缺镁胁迫对纽荷尔脐橙叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以1年生枳砧纽荷尔脐橙为材料,测定不同叶龄叶片相对叶绿素含量和荧光参数,研究缺镁胁迫对叶片叶绿素合成与荧光特性的影响.结果显示,随着叶位的升高,低镁组和无镁组秋梢叶片(老叶)的相对叶绿素含量、Fυ/Fm呈明显增加趋势,而春梢叶片(新叶)的相对叶绿素含量、F,/Fm差异不显著;随着缺镁胁迫程度的增大,叶片相对叶绿素含量、Fυ／Fm、光响应能力(△Fυ/ Fm、qP和rETR)均呈降低趋势,而非光化学淬灭(qN)呈升高趋势,低镁组老叶、新叶及无镁组新叶与对照差异不显著(P＞0.05),而无镁组老叶与对照差异显著(P＜0.05).表明,缺镁胁迫严重时不仅会导致纽荷尔脐橙老叶光合能力降低,也会导致其新叶光合能力降低;短期缺镁胁迫对老叶光合能力的影响显著大于新叶,而且这种差异随着缺镁程度的增大而呈增大趋势.因此,在夏季高光照条件下缺镁纽荷尔脐橙老叶易发生光抑制,缺镁严重时甚至会产生光伤害,导致叶片早衰.     

湖南地区塔罗科血橙花青素苷含量研究初报

为了解湖南地区塔罗科血橙Citrus sinensis ‘Tarocco’花青素苷的合成时期和相对含量,通过调查选择合适的采样点,在开花后100 d起每隔30 d采摘果实,利用pH示差法测定塔罗科血橙果肉的花青素苷含量,并以同果园的纽荷尔脐橙C. sinensis ‘Newhall’为对照。结果表明,纽荷尔脐橙在果实发育阶段中不形成花青素,塔罗科血橙的花青素在开花220 d之后开始积累,至250 d时花青素苷含量为5.98 mg?L-1,280 d时花青素苷含量达12.09 mg?L-1。随着塔罗科血橙果实发育,花青素苷含量逐渐增加。     

三个脐橙品种果实主要细胞壁酶动态变化研究

以罗伯逊脐橙、丰脐、纽荷尔脐橙果实为试材,对其果皮和果肉的果胶甲酯酶(PE)、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)、β-葡萄糖苷酶和纤维素酶(CX)的动态变化进行研究。结果表明,三个品种PE活性均为果肉明显高于果皮,其中纽荷尔和罗脐分别在果实膨大期、转色期和成熟期出现三个峰值;PE活性变幅纽荷尔大于罗脐,丰脐变化较平稳。PG活性果肉略高果皮,且皆在转色期开始快速升高。首次对脐橙果实β-葡萄糖苷酶研究表明,该酶活性微弱,成熟期活性最高,纽荷尔高于丰脐和罗脐;动态变化中果皮和果肉无明显差异。酶活性高峰出现的时间为PE早于PG和β-葡萄糖苷酶;PE和PG是影响脐橙果实发育的主要酶,β-葡萄糖苷酶可能是PE和PG的补充。     

镁缺乏和过量胁迫对纽荷尔脐橙叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以2龄枳砧纽荷尔脐橙为材料,研究了镁缺乏和过量胁迫对叶片叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明,镁缺乏胁迫导致老叶叶绿素含量显著降低,而新叶叶绿素含量无显著下降;镁过量胁迫显著抑制老叶叶绿素含量的下降,而促进了新叶叶绿素含量的降低。镁缺乏和过量均导致不同叶龄叶片的光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和相对电子传递速率(rETR)降低,但镁缺乏胁迫的影响显著大于镁过量胁迫。缺镁第4个月时,2龄秋梢、1龄春梢、1龄夏梢和晚夏梢叶的Fv/Fm分别比对照低了13.9%、12.6%、2.9%和2.0%,rETRmax值分别比对照低35.7%、56.2%、32.6%和15.2%;而镁过量胁迫叶片的Fv/Fm分别比对照低了0.5%、2.2%、3.4%和1.5%,rETRmax分别为对照的110.1%、68.8%、87.2%和84.5%。缺镁2龄秋梢、1龄春梢和1龄夏梢叶片的非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)先升后降,热耗散能力显著下降,且显著低于镁过量胁迫。因此,在夏季高光照条件下缺镁胁迫对纽荷尔脐橙光合作用的影响显著,且大于镁过量胁迫,缺镁纽荷尔脐橙叶片易发生光抑制,产生光伤害。     

