土壤硝态氮时空变异与土壤氮素表观盈亏研究Ⅰ.冬小麦

不同氮肥用量下对冬小麦生育期间土壤硝态氮时空变化特征及土壤氮素表观盈亏量的研究结果表明,氮肥用量不同,硝态氮分布特征有差异,并且随着冬小麦的生长,其变化也不同。在冬小麦快速生长阶段,作物吸收可在一定深度的土层出现硝态氮亏缺区。由于灌溉的影响,土壤表层硝态氮向深层淋洗严重,即使在低氮肥水平,土壤深层仍可观察到硝态氮含量升高现象,存在淋出2m土体的可能性。并且氮肥用量越高,土壤硝态氮含量越高,硝酸盐向深层淋洗也越严重,淋出2m土体的可能性和也相应增大;在冬小麦生长前期（播种－拔节）,即使在不施氮肥处理也有土壤氮素的表观盈余,随着施肥量的增加,在拔节－扬花也出现了土壤氮素表观盈余,而扬花后各个氮肥处理均出现土壤氮素的表观亏缺,氮肥用量越高,小麦一生中土壤表观氮盈余量越大,1m土体内平均最大盈余量达199.8kgN/hm^2。研究表明,土壤氮损失是盈余氮素的一个主要去向,而硝态氮淋洗是冬小麦生育期间土壤氮素损失的一个重要的途径。     

不同土壤肥力条件下施氮量对小麦氮肥利用和土壤硝态氮含量的影响

在土壤肥力不同的两块高产田上,利用15N示踪技术,研究了高产条件下施氮量对冬小麦氮肥吸收利用、籽粒产量和品质的影响,及小麦生育期间土壤硝态氮含量的变化.结果表明：1.成熟期小麦植株积累的氮素73.32%～87.27%来自土壤,4.51%～9.40%来自基施氮肥,8.22%～17.28%来自追施氮肥;随施氮量增加,植株吸收的土壤氮量减少,吸收的肥料氮量和氮肥在土壤中的残留量显著增加,小麦对肥料氮的吸收率显著降低;小麦对基施氮肥的吸收量、吸收率和基施氮肥在土壤中的残留量、残留率均显著小于追施氮肥,基施氮肥的损失量和损失率显著大于追施氮肥;较高土壤肥力条件下,植株吸收更多的土壤氮素,吸收的肥料氮量较少,土壤中残留的肥料氮量和肥料氮的损失量较高,不同地块肥料氮吸收、残留和损失的差异主要表现在基施氮肥上.2.当施氮量为105 kg/hm2时,收获后0～100cm土体内未发现硝态氮大量累积,随施氮量增加,0～100cm土体内硝态氮含量显著增加;施氮量大于195 kg/hm^2时,小麦生育期间硝态氮呈明显的下移趋势,土壤肥力较高地块,硝态氮下移较早,下移层次深.3.随施氮量增加,小麦氮素吸收效率和氮素利用效率降低,适量施氮有利于提高成熟期小麦植株氮素积累量、籽粒产量和蛋白质含量;施氮量过高籽粒产量和蛋白质含量不再显著增加,甚至降低;较高土壤肥力条件下,获得最高籽粒产量和蛋白质含量所需施氮量较低.     

长期不同施氮量下冬小麦-夏玉米复种系统土壤硝态氮累积和淋洗特征

冬小麦夏玉米是华北平原主要的粮食作物,其集约化的农业种植体系虽然普遍实现了粮食的高产,但氮肥常年大量施用会造成土壤深层硝态氮累积、淋洗等问题.本文以河北清苑冬小麦-夏玉米复种体系为研究对象,设置不同施氮量(N₀、N₁₀₀、N₁₈₀、N₂₅₅、N₃₃₀,分别表示施氮0、100、180、255、330 kg·hm^-2),于2010-2016年开展6个周期定位试验,研究不同施氮量对土壤硝态氮累积和淋洗的影响.结果表明: 在12季冬小麦和夏玉米收获期各处理产量存在显著差异,土壤硝态氮含量表现为冬小麦季累积、夏玉米季淋洗的特点,且90和180 cm土层硝态氮累积量均表现为 N₃₃₀>N₂₅₅>N₁₈₀>N₁₀₀>N₀.从土壤剖面分布看,硝态氮可淋洗至990 cm的深层土壤中,且出现6个累积峰,同时土壤硝态氮累积峰随施氮量增加而下移,N₃₃₀处理累积峰最深在840 cm处.从各土层累积量的分配看,5个处理0～90 cm硝态氮累积量占比在10%左右,大部分都在90 cm以下,不能被植物利用.可见,夏玉米季硝态氮淋洗严重,施氮量越高,土壤硝态氮残留量越大,向土壤深层淋洗量也越多,由此带来的对地下水的污染风险应该引起重视.从产量与硝态氮累积情况来看,N₁₈₀为最优处理.     

