高寒生态脆弱区气候变化对农户生计的脆弱性影响评价——以甘南高原为例

气候变化是21世纪人类面临的最严峻挑战之一,加剧了许多国家和地区的脆弱性,对以自然资源为生计基础的农业人口的影响尤为显著。明确气候变化对农户生计脆弱性的影响,对于制定有效的气候变化适应政策,增强农户的气候变化适应能力,减轻农村贫困人口的生计脆弱性具有重要意义。本文以甘南高原为例,建立了气候变化对农户生计脆弱性影响评价指标体系,基于539份农户调查问卷,分析了气候变化对农户生计的影响,并利用多元线性回归模型分析了影响农户生计脆弱性的关键因素。结果表明:(1)气候变化对甘南高原不同类型农户生计的影响不同,其中,青年户主型农户生计的脆弱性最强,中年户主型农户生计的脆弱性最小;从低收入农户到高收入农户、从低教育水平农户到高教育水平农户、从纯农户到二兼户,其生计脆弱性趋于降低,但从低抚养比农户到高抚养比农户,其生计脆弱性趋于增大;(2)气候变化对甘南高原不同区域农户生计的影响存在差异,其中,纯牧区农户生计的脆弱性最强,农区农户生计脆弱性最小;(3)农户生计的脆弱性与农户的年龄和受教育水平、家庭人均收入水平、非农化水平及生计多样化水平呈负相关,与家庭抚养比呈正相关。最后,提出了减轻农户生计脆弱性的建议。     

干旱区内陆河流域农户生计对生态退化的脆弱性评价——以石羊河中下游为例

生态退化对干旱区内陆河流域农业人口的负面影响非常显著,当前急需评估农户生计对生态退化的脆弱性,识别脆弱群体及脆弱性成因,并依此寻求降低生计脆弱性的对策措施。以石羊河中下游为研究区,基于366户农户调查数据,分析了不同类型农户对生态退化的暴露度、敏感性及适应能力,评估了农户生计对生态退化的脆弱性,探明了影响农户生计对生态退化脆弱性的关键因素。结果表明:(1)高收入及高文化程度农户的适应能力强,暴露度与敏感性高,生计脆弱性较低;(2)从纯农户到非农户、从单一生计农户到多种生计农户,适应能力依次增强,暴露度与敏感性递减,生计脆弱性降低;(3)改善生态环境质量,提高农户的富裕水平、受教育程度及社会资本,促进生计转型能够显著降低农户生计对生态退化的脆弱性。最后,提出了减轻农户生计脆弱性的对策建议及未来需进一步关注的问题。     

多重压力下重点生态功能区农户生计脆弱性——以甘南黄河水源补给区为例

农户作为农村社会中最小的生计单元,面临着多重压力的冲击,这些压力不仅加剧了重点生态功能区农户的生计脆弱性,更威胁到该区生态服务功能的提升,当前亟需准确评估多重压力下农户的生计脆弱性,为制定可持续的生计政策提供借鉴。以甘南黄河水源补给区为例,利用入户调查数据,评估了多重压力下农户的生计脆弱性,分析了多重压力下农户生计脆弱性的形成过程。结果发现：（1）家人患病、子女学费开支高和自然灾害三种生计压力对甘南黄河水源补给区农户生计的影响最为剧烈,经济压力是该区农户面临最频繁的压力类型,但自然压力对该区农户的生计脆弱性影响最大;（2）经济示范区农户的生计敏感性最高,重点保护区农户的适应能力最低;（3）重点保护区农户的生计脆弱性最高,经济示范区次之,恢复治理区最低,自然压力冲击下农户的生计脆弱性最高;（4）不同类型的生计压力影响农户生计脆弱性的路径不同,自然压力通过影响自然资源依赖度与自然资本、社会压力通过影响饮水条件与社会资本、经济压力通过影响家庭抚养比与金融资本来影响生计脆弱性,生计压力之间的交互作用会增强农户的生计脆弱性。     

