日本林蛙食性分析

本次调查是在贵州省绥阳县内进行,此区分布的日本林蛙系日本林娃指名亚种(及Ranajanponica janponica),属主要农田蛙类之一。过去国内曾有文章对青蛙、沼蛙、泽蛙和中华大蟾蜍的食性作过报道,但对于日本林蛙的食性分析报道较少。为了摸清日本林蛙的有益程度,提供对其进行人工驯养的理论依据以及保护措施,我们对212只日本林蛙的食物组成进行了解剖分析,现将结果分述如下。     

我国学者对亚洲蝮属蝮蛇分类研究的贡献

本文对我国学者对亚洲蝮属蝮蛇的分类学研究贡献,尤其是新物种的发现、描述及研究简史进行了总结。该属主要分布于亚洲,共计22种。蝮蛇是我国重要的传统中药材和现代生物医药资源,对其分类和生物学认识是资源开发和蛇伤治疗方面的基础。1979年以来,我国学者对我国该属的分类问题做了大量卓有成效的研究工作,在我国目前已知的16种亚洲蝮属蝮蛇中,有8个种和1个亚种为我国学者发现并描述,它们分别是蛇岛蝮(含指名亚种和千山亚种)、秦岭蝮、六盘山蝮、长岛蝮、庙岛蝮、红斑高山蝮、诺尔盖蝮和澜沧蝮。此外,近年来还进一步通过对西伯利亚蝮-中介蝮复合种的研究,发现我国北方一直被认为的中介蝮应该是西伯利亚蝮指名亚种、华北蝮和阿拉善蝮。最后,总结了我国分布的16种蝮蛇的名录和分布信息。     

从细胞色素b基因序列探讨我国林蛙属动物的系统发生关系

对中国林蛙属动物进行了DNA水平的分子系统发生研究,测定了中国林蛙属7种15个样品,侧褶蛙属2种2个样品Cyt b基因长约360bp片段的序列。对这些序列的系统发生分析表明：（1）中国林蛙甘肃种群与东北种群序列差异较大,但尚难根据序列差异来判断它们是不同的亚种还是不同的物种;（2）7种林蛙中,中国林蛙与黑龙江林蛙的亲缘关系最近,与桓仁林蛙最远;（3）支持将昭觉林蛙,镇海林蛙,峨眉林蛙和长肢林蛙归入日本林蛙种组Rana japonica group。     

环渤海区域林蛙资源及其保护

目的对环渤海区域进行物种多样性的调查研究,通过本研究为这一区域的林蛙保护提供科学依据。方法根据多年来的野外调查,结合已有研究进行分析评估。结果本区域分布林蛙有6种,其中黑龙江林蛙、徂徕林蛙和昆嵛林蛙分布区域狭窄,徂徕林蛙和昆嵛林蛙不仅是中国的特有种,也仅分布于本区域的山东省。林蛙作为重要的自然资源,药用价值巨大,养殖产业不断发展。随着养殖业的发展,林蛙保护问题日显突出。结论环渤海区域是中国林蛙属物种多样性最为丰富的地区,也是东北林蛙养殖的主要地区,应加强保护和合理开发利用。     

书讯

郑光美院士主编的《中国鸟类分类与分布名录》已于2005年5月由科学出版社出版。该书是作者继《世界鸟类分类与分布名录》后,收入“华夏英才基金学术文库”的又一部巨著,是一部研究中国鸟类分类系统以及种和种下分类与分布的专著。参考鸟类分类学研究的最新进展,全书共收录中国鸟类1331种（2260种及亚种）,隶属于24目、101科、429属。书中给出每个种的中文名和英文名,以及种和亚种的拉丁学名、分布区（包括动物地理亚区和省级行政区）。为便于国际交流,书中亦列出了分布区的英文名。本书还认真核定了中国特有种鸟类,列出71种中国特有鸟名录。书中附有参考文献以及拉丁学名、英文名和中文名索引,以及中国动物地理区划图和行政区划图,以便读者检索和查阅。     

中国东北地区林蛙属物种的分类学研究(两栖纲:蛙科)