水氮配合对绿洲沙地农田玉米产量、土壤硝态氮和氮平衡的影响

在黑河中游边缘绿洲沙地农田研究了不同的水氮配合对玉米产量、土壤硝态氮在剖面中的累积和氮平衡的影响.结果表明,施氮处理较不施氮处理产量增加48.22%～108.6%,施氮量超过225 kg hm-2,玉米产量不再显著增加.受土壤结构影响土壤硝态氮在土壤中呈"W"型分布,即土壤硝态氮含量在0～20 cm、140～160 cm和260～300 cm土层均出现峰值,并随施氮量增加,峰值增高.在常规高灌溉量处理硝态氮含量峰值最高值出现在260～300 cm土层,节水25%灌溉处理硝态氮含量峰值最高值出现在土壤表层0～20 cm土层.在常规高灌溉量处理0～300 cm土层中200～300土层硝态氮累积量所占比例最高,介于27.56%～51.86%之间;节水25%灌溉处理在0～300 cm土层中100～200土层硝态氮累积量所占比例最高,介于32.94%～38.07%之间;表明低灌溉处理下土壤硝态氮在土壤浅层累积较多,而高灌溉处理使更多的硝态氮淋溶至土壤深层.与2006年相比,2007年不施氮处理0～200 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量和积累量均明显减少;而施氮处理变化很小,在低灌溉处理甚至表现出硝态氮含量和积累量增加,表明施氮是土壤硝态氮累积的主要来源,而灌溉则使硝态氮向土壤深层淋溶.0～200 cm 土层土壤硝态氮累积量平均介于27.66～116.68 kg hm-2、氮素表观损失量平均介于77.35～260.96 kg hm-2,和施氮量均呈线性相关,即随施氮量增加,土壤硝态氮累积量和氮素表观损失量均增加,相关系数R2介于0.79～0.99之间,相关均显著.随施氮量增加,玉米总吸氮量和氮收获指数增加,氮的农学利用率降低,而灌溉的影响较小.施氮量超过225 kg hm-2时,地上部植株氮肥吸收利用率和籽粒氮肥吸收利用率开始有降低趋势.所以,在沙地农田,节水10%～25%的灌溉水平和225 kg hm-2的施氮水平可以在避免水肥过量投入的基础上减少土壤有机氮淋溶对地下水造成的污染威胁.     

不同作物对旱地农田残留硝态氮的利用差异

在黄土高原南部娄土上,通过2a田间试验研究了小麦和苜蓿对土壤中不同累积量的残留硝态氮的利用差异。研究包括0—3 m土壤残留硝态氮累积量(设N1、N2、N3、N4、N5和N6共6个水平,残留硝态氮量依次增加)和作物种类(冬小麦和苜蓿)2个因素,分别采用冬小麦-夏休闲-冬小麦和苜蓿连作种植方式。结果表明,不施用氮肥条件下,冬小麦-休闲-冬小麦轮作周期与苜蓿连作2a内,土壤残留硝态氮的消长有明显差异。在第1季小麦生长期间,小麦的氮素携出量(63.9—130.3 kg/hm2)、氮素携出量占播前残留硝态氮量的比例(18%—27%)及氮素携出量占该生长季硝态氮减少量的比例(29%—62%)均显著高于同期的苜蓿处理。在第2个生长季内,苜蓿的氮素携出量是小麦当季氮素携出量的近6倍,但由于苜蓿固氮作用强烈,至第2生长季结束后,0—3 m土壤硝态氮量与苜蓿播前相比平均只减少了72.4 kg/hm2,而麦田0—3 m土壤硝态氮量与小麦播前相比减少了158.3 kg/hm2。在短期内如果通过种植作物消耗土壤剖面的残留硝态氮,冬小麦比苜蓿更有优势。第1季小麦氮素携出量与小麦播前0—2 m(r=0.920**)和0—3 m(r=0.857*)土层残留硝态氮量呈显著或极显著正相关,与0—1 m土层残留硝态氮量没有显著相关性;第1生长季苜蓿氮素携出量与播前0—1 m土壤硝态氮累积量呈显著正相关关系(r=0.846*),而与0—2 m和0—3 m土壤硝态氮累积量的相关性并不显著。小麦比苜蓿能利用更深土层中的硝态氮。随着播前0—3 m土壤残留硝态氮的增加,小麦和苜蓿地上部氮素携出量呈增加的趋势,硝态氮表观损失也显著增加。     