陕北黄土高原贫困农户生计策略对生计资本的敏感性——以佳县为例

陕北黄土高原自然环境严峻,是我国农村生活最贫困的地区之一,不同地理地貌村庄的贫困农户生计策略对生计资本的敏感性还缺乏相关的实证检验。基于佳县的调研数据,将样本划分为风沙区、丘陵沟壑区和土石山区三类村庄,在贫困户和非贫困户生计资本与生计策略对比分析基础上,结合二元logistic模型对贫困农户生计策略由纯农型向非农型转变的关键因素进行分析,研究发现：人力资本、金融资本和社会资本的增加对贫困农户非农型生计策略的选择有正向作用,而自然资本、物质资本的增加对非农型生计策略的选择有负向作用。风沙区和丘陵沟壑区的结果与总样本相似,土石山区贫困农户自然资本越丰富反而越倾向于选择非农型生计策略。不同类型村庄生计策略存在显著差异,不调整生计策略的贫困农户未来仍有70％选择扩大农业、林业生产。在进行可持续生计策略调整时,个体经营和外地打工是他们主要选择的方式,自然灾害和红枣市场不景气是他们未来愿意选择生计多元化的主因。     

黄河流域旱塬区农户生计脆弱性及影响因素

黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展成为事关中华民族伟大复兴的千秋大计。人地系统协调与农业农村高质量发展是黄河流域高质量发展的重要内容,也是实施城乡融合与乡村振兴战略的内涵所在。而在气候多变、水旱灾害异常的背景下,依赖农业为生的黄河流域旱塬区农户生计面临着不可持续的威胁。当前亟需评估基于等级差异的农户生计脆弱性影响因素,建立农户的可持续生计,为巩固脱贫攻坚成果、解决相对贫困提供借鉴。以黄河流域旱塬区的渭北旱塬为例,在综合评价农户生计脆弱性指数的基础上对农户的生计脆弱性等级进行排序,使用有序logistic回归分析了影响农户生计脆弱性的关键因素,并进一步使用夏普利值进行分解。结果发现：(1)非农户和一兼户占了研究样本的大多数,从脆弱性的三个维度来看,纯农户的暴露水平最高,敏感性最低,非农户的适应能力最高;(2)回归结果表明,耕地数量、耕地质量、房屋结构、家庭固定资产数量、村民信任、整体健康状况影响显著;(3)夏普利值分解发现,生计资本的排序为：物质资本>人力资本>社会资本>自然资本,各类资本的组成成分中,家庭固定资产数量的贡献度最高,整体健康状况次之,村民信任、耕地质量、房屋结...     

内蒙古草地质量对牧户生计脆弱性的影响评价

草地是重要的陆地生态系统,也是我国主要的畜牧业资源之一。随着草地退化日益严重,草地生态环境遭到破坏,草地可持续发展受到严重影响,对牧区牧民带来巨大的生计压力。系统分析草地质量对牧户生计的影响,对于制定有效的草地修复政策,增强牧户的草地退化适应能力,减轻牧区贫困人口的生计脆弱性具有重要意义。本文选取内蒙古典型草原区作为研究区,利用2017年和2019年野外采样数据及2021年牧户访谈数据,构建了牧户生计脆弱性评价指标体系,分析了草地质量对牧户生计脆弱性的影响,并探究了影响牧户生计脆弱性的关键因素。结果表明：内蒙古典型草原区纯牧户、牧兼户和非牧户的草场面积、人均收入差异不大,纯牧户、牧兼户的家庭劳动力较丰富,非牧户家庭劳动力较少;纯牧户、非牧户的生计脆弱性较高,牧兼户的生计脆弱性较低;草地质量是纯牧户生计脆弱性的关键影响因素,修复草地生态环境能够降低牧户生计脆弱性;发展以牧业为主的多样化生计、提高牧户家庭的健康水平和信贷资本,均有利于降低牧户生计脆弱性。     

基于参与式方法的农牧户生计现状评估——以内蒙古太仆寺旗为例

运用参与式方法调查了内蒙古农牧交错区太仆寺旗不同类型农牧户的生计现状,分析了不同类型农牧户的生计策略、制约因素和提高途径.结果表明:纯农型家庭规模小,年龄结构偏大,整体文化水平低,生计策略单一,脆弱性和风险较大,引入非农生产活动是降低生计风险和提高生活水平的重要途径;纯牧型家庭以放牧为主要谋生方式,草场脆弱性对其生产活动影响很大,发展环境友好型高产农牧业是解决生计问题和环境问题的有效途径;农业兼业型和牧业兼业型家庭规模大,年龄结构轻,劳动力分工多样化,从事非农活动的比例较大,生活水平较好,尤以牧业兼业型家庭收入更高.     