用比较分类学方法和数值分类方法相配合,对我国东北产林蛙属物种多样性和原各命名物种的有效性及与中国林蛙的关系进行了探讨。结果认为：地方名为哈土螨的原中国林蛙的东北居群应属于我国蛙类的一新纪录东北林蛙Ｒ．ｄｙｂｏｗｓｋｉｉ,而Ｒ．ｓｅｍｉｐｌｉｃａｔａ和Ｒ．ｃｈｅｎｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ ｃｈａｎｇｂａｉｓｈａｎｅｎｓｉｓ（魏刚等,１９９１ａ）为该种的同物异名,重新界定了东北林蛙和中国林蛙的分布区,提出中国     

中国哺乳动物多样性

中国哺乳动物区系有鲜明的特色:有青藏高原分布的特有种属,有第三纪孑遗动物——大熊猫科和白鱀豚科,世界一半以上的鼠兔科动物为中国特有种,中国还是世界有蹄类最丰富的国家。新世纪以来,世界哺乳动物分类体系发生了变化,中国也发现一批哺乳动物新种和新记录种。因此,有必要对中国哺乳动物多样性名录进行及时更新和完善。我们在《中国生物多样性红色名录·哺乳动物卷》的编研中,对中国哺乳动物的目级阶元采用在系统发育基因组学已经取得一致意见的方案;在科及以下阶元以《中国哺乳动物种与亚种分类名录与分布大全》和Mammal Species of the World:A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference(第3版)的分类系统为基础,有蹄类的分类采用Ungulate Taxonomy分类系统;收集整理了中国(包括台湾地区)所有哺乳动物资料,增加了截至2015年3月31日学术期刊发表的中国哺乳动物新种和新记录种,通过会议评审和通讯评审,调整了一些物种的名称和分类地位,确定了《中国哺乳动物名录(2015)》。该名录收录了中国现有哺乳动物12目55科245属673种,其中,新种18种(包括11种最近发现的或利用分子生物学方法确定的、尚有争议的新种)、新记录种18种、60个亚种提升为种。根据研究结果和专家意见,剔除了52种哺乳动物。此外,中国分类学家对新版名录中的20种啮类(Glires)的分类地位持不同意见,这些种类需要进一步研究。以《中国哺乳动物名录(2015)》收录的中国哺乳动物种数与其他国家比较,中国哺乳动物种数超过IUCN(2014)报道的世界哺乳动物排序第一的印度尼西亚(670种)。中国有150种特有哺乳动物,特有种比例为22.3%。兔形目特有种比例达43%,鼠兔科特有种比例更高达52%。劳亚食虫目的特有种比例为35%。中国灵长目、啮齿目和翼手目特有种比例约占各目总种数的1/5,翼手目特有种包括近十年发表、模式产地为中国的12个蝙蝠新种。《中国哺乳动物名录(2015)》为生物多样性研究与保护提供了最新的本底资料。     

中国母草科植物分类及地理分布

对国内外关于母草科(Linderniaceae Borsch,Kai Müller&Eberhard Fischer)系统分类学的研究进展进行了综述,整理和总结了中国母草科植物的分类学变动情况。通过收集中国数字植物标本馆、中国国家标本资源平台、《中国植物志》、Flora of China及《中国生物物种名录》物种分布信息,分析了中国母草科植物的分布格局。结果表明,母草科主要由传统玄参科母草族、腭母草族的类群及原苦苣苔科的侧母草属所构成,共22属220余种,中国分布有8属43种,其中15种为中国特有种。在中国,广西与广东分布的母草科植物最为丰富,新疆、青海和宁夏无母草科植物分布。研究更正了中国母草科植物属的范围及地理分布,以期为母草科植物未来的分类学与生物多样性研究提供参考。     

中国产泽蛙的染色体组型

关于无尾两栖类染色体组型的研究,国外 已有不少报道〔5.87,但国内仅报道了金线蛙、中 华大蟾赊、我国北方狭口蛙、北京产中国林 蛙[i,al滇蛙、牛蛙、昭觉林蛙及华西雨蛙[37等少 数几种。Kuromoto[6,曾分析了日本产泽蛙4个 不同亚种的染色体组型,而中国产泽蛙的染色 体组型至今未见报道,为此,我们分析了中国产 泽蛙的染色体组型。     

江西木兰科植物的初步整理

通过野外采集及标本的整理鉴定, 确认江西产木兰科植物7 属22 种1 亚种, 其中3 种为江西特有种, 5 种为江西地理新分布。对各分类群进行了分类检索, 记载了其地理分布, 并列出凭证标本。     