11个产地纽荷尔脐橙果实风味物质含量差异

2011年、2012年从11个脐橙产地收集到22份纽荷尔脐橙果实样品,采用气相色谱法对果实汁胞中的可溶性糖和有机酸进行检测,并采用高效液相色谱法检测2012年果实中的主要苦味物质。结果表明:(1)果实中的可溶性糖主要为果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖,其中蔗糖含量最高(占可溶性总糖含量的51.01%~60.19%),肌醇含量最低;丹江口、桂林和衢州等不同产地的果实中可溶性糖含量在不同年份间有显著差异;(2)果实中的有机酸主要是苹果酸、柠檬酸和奎宁酸,其中柠檬酸含量最高(占总酸含量的73.74%~90.04%),奎宁酸含量最低;丹江口等产地的果实中有机酸含量在不同年份间有显著差异;(3)果实中的主要苦味物质为柠檬苦素和诺米林,吉首和雅安果实中的柠檬苦素含量(分别为670.0±293.2μg/g和652.1±217.0μg/g)显著高于其他产地;衢州果实中的诺米林含量最高(789.7±38.9μg/g),并显著高于其他产地。对11个产地纽荷尔脐橙果实中的糖、酸与苦味物质进行偏相关分析,结果表明果实中各风味物质具有一定的相关性,其中果糖和葡萄糖、苹果酸和奎宁酸、诺米林和肌醇各含量之间均呈显著正相关,蔗糖与奎宁酸含量呈显著负相关。纽荷尔脐橙果实风味物质在不同产地间有一定差异,气候因素可能是造成成熟果实酸和苦味物质含量差异的主要原因。     

湖北省纽荷尔脐橙果实品质状况的研究

以纽荷尔脐橙为试材,分析了湖北省13个产地果实的常规品质和果皮色差值。结果显示,不同产地纽荷尔脐橙果实品质差异明显。系统聚类结果表明,秭归县、巴东县和兴山县的常规品质聚为第一类,长阳县、郧县、公安县、枝江市和宜都市聚为第二类,而丹江口市、阳新县、通城县、天门市和京山县聚为第三类;就果皮色差值来看,长阳县、郧县、兴山县和宜都市聚为第一类,巴东县、京山县、枝江市、丹江口市、阳新县、公安县、秭归县聚为第二类,天门市和通城县聚为第三类。综合分析常规品质和果皮色差值可以看出,三峡库区的兴山县、秭归县、巴东县纽荷尔脐橙综合品质最好,邻近三峡库区的长阳县、宜都市、枝江市,丹江库区的郧县和卷桥库区的公安县次之,丹江口市、阳新县、京山县,尤其是天门市和通城县的品质表现不如上述各个产地。因此湖北省纽荷尔脐橙应重点集中在三峡库区这一优势区域内优先发展,同时向其邻近的适宜地区辐射,而在其它产地宜选择小气候适宜地区适当发展。     

逆境处理和DNA甲基化影响柑橘体细胞胚发生

对15种柑橘胚性愈伤组织进行体细胞胚诱导,发现逆境处理有利于体细胞胚发生,并可以恢复部分品种的体细胞胚发生能力.对具有和失去体细胞胚发生能力的两种纽荷尔脐橙( Citrus sinensis Osb.)愈伤组织进行随机扩增多态性DNA (RAPD) 分析没有检测到带型的差异,而对它们的甲基化敏感扩增多态性 (MSAP) 进行分析则发现两种愈伤组织间具有明显的DNA甲基化差异,具体细胞胚发生能力的愈伤组织的甲基化水平较失去体细胞胚发生能力的低.     