钱江源国家公园体制试点区农户生计资本评价及其空间特征

本研究以钱江源国家公园体制试点区(以下简称为钱江源国家公园)为例, 基于可持续生计分析框架, 构建农户生计资本评价指标体系, 运用熵权法、聚类分析和空间自相关分析, 开展钱江源国家公园农户生计资本评价, 并对其空间分布和集聚特征进行分析。结果表明: (1)不同农户类型的生计资本均值呈现非农户 > 兼业户 > 纯农户, 非农户的人力资本、社会资本和物质资本远高于兼业户和纯农户; (2)不同农户类型资产等级划分差异显著, 纯农户的中低资产较多, 非农户的高资产较多, 生计资本与生计活动类型密切相关; (3)农户生计资本总量在空间上呈现由西南向东北递增的趋势, 何田乡生计资本较为均衡, 齐溪镇、长虹乡和苏庄镇的生计资本搭配不合理; (4)不同功能区农户生计资本分布与功能定位和管理强度相关; (5)自然资本呈现显著空间自相关性, 其余资本及总量空间自相关性不显著。最后, 为改善钱江源国家公园农户生计状况提出了相关建议。     

高寒生态脆弱区农户对气候变化的适应需求——以甘南高原为例

气候变化对以自然资源为生计基础的农业人口的影响尤为显著。明确农户对气候变化的适应需求,对于制定有效的气候变化适应政策、增强农户的气候变化适应能力非常重要。基于500份农户调查问卷,分析了甘南高原不同区域和不同生计方式农户对气候变化的适应需求,并利用二元logistic回归模型分析了影响农户适应需求的关键因素。结果表明:(1)在适应气候变化过程中,甘南高原农户对基础设施的需求最强烈,对信息和生产技术的需求次之;(2)不同区域农户对气候变化的适应需求存在差异。其中,纯牧区农户和农区农户对基础设施的需求均最强烈,半农半牧区农户对信息的需求最强烈;(3)不同生计方式农户对气候变化的适应需求也存在差异。其中,纯农户对信贷保险的需求最强烈,一兼户和二兼户均对基础设施的需求最强烈;(4)自然资本和物质资本是影响农户对生产技术需求的关键因素,自然资本和人力资本是影响农户对信息需求的关键因素,人力资本和金融资本是影响农户对基础设施需求的关键因素,自然资本、人力资本、金融资本、物质资本和社会资本均是影响农户对信贷保险需求的关键因素。提出了提升农户适应气候变化能力的政策建议。     

区域生态合作机制下的可持续农户生计研究——以"稻改旱"项目为例

世界各国在协调生态保护和经济发展的过程中,常常面临着制度和管理问题,区域合作机制为解决这些难题提供了长效思路.京冀两地的“稻改旱”项目是区域合作机制下的一项有益尝试,农户生计的提升则是此项目成功的关键.基于可持续生计分析框架,对密云水库上游的农户生计进行了详细调查,对参加“稻改旱”项目的农户和未参加该项目的农户生计进行了比较分析.结果表明,“稻改旱”项目显著改变了当地农户的生计资本、生计行为和生计后果.参加“稻改旱”项目的农户拥有较多的生产性物质资本和社会资本,减少了种植业和养殖业种类,减少了碳酸氢铵使用量;增加了工资性劳动供给,“稻改旱”项目对农户的总体收入水平有着显著的正向作用.调查显示,农户普遍支持“稻改旱”项目和区域合作的长期继续进行.研究也为提升区域合作和构建可持续生计提出了建议.     