Reproductive isolating mechanisms and molecular phylogenetic relationships among Palearctic and Oriental brown frogs

Crossing experiments were made among various brown frog species and populations collected from Japan, China, Russia and Taiwan. The main purpose of these experiments was to confirm the existence of reproductive isolating mechanisms among Rana pirica from Japan, R. chensinensis from China and R. chensinensis from Russia, and between these three taxa and the other brown frogs distributed in the Palearctic and Oriental regions. It was found that there was no or a slight gametic isolation among the three taxa. While there was a nearly equal number of male and female offspring in the control groups, the hybrid frogs were all males, and completely sterile upon attaining sexual maturity. Thus, each of the Japanese R. pirica and the Russian R. chensinensis is a valid species, distinct from the Chinese R. chensinensis. The phylogenetic tree based on nucleotide sequence data from the mitochondrial 12S and 16S rRNA genes of the Palearctic and Oriental brown frogs showed that the three taxa are included in a cluster together with the other species with 2n=24 chromosomes. The present crossing experiments and molecular data support the hypothesis that each of them is a separate but closely related species.     

Genetic relationships among Korean brown frog species (Anura,Ranidae), with special reference to evolutionary divergences between two allied species Rana dybowskii and R. huanrenensis

Allozyme analysis for 41 populations of brown frog species, Rana dybowskii, R. huanrenensis, and R. amurensis from Korea and three reference species (Chinese R. chensinensis and Japanese R. dybowskii and R. tsushimensis), were performed to clarify taxonomic status of Korean brown frogs. The level of average genetic differentiation (Nei's D) among local populations of each species in Korea was very low (D<0.01 2) and Korean and Japanese R. dybowskii also showed conspecific level of differentiation (D=0.070). Whereas, much larger, discrete genetic differences were detected in the interspecific comparisons (D>0.370). In the genetic relationships among five species examined, the 24 chromosome brown frogs (R. dybowskii, R. huanrenensis, and R. chensinensis) did not form a monophyletic group. Rana dybowskii with the chromosome number of 2n=24 was grouped together with R. amurensis with the chromosome number of 2n=26. The hypothesis of reversal change from 24 to 26 in Korean R. amurensis seems to better explain the phylogenetic relationships of east Asian brown frogs than the assumption of parallel reduction in chromosome number from 2n=26 to 24 in R. dybowskii and in the common ancestor of R. huanrenensis and R. chensinensis. The genetic, morphological, and reproductive divergences between Korean R. dybowskii and R. huanrenensis were compared.     

补偿生长对中国林蛙肝脏生化组成的影响

在室内环境条件下研究了不同饥饿程度和再投喂后中国林蛙肝脏中蛋白质、糖原和脂肪含量的变化,并对中国林蛙在补偿生长过程中能量来源的变化进行了分析.结果 表明,饥饿状态下,中国林蛙的能量消耗主要来源于肝糖原,其次是蛋白质,即饥饿时中国林蛙首先动用糖原和蛋白质提供能量.     

内蒙古扎兰屯地区发现中国林蛙（无尾目：蛙科）

2016年4月,采集内蒙古呼伦贝尔市扎兰屯地区的林蛙,经形态学(形态描述、体型大小)和分子生物学鉴定,确定该物种为中国林蛙(Rana chensinensis)。研究结果重新证实了中国林蛙在内蒙古呼伦贝尔地区的分布,扩展了对中国林蛙分布范围的认识。     

中国林蛙皮肤抗菌肽基因的cDNA克隆及抗菌、抗癌和溶血活性的测定

采用RT-PCR和3￠RACE方法, 从中国林蛙皮肤总RNA中克隆出了6条编码不同抗菌肽前体的cDNA序列, 分别命名为: preprotemporin-1CEa、preprotemporin-1CEb、preprotemporin-1CEc、preprobrevinin-1CEa、preprobrevinin-1CEb和preprochensinin-1。cDNA碱基序列全长为289~315 bp, 编码59~65个氨基酸。6个抗菌肽前体由3部分结构域组成: 22个氨基酸残基组成的信号肽、多个酸性氨基酸残基组成的中间序列、高度变异的成熟肽。preprotemporin-1CEa、preprotemporin-1CEb和preprotemporin-1CEc属于temporin-1家族抗菌肽前体, 具有肽链短, C-端酰胺化的特点; preprobrevinin-1CEb和preprobrevinin-1CEa属于brevinin-1家族抗菌肽前体, 在肽链的C-端含有RANA盒结构, 可在2个半胱氨酸残基间形成二硫键, 组成7肽环; preprochensinin-1在已知多种数据库中没有发现序列同源的多肽, 被鉴定为新抗菌肽。人工合成temporin-1CEa、temporin-1CEb、brevinin-1CEa和chensinin-1四种中国林蛙皮肤抗菌肽, 活性检测结果表明: 它们对金黄葡萄球菌等3种革兰氏阳性细菌的生长具有明显抑制作用, 同时抑制乳腺癌MCF-7细胞和宫颈癌HeLa细胞生长。     