叶脉结构与功能及其对叶片经济谱的影响

叶脉由贯穿于叶肉内部的维管组织及其外围机械组织构成, 多样化的脉序及网络结构使叶脉系统发生变异和功能分化。该文综述了叶脉系统结构与功能的最新研究进展。通过聚焦叶脉分级系统的结构与功能及其在叶片经济谱(LES)中的重要性, 解释叶脉性状与其它叶片功能性状之间的关系及机制。不同等级叶脉在机械支撑与水分运输方面存在功能分化, 其中1-3级粗脉在维持叶片形状和叶表面积以及物理支撑方面发挥重要作用, 有利于维持叶片最大受光面积; 4级及以上细脉具有水分调节功能, 它们与气孔相互协调, 影响叶片水分运输、蒸腾散热和光合作用速率。叶片生长过程与叶脉发育的动态变化模式决定叶脉密度, 并影响叶脉密度与叶片大小之间的关系: 叶面积与粗脉密度呈显著负相关, 与粗脉直径呈显著正相关, 而与细脉密度无关。与叶脉性状相关的叶片经济谱框架模型预测, 叶脉密度较高的叶片寿命短、比叶重较小, 叶片最大碳同化速率、代谢速率以及资源获取策略潜力较高。     

黄芩根中木间木栓的形成与发育特性研究

应用光学显微镜和电子显微镜对3年生黄芩(Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi)根中木间木栓的形成及其发育过程进行了细致观察,以揭示黄芩木间木栓形成的特征以及发育过程中导管及周围薄壁细胞的变化,旨在为中药枯芩的形成提供理论依据和实验证据。结果表明：(1)黄芩根的次生结构由周皮、皮层和次生维管组织组成;木间木栓发生在木质部异常导管的周围,先是导管内出现侵填体或其他物质,接着这些导管邻近的部分薄壁细胞内也出现一些物质,随后导管外围的正常薄壁细胞恢复分生能力,产生木栓形成层,进而形成木间木栓。(2)木间木栓将健康组织与这些异常的导管和薄壁细胞隔离,隔离在内的组织会逐渐成为死亡组织。(3)横切面观,小木间木栓可同时或先后发生在木质部的不同位置,由内向外逐渐扩大,与周围的木间木栓相连,最终形成大的木间木栓。(4)纵切面观,木间木栓以管状形式由根头部向下延伸,部分根中距根头部以下3 cm内有木间木栓存在。     

重庆三峡库区柑橘硼营养状况及其影响因子

为了解重庆三峡库区柑橘叶片硼营养状况及其影响因子,在该区域12个主产县(区)的代表性果园采集叶片样品954份和土壤样品302份,测定叶片硼含量,并分析了土壤有效硼、土壤pH值、品种、砧木和树龄对叶片硼营养的影响.结果表明: 该区域柑橘叶片硼含量不足(<35 mg·kg^-1)的果园比例达41.6%,土壤有效硼含量不足(<0.5 mg·kg^-1)的果园比例高达89.4%,柑橘叶片硼含量与土壤有效硼含量的相关性未达显著水平.土壤pH值、品种、砧木和树龄均影响叶片硼含量.pH值4.5～6.4土壤上的柑橘叶片硼含量显著高于pH值6.5～8.5土壤上的柑橘;品种间叶片硼含量为:温州蜜柑>柚类>夏橙>普通甜橙>杂柑>脐橙;枳砧和酸柚砧柑橘叶片硼含量显著高于枳橙砧和红橘砧柑橘;3～8年生柑橘树叶片硼含量适宜(35～100 mg·kg^-1)样品比例比8年生以上柑橘树高6.6%.     

Small fruit problem in Citrus trees

Summary Physiological causes of the small fruit problem which occurs in certain trees of orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Valencia] were investigated in terms of water relations and gas exchange of fruits during early fruit development as well as tree carbohydrate reserves. These data from cv. Valencia trees with and without a small fruit potential were compared with those of the large fruited cv. Navel. Neither fruit water potential nor fruit transpiration nor tree carbohydrate reserves appeared to be a cause of the small fruit. Yield records showed the small fruit to be assocaited with a large number of fruit per tree. However, fruits from cv. Valencia trees with a small fruit potential respired faster than either fruits of the same cultivar and size from trees without the physiological disorder or fruits of the same size of cv. Navel and also exceeded the dark respiration of the respective leaves. Hence, the small fruit problem in cv. Valencia was partly attributed to inefficient fruit photosynthesis, causing excessive respiration of each of a larger number of fruits compared to fruits of a tree of the same cultivar but without the physiological disorder. Fruits of cv. Valencia respired more in their 2 months longer lifetime on the tree relative to those of cv. Navel. It is concluded that orchard management methods will have to be investigated to balance the fruit load of the cv. Valencia tree utilizing the carbon available for fruit growth and to minimise stress during the early fruit development.     