西南地区少数民族传统生计变迁与农户生计安全

少数民族农户生计及其安全对于民族地区的生态建设、区域发展和文化保护有着重要意义。在总结中国西南地区少数民族传统生计及其特点、传统生计变迁及其主要驱动力的基础上,主要从环境行为/生态后果、文化适应两方面分析了生计变迁的影响。资源配置家庭化是少数民族生计变迁后的一个显著特点,因此对于农户生计的研究应受到重视。当前针对农户生计的研究主要围绕可持续生计分析框架和农户生计安全而开展。农户生计安全是农村社会可持续发展的微观基础,与可持续生计密切相关。在考虑西南地区生态安全的背景下,生态脆弱性和生计后果是相关研究需要重点关注的内容,而针对少数民族生计的研究还需要突出民族文化的特点和作用。民族文化资本化是保护民族文化、发展民族地区经济的有效途径,将民族文化作为生计资本并纳入可持续生计分析框架将是对西南少数民族生计研究的有效补充。     

Assessment of sustainable livelihoods of different farmers in hilly red soil erosion areas of southern China

Livelihood vulnerability in environmentally fragile areas is emerging as a key issue due to its positive feedback to environmental degradation. Assessment of sustainable livelihoods is a crucial prerequisite for targeting interventions. However, aggregated analysis usually obtained ambiguous conclusions because they ignored the heterogeneity of rural households. Here, we evaluated the livelihood sustainability of different rural households by constructing an improved Livelihood Sustainability Index (LSI) in hilly red soil erosion areas of southern China. Changting County was selected as the study case by virtue of its unique representativeness in soil erosion and poverty. The results showed that livelihood sustainability among rural households was far from equivalent. Different from previous studies, higher nonfarm income share was not always consistent with higher extent of livelihood sustainability. Besides nonfarm employment, agricultural specialization could be another viable pathway to attain sustainable livelihoods. We also found that intergenerational sustainability was one primary cause for long-term livelihood differentiation of rural households. The poor education in rural areas would aggravate livelihood vulnerability of the poor and threaten the sustainable livelihoods of specialized agricultural households. Policy implications include further investment in rural infrastructure, irrigation and drainage, and stimulus for land transfer and concentration to facilitate agrarian specialization; enhancing investment in rural education to improve intergenerational sustainability; as well as targeting of the most vulnerable households, for example, promoting development of social insurance, social relief, and medical services for orphans and widows.     

Comparison of Genetic Variants in Cancer-Related Genes between Chinese Hui and Han Populations

Background

The Chinese Hui population, as the second largest minority ethnic group in China, may have a different genetic background from Han people because of its unique demographic history. In this study, we aimed to identify genetic differences between Han and Hui Chinese from the Ningxia region of China by comparing eighteen single nucleotide polymorphisms in cancer-related genes.

Methods

DNA samples were collected from 99 Hui and 145 Han people from the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in China, and SNPs were detected using an improved multiplex ligase detection reaction method. Genotyping data from six 1000 Genomes Project population samples (99 Utah residents with northern and western European ancestry (CEU), 107 Toscani in Italy (TSI), 108 Yoruba in Ibadan (YRI), 61 of African ancestry in the southwestern US (ASW), 103 Han Chinese in Beijing (CHB), and 104 Japanese in Tokyo (JPT)) were also included in this study. Differences in the distribution of alleles among the populations were assessed using χ² tests, and F_ST was used to measure the degree of population differentiation.

Results

We found that the genetic diversity of many SNPs in cancer-related genes in the Hui Chinese in Ningxia was different from that in the Han Chinese in Ningxia. For example, the allele frequencies of four SNPs (rs13361707, rs2274223, rs465498, and rs753955) showed different genetic distributions (p<0.05) between Chinese Ningxia Han and Chinese Ningxia Hui. Five SNPs (rs730506, rs13361707, rs2274223, rs465498 and rs753955) had different F_ST values (F_ST >0.000) between the Hui and Han populations.

Conclusions

These results suggest that some SNPs associated with cancer-related genes vary among different Chinese ethnic groups. We suggest that population differences should be carefully considered in evaluating cancer risk and prognosis as well as the efficacy of cancer therapy.     

Hui family migration in Northwest China: patterns,experiences and social capital

Based on an extensive questionnaire survey in three cities in Northwest China, this article identifies the factors influencing the sole, couple and family migration of Han and Hui. We find that Han migrants are more utility-oriented and tend to circulate among different places in order to maximize their utility. Hui migrants are more likely to seek opportunities to settle in destinations with their families. They rely on Hui communities and dedicate themselves to creating networks and accumulating social capital for their families. We suggest that the accumulation of bonding capital does not necessarily suggest the increase or decrease of bridging capital. Moreover, the ethnic community should be regarded neither in negative nor positive terms but rather as a coin with two sides, pro and con. The ethnic community is a vessel, which migrants can use for minimizing risks, improving livelihoods and fostering the settlement of families.     

