may lead to new biophotonic technologies. Our work focused on the application of our new engineering principles to the design, analysis, construction, and manipulation of biological systems, and on the discovery and application of new engineering principles inspired by the properties of biological systems.     

衣藻生物制氢的研究进展

综述了利用衣藻生产氢气作为再生能源的研究进展。分别介绍了衣藻产氢的代谢机理、培养条件、衣藻氢化酶的特性以及利用分子生物学手段、生物信息学手段和生物工程技术提高衣藻生物制氢效率的方法,包括氢化酶的氧耐受性的改造、外源氢化酶基因的表达、影响衣藻产氢的关键基因的筛选、利用缺硫培养基和固定化培养方法提高氢气产量等。最后,还对利用衣藻生物制氢的可行性和经济性进行了分析,对其发展方向提出自己的看法。     

Continuous flow method in soil microbiology

The continuous flow method, applied to the study of microbiological processes in soil samples, was used to study the biological immobilization of mineral forms of nitrogen and phosphorus. By means of this method, physical-chemical adsorption of mineral elements was differentiated from biological immobilization over a given period. Biological immobilization of nitrogen and phosphorus was related to the metabolic activity of the soil microflora. It was found that the amount of biological immobilization of nitrogen and phosphorus was closely associated with glucose decomposition. A correlation was found between the immobilization of nitrate nitrogen and carbon dioxide evolution during glucose decomposition and the amount of glucose utilized. The ratio of the amount of glucose carbon assimilated by the soil microflora to the amount of nitrogen immobilized depended on the C∶N ratio in the added solution.     

Current advances in biological production of propionic acid

Propionic acid and its derivatives are considered “Generally Recognized As Safe” food additives and are generally used as an anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory agent, herbicide, and artificial flavor in diverse industrial applications. It is produced via biological pathways using Propionibacterium and some anaerobic bacteria. However, its commercial chemical synthesis from the petroleum-based feedstock is the conventional production process bit results in some environmental issues. Novel biological approaches using microorganisms and renewable biomass have attracted considerable recent attention due to economic advantages as well as great adaptation with the green technology. This review provides a comprehensive overview of important biotechnological aspects of propionic acid production using recent technologies such as employment of co-culture, genetic and metabolic engineering, immobilization technique and efficient bioreactor systems.     

重金属污染土壤原位化学固定修复研究进展

重金属污染土壤原位化学固定修复是通过添加不同外源物质固定土壤中重金属元素,达到降低重金属迁移性和生物有效性的一种重要方法.由于操作方便和效果快速,使其在污染土壤治理过程中有着不可代替的作用,尤其对于耕作土壤中的面源污染.许多具有俘获土壤中重金属离子能力的自然物质和工业副产品如磷矿石、泥炭土、石灰和有机肥等都可用在实地的固定修复中.采用实验室评价和实地应用评价,一方面可以评估这些固定物质在土壤中对重金属离子的固定效率;另一方面可以评估重金属的溶出、释放和生物毒性等生态风险.本文对原位修复过程中采用的不同固定物质的来源和分类进行了概述,对化学固定过程的机理进行了探讨,同时阐述了重金属污染土壤化学固定修复应用过程中的实验室评价和实地应用评价方法,分析了化学固定修复的局限性并提出了今后的发展方向.     

碳纳米管固定化纤维素酶的最佳工艺研究

纤维素酶在环保、医药、食品等领域都具有广泛的应用前景,但由于纤维素酶的生产成本较高,生物活性较低,使得纤维素酶的应用受到了限制。为了寻找一种固定化纤维素酶的方法,使酶可以重复多次使用,首次以多壁碳纳米管为载体固定化纤维素酶,研究功能化的多壁碳纳米管固定化纤维素酶的固定化条件,采用正交试验对酶固定化中的主要条件进行优化,并通过傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对多壁碳纳米管（multiwalled carbon nanotube,MWCNTs）、纤维素酶及固定化纤维素酶的结构进行表征。结果表明,固定化纤维素酶的最佳工艺条件为：酶浓度5 mg·mL-1,温度40 ℃,pH 5.0,固定化时间3 h;通过傅里叶变换红外光谱证实纤维素酶成功固定到多壁碳纳米管上。     

Long-term biological hydrogen production by agar immobilized Rhodobacter capsulatus in a sequential batch photobioreactor

In this study, agar immobilization technique was employed for biological hydrogen production using Rhodobacter capsulatus DSM 1710 (wild type) and YO3 (hup-mutant) strains in sequential batch process. Different agar and glutamate concentrations were tested with defined nutrient medium. Agar concentration 4% (w/v) and 4 mM glutamate were selected for bacterial immobilization in terms of rate and longevity of hydrogen production. Acetate concentration was increased from 40 to 60—100 and 60 mM gave best results with both bacterial strains immobilized in 4% (w/v) agar. Cell concentration was increased from 2.5 to 5 mg dcw mL⁻¹ agar and it was found that increasing cell concentration of wild-type strain caused decrease in yield and productivity while these parameters improved by increasing cell concentration of mutant strain. Also, the hydrogen production time has extended from 17 days up to 60 days according to the process conditions and parameters. Hydrogen production by immobilized photosynthetic bacteria is a convenient technology for hydrogen production as it enables to produce hydrogen with high organic acid concentrations comparing to suspended cultures. Besides, immobilization increases the stability of the system and allowed sequential batch operation for long-term application.