The Relationship Between Oil Gland and Fruit Development in Washington Navel Orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck)

Changes in structure, size and number of oil glands locatedin the fruit rind were assessed in developing fruit of the WashingtonNavel orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) from pre-anthesis tofruit maturity. Initiation of oil glands was found to be restrictedto early fruit development. Glands continued to develop throughoutfruit growth, until all reached maturity by a fruit size of30 to 50 mm diameter. Mature glands continued to enlarge withfruit growth. Mature fruit had between 8 000 and 12 000 oilglands. Anatomical studies of the fruit rind were carried outusing light microscopy on samples prepared by different tissueprocessing methods. Glands were found to develop from a clusterof cells adjacent to the fruit epidermis, into a structure consistingof a central cavity surrounded by several layers of epithelialcells. All glands were joined to the fruit epidermis, irrespectiveof their stage of development. Neither lignin nor suberin waspresent in the gland. Gland cavity formation appeared to involveschizogeny. Copyright 2001 Annals of Botany Company Washington Navel orange, Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck, fruit development, secretory cavity, oil gland, image analysis, light microscopy     

Effects of mixtures of citrus viroids as transmissible small nuclear RNA on tree dwarfing and commercial scion performance on Carrizo citrange rootstock

The term ‘transmissible small nuclear ribonucleic acids' (TsnRNAs) describes well characterised viroid RNA species that do not induce any disease syndromes in specific citrus hosts but rather act as regulatory genetic elements modifying tree performance. Twelve-year-old navel orange and 10-year-old Clementine mandarin trees on Carrizo citrange (Citrus sinensis×Poncirus trifoliata) rootstock treated with a mixture of three TsnRNAs (−Ia, syn. Citrus bent leaf viroid, +IIa, syn. Hop stunt viroid and +IIIb, syn. Citrus dwarfing viroid) were reduced in size by 33% and 43%, respectively. Clementine trees treated with a mixture of TsnRNA−Ia+IIa or −Ia+IIIb also had reduced canopy volume (CV) (∼38 and 31%, respectively), whereas trees treated with TsnRNA−IIa+IIIb showed little effect. The effects of the double TsnRNA treatments −Ia+IIa and −Ia+IIIb on Clementine canopy size and commercial performance were comparable and in some cases superior to that of the triple TsnRNA mixture. The TsnRNA−Ia+IIa treatment had the most attractive commercial traits with increased production of Clementine fruit per CV (23.6%), more fruit with high commercial value (31.7%), and more fruit optimally distributed in the canopy (68% of fruit between 0.5 and 2.5 m). None of the TsnRNA treatments affected the growth of Carrizo rootstock seedlings after 8 years in the field. Navel orange and Clementine scions treated with the same triple TsnRNA mixture expressed different trunk and fruit production patterns although effects on CV were similar.     

Comparative analysis of the volatile fraction of fruit juice from different Citrus species

The volatile composition of fruit from four Citrus varieties (Powell Navel orange, Clemenules mandarine, and Fortune mandarine and Chandler pummelo) covering four different species has been studied. Over one hundred compounds were profiled after HS-SPME-GC-MS analysis, including 27 esters, 23 aldehydes, 21 alcohols, 13 monoterpene hydrocarbons, 10 ketones, 5 sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, 4 monoterpene cyclic ethers, 4 furans, and 2 aromatic hydrocarbons, which were all confirmed with standards. The differences in the volatile profile among juices of these varieties were essentially quantitative and only a few compounds were found exclusively in a single variety, mainly in Chandler. The volatile profile however was able to differentiate all four varieties and revealed complex interactions between them including the participation in the same biosynthetic pathway. Some compounds (6 esters, 2 ketones, 1 furan and 2 aromatic hydrocarbons) had never been reported earlier in Citrus juices. This volatile profiling platform for Citrus juice by HS-SPME-GC-MS and the interrelationship detected among the volatiles can be used as a roadmap for future breeding or biotechnological applications.     