Phylogenetic relationships of the Chinese brown frogs (genus Rana) inferred from partial mitochondrial 12S and 16S rRNA gene sequences

Based on partial sequences of the 12S and 16S ribosomal RNA genes, we estimated phylogenetic relationships among brown frogs of the Rana temporaria group from China. From the phylogenetic trees obtained, we propose to include Rana zhengi in the brown frogs. Monophyly of the brown frogs was not unambiguously supported, but four well-supported clades (A, B, C, and D) always emerged, although relationships among them remained unresolved. Clade A contained brown frogs with 24 chromosomes and was split into two distinct subclades (Subclade A-1: R. chensinensis and R. huanrenensis; Subclade A-2: R. dybowskii). Polytomous relationships among populations of R. chensinensis and R. huanrenensis suggested the necessity of further taxonomic assessment. Rana kunyuensis proved to be the sister group to R. amurensis, and these two species formed Clade B. Clade C was composed of R. omeimontis and R. chaochiaoensis, and Clade D included R. sauteri, which has been placed in other ranid genera. These relationships did not change after adding published data, and monophyly of Subclade A-1, A-2, and other East Asian brown frogs with 24 chromosomes (R. pirica and R. ornativentris) was ascertained, though their relationships were unresolved. Clade C, together with R. japonica and R. longicrus, also formed a monophyletic group. Brown frogs related to Clades A and C were estimated to have dispersed from continental Asia to adjacent regions through multiple events.     

林蛙在中国的分布

作者收集有关我国林蛙分布的资料绘制了林蛙分布图,其中图1标明了主要分布于中国北方的中国林蛙种绀（Rana chensinensis species-group）和黑龙江林蛙种组（R．amurensis species-group）的分布,图2标明出了在亲缘关系上与日本林蛙很相近（R．jaonica）的分布于南方的长肢林蛙种组（R．longicrus species-group）的分布,图3重点标明了环渤海区域已知6种林蛙的分布。最后,作者提出环渤海区域是林蛙重要的分布中心,并对镇海林蛙（R．zhenhaiensis）和中国林蛙（R．chensinensis）的一些可疑或有争议的分布问题进行了简要讨论。     

Molecular cloning of novel antimicrobial peptide genes from the skin of the Chinese brown frog, Rana chensinensis

One species of the Chinese brown frog, Rana chensinensis, is widely distributed in north-central China. In this study, a cDNA library was constructed to clone the antimicrobial peptides' genes from the skin of R. chensinensis. Twenty-three prepropeptide cDNA sequences encoding twelve novel mature antimicrobial peptides were isolated and characterized. Six peptides belonged to three known families previously identified from other Ranid frogs: temporin (4 peptides), brevinin-2 (1 peptide), and palustrin-2 (1 peptide). The other six peptides showed little similarity to known antimicrobial peptides. According to the amino acid sequences, with or without α-helix structure, and either hydrophilic or hydrophobic, these were organized into four new families: chensinin-1 (3 peptides), chensinin-2 (1 peptide), chensinin-3 (1 peptide), and chensinin-4 (1 peptide). Five peptides from different families were chemically synthesized, and their antimicrobial, cytolytic, and hemolytic activities were evaluated. Of these, brevinin-2CE showed strongest antimicrobial activities against both the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with a slight hemolysis. Temporin-1CEe and palustrin-2CE also displayed a slight hemolysis, but they had different activities to prokaryotic cells. Temporin-1CEe showed higher antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria, whereas it was contrary to palustrin-2CE. Chensinin-1 CEb and chensinin-3CE only had moderate antimicrobial activity against microorganisms. In addition, the brevinin-2 peptides from different brown frogs were analyzed to reveal the taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of R. chensinensis.