华北平原冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系土壤硝态氮的适宜含量

采用冬小麦季不同施氮处理(夏玉米季不施氮)研究了华北平原冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系夏玉米季土壤硝态氮的适宜含量.结果表明:在播前土壤无机氮含量较高的条件下,冬小麦季施用150kgN.hm-2即可满足冬小麦/夏玉米两季作物的氮素需求;各氮肥处理在冬小麦季的氮肥施用当季的利用率仅为11%～23%,在夏玉米季氮肥残效利用率则高达30%～52%.当夏玉米播前0～90cm土层硝态氮含量达到82kg.hm-2时,无需施氮即可保证夏玉米十叶期的生长,达到151kg.hm-2时,无需施氮即可保证整个生育期的生长.夏玉米十叶期和收获后0～90cm土层硝态氮含量低于46和65kg.hm-2时,则影响作物正常生长.综合考虑产量和环境效应,冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系中0～90cm土层硝态氮含量应控制在65～151kg.hm-2之间.     

氮肥形态对冬小麦根际土壤氮素生理群活性及无机氮含量的影响

采用大田盆栽方法研究了硝态氮肥、铵态氮肥、酰胺态氮肥3种氮肥形态对冬小麦品种豫麦50生育中后期(拔节期、开花期、花后14 d、花后28 d)根际土壤氮转化相关微生物活性、酶活性和根际土壤NH+4离子、NO-3离子含量的影响。结果表明:随着生育期的推进,除脲酶外,氨化细菌、硝化细菌、亚硝化细菌、反硝化细菌和蛋白酶活性变化的均为"倒V"型变化特征,以花后14 d活性最强;而脲酶活性在拔节期最强,并且其活性远大于其它微生物及酶。氮肥形态对根际土壤氮素生理群及无机氮的影响不同。酰胺态氮肥促进了根际氨化细菌、反硝化细菌、脲酶、蛋白酶的活性,而硝化细菌、亚硝化细菌在硝态氮肥条件下活性较强。除拔节期外,土壤中NH+4离子在铵态氮肥处理下含量较高,NO-3离子在酰氨态氮肥处理下含量较高。因此,酰胺态氮能够促进小麦根际土壤有机氮的分解,硝态氮肥可以促进土壤中氨的转化,以利于小麦根系的吸收与利用。氮肥形态主要是通过影响土壤中氮素生理类群及酶的活性,从而影响土壤中无机氮的含量。     