Other Dark Sides of Resilience: Politics and Power in Community-Based Efforts to Strengthen Resilience

ABSTRACT

Oceanic people and places are increasingly labelled as either ‘resilient’ or ‘vulnerable’ to disasters and climate change. Resilience is often described in disaster discourse as a strategy designed to overcome vulnerability by helping communities to ‘bounce back’ in the wake of ‘natural’ disasters. Using ethnographic research conducted with Community Disaster and Climate Change Committees (CDCs) in Vanuatu in the wake of Tropical Cyclone Pam, this paper seeks to problematise disaster responses that see the ‘community’ as a space to be acted upon by outsiders, or where people will respond in a unified way to the challenges of rebuilding after disaster. Using political ecology framings this paper critiques the ideas of resilience that appear entrenched in community-based disaster and climate change adaptation discourse and practice in Oceania. Rather than presupposing resilience or vulnerability, this paper details the dispersal and distribution power and agency amongst individual actors and groups that either supported or manipulated, the distribution of goods by Community Disaster Committees. In this way, it moves beyond the limitations of conceptual framings of resilience in disaster management and climate change into a more considered appraisal of power, by exploring what James Ferguson has termed ‘the politics of distribution’ in the context of disaster.     

中国宁夏下盾螨属一新种及轻绘下盾螨形态补充描述(蜱螨亚纲,厉螨科)

描述宁夏下盾螨属Hypoaspis Canestrini,1885 1新种,郭氏下盾螨Hypoaspis(Cosmolaelaps)guoi sp.nov.及轻绘下盾螨Hypoaspis(Cosmolaelaps)subpictus Guet Bai,1992的形态补充,标本均采自宁夏海原县红羊地区蚂蚁Myrmos sp.巢穴中,保存于军事医学科学院微生物流行病研究所医学昆虫标本馆。     

A Temporal Dimension of Household Vulnerability in Three Rural Communities in Lijiang,China

We examine the dynamics of household vulnerability during the past 30 years within three different social-ecological upland systems in Lijiang, Yunnan. Interviews were conducted to construct coupled human-environmental timelines to facilitate the understanding of livelihood dynamics in the context of more general changes that constitute both constraints and opportunities. The results indicate that significant livelihood changes including specialization, diversification and migration have been primarily driven by socio-political influences. Overall vulnerability of households has decreased differently across villages. Nevertheless, climate change is a concern as households perceive increasing temperature, declining precipitation and unpredictable extreme events. In the future, households’ vulnerability might increase since important components of current livelihoods remain climate sensitive. Moreover, environmentally destructive practices such as illegal logging might reinforce the negative impacts of climate change and thus undermine sustainable adaptation.     

Frequencies of ABO, Rh and Kell phenotypes in couples from Han, Kazak, Uyghur and Hui in Xinjiang: an inheritance simulation model for blood group incompatibility in new-born

The Xinjiang region with residents from more than 13 minorities represents an area of many diverse ethnicities. This ethnic diversity in relation to their blood groups and immune status may have a consequential impact on the clinical status of married couples. To evaluate the risks of haemolytic disease in new-born infants, we investigated the rate of blood-group incompatibility among 487 married couples from four ethnic minorities, namely the Han, Hui, Uyghur and Kazak populations. Han minority married couples showed significantly different ABO, Rh and K phenotype frequencies between marrial relationship, whereas there was no significant difference in ABO, Rh and K phenotypes between the Uyghur, Hui and Kazak .There was a significant difference between ABO blood types in Han married couples, in the Kazak Rh-C phenotype and in the Uyghur Rh-D phenotype. The Hui married couples only demonstrated ABO, Rh and K phenotypes. The Hui minority showed the highest incompatibility rate for Rh-C and Rh-E phenotypes between mothers and their new-born infants. The highest incompatibility rate for the ABO phenotype occurred in the Kazak group. These results particularly demonstrate the clinical issues relating to ABO and Rh incompatibility, in the Kazak and Hui minorities, respectively.