Nitric oxide signaling during myocardial angiogenesis

Ischemic heart disease develops as a consequence of coronary atherosclerotic lesion formation. Coronary collateral vessels and microvascular angiogenesis develop as an adaptive response to myocardial ischemia, which ameliorates the function of the damaged heart. Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vascular bed, is of paramount importance in the maintenance of vascular integrity both in the repair process of damaged tissue and in the formation of collateral vessels in response to tissue ischemia. Angiogenesis is modulated by a multitude of cytokines/chemokines and growth factors. In this regard, angiogenesis cannot be viewed as a single process. It is likely that different mediators are involved in different phases of angiogenesis. Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) produce nitric oxide (NO), an endothelium-derived labile molecule, which maintains vascular homeostasis and thereby prevents vascular atherosclerotic changes. In patients with ischemic heart disease, the release of endothelium-derived NO is decreased, which plays an important role in the atherosclerotic disease progression. In recent years, endothelium-derived NO has been shown to modulate angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the field of the NO-mediated regulation of postnatal angiogenesis, particularly in response to myocardial ischemia. (Mol Cell Biochem 264: 25–34, 2004)     

Relationship between boron content and antioxidant compounds in Citrus leaves taken from fields with different water source

Boron contamination in the agricultural lands is an important problem for Western Turkey, which has rich boron deposits. This study was carried out in Nazilli regions upon orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) plants irrigated with relatively high boron laden channel waters (LCI) and with well waters (LWI) which contain lower amounts of boron. The leaves of the plants irrigated with channel water were found to contain twice the amount of boron compared with those irrigated with well waters. Boron content of leaves in both groups were approximately ten times the boron content in the soil on which they are grown. In the leaves of the plants irrigated with channel waters there were approximately 50% chlorophyll loss and higher chlorophyll a/b and caretonoid/chlorophyll ratios. In the excessive boron containing leaves was found higher soluble protein and carbohydrate contents, but lower determined free proline value. In plants that irrigated with high boron laden channel water significantly lower -tocopherol content and two fold higher ascorbate concentration were determined. The lower activities of catalase and glutathione reductase enzymes and higher total superoxide dismutase activity were measured in high boron content leaves. The retardation of growth due to boron toxicity can be attributed to the chlorophyll loss and inhibition of the carbohydratemetabolism. Boron at toxic level may cause the cell membrane lipids to be damaged by the free radicals by decreasing the -tocopherol levels. The increase in the ascorbate concentration may have a vital role in the protection of the inner cell structures against the boron toxicity.     

Studies on Taxonomy and Evolution of Citrus and Its Related Genera by Isozyme Analysis

The leaf or bark tissue extracts of 108 biotypes of Citrus and its five related genera were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for isozymes of peroxidase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, phosphoglucose isomerase, phosphoglucose mutase, superoxide dismutase, tetrazolium oxidase, NADP+- dependent malate dehydrogenase and esterase. The inter-or intra-generic differences of isozymograms were compared. Dissimilarities of the isozyme patterns among the samples were calculated by computer based on the UPGMA method to demonstrate the phylogenetic relationship of the biotypes. There are remarkable isozymogramatic differences among the six genera. Generally speaking, each genus possesses its own unique bands. Based on the cluster analysis, the total Citrus biotypes are classified into seven groups, i.e. Honghe papeda, Mauritius papeda, Pummelo, Ichang papeda, Citron, Lemon-lime and Mandarin-orange. Ichang papeda is suggested to be the third subgenus of the genus Citrus. The Fuming trifoliata orange is accepted as a new species of Poncirus-P. polyandra S. Q. Ding. It might be the evolutionary bridge between Poncirus and Citrus, and one of the “missing links” as suggested by W. T. Swingle. Microacrumen (small- fruited mandarin) is the primitive form of the mandarins. It seems better to consid er“ Horse-nose mandarin ”or “Xipigoushigan mandarin” as the typic mandarin originated in China. Euacrumen (large-fruited mandarin) might have arised through two ways. One is hybridization of Microacrumen and C. sinensis, and the other is just the variation of Microacrumen. Ancestors of some biotypes are inferred based on isozyme data. Fortunella obovata Tan. may be a hybrid of Fortunella and Citrus. C. unshiu Marc. arose from the nucellar mutation of“Huangyanbendiguangju mandarin”( C. nobilis Lour.) in Huangyan of Zhejiang Province. C. junos Sieb. came from hybridization of Ichang papeda and mandarin. C. grandis Osbeck and mandarin may have been involved in the origin of C. aurantium L.. C. limonia Osbeck may be a hybrid between C. medica L. and mandarin. The evolutionary trend of citrus fruit trees is proposed, anda tentative phylogenetic diagram is drawn.