施氮量及底追比例对小麦产量、土壤硝态氮含量和氮平衡的影响

研究了高产麦田中施氮量和底追比例对冬小麦籽粒产量、土壤硝态氮含量和氮素平衡的影响。田间试验在山东省龙口市中村进行,试验区小麦各生育阶段的降雨量和零度以上的积温分别为:82.9mm,649.8℃(播种~冬前)、33.3mm,578.7℃(冬前~拔节)2、8mm,359℃(拔节~开花)、84.3mm,837.6℃(开花~成熟)。试验设3个施氮量:0kg.hm-2(CK)、168kg.hm-2(A)、240kg.hm-2(B);在施氮量168kg.hm-2和240kg.hm-2条件下分别设3个底追比例:1/2∶1/2(A1和B1)、1/3∶2/3(A2和B2)、0∶1(A3和B3)。结果表明:不同施氮处理之间植株氮积累量无显著差异;与不施氮处理相比,施氮可显著提高籽粒产量和蛋白质含量,施氮量为168kg.hm-2、底追比例为1/3∶2/3的处理A2与处理B2、B3差异不显著,但处理A2显著提高了氮肥利用率,降低了土壤残留量和氮素表观损失量;施氮量相同,适当增加追施氮肥的比例可显著提高籽粒产量、蛋白质含量和氮肥利用率。试验还表明,在拔节期,底施氮量为84kg.hm-2和120kg.hm-2的处理A1、B1,在80~100cm和100~160cm土层分别出现硝态氮的累积;而底施氮量为56kg.hm-2的处理A2,在0~200cm土层硝态氮含量和累积量与不施氮处理无显著差异。在成熟期,追施氮量大于160kg.hm-2的处理B3、A3和B2,硝态氮在120~180cm土层出现累积高峰,已下移到小麦根系可吸收范围之外,易于造成淋溶损失;而追氮量为112kg.hm-2的处理A2,在100~200cm土层硝态氮累积量与对照无显著差异。试验中,施氮量为168kg.hm-2底追比例为1/3∶2/3的处理A2的籽粒产量、蛋白质含量、地上部植株氮肥吸收利用率、氮肥农学利用率和籽粒氮肥吸收利用率均较高,100~200cm土层未出现硝态氮的明显累积,氮素表观损失量最少,为最佳氮肥运筹方式。     

磷肥施用对冬小麦产量及土壤氮素利用的影响

为确定河北保定地区磷肥投入阈值,提高肥料利用效率,以冬小麦为研究对象进行大田试验,研究了磷肥施用对小麦产量、土壤硝态氮含量及氮素利用的影响.结果表明:与不施磷肥(P0)相比,优化施磷(P1,120 kg·hm-2)、200%优化施磷(P2,240 kg·hm-2)和400%优化施磷(P3,480 kg·hm-2)处理均能增加小麦株高、旗叶面积和单株叶面积,有利于光合产物的积累.施用磷肥显著提高了冬小麦的穗数、穗粒数和籽粒产量,但千粒重有所下降.其中,以P2处理小麦产量最高,为6102 kg·hm-2,显著高于P0和P3处理,但与P1处理差异不显著.施用磷肥可有效降低耕层土壤硝态氮的积累量,但0~100 cm土体总积累量仍然偏高,可通过降低氮肥施入等方法减少土壤硝态氮含量.P1和P2处理冬小麦的氮素生产效率、氮素吸收效率均较高,但两者间并无显著差异.P1处理的磷肥利用率、磷肥农学效率、磷肥偏生产力显著高于P2和P3处理.本试验条件下,施磷量为120 kg·hm-2(P1)是兼顾小麦产量、氮磷利用效率和较低土壤硝态氮累积的适宜施磷量.     

不同施氮量对菜-稻轮作土壤硝态氮累积的影响

为了研究氮肥对菜-稻轮作的作物产量和土壤硝态氮累积的影响,开展了芥菜-结球甘蓝-早稻轮作制2年定位田间试验.结果表明: 取得最佳经济效益的施氮量为芥菜和结球甘蓝各施N 150 kg·hm^-2、早稻施N 90 kg·hm^-2,净增收比其他施氮水平提高了0.2%~75.6%.施氮量与土壤硝态氮浓度及土柱渗漏水硝态氮浓度均呈线性正相关关系,蔬菜和水稻轮作降低了土壤氮素盈余数量;最佳施氮模式下,芥菜-结球甘蓝-早稻轮作时土壤硝态氮浓度平均为29.7 mg·kg^-1,只有芥菜-结球甘蓝连作的84.4%;与基础土壤相比,菜-菜-稻轮作时的土柱渗漏水硝态氮平均浓度差异很小. 因此,菜-稻轮作结合最佳施氮模式在取得最佳经济效益的同时,显著降低了土壤硝态氮累积,是菜田氮素面源污染控制的有效方法.     

十字花科蔬菜基因组含量的测定与分析

以我国14种重要十字花科蔬菜为材料,利用流式细胞术测定基因组合量.其中青苤蓝、乌塌菜、雪里蕻、芥蓝的基因组含量属首次报道.本试验数据与国外文献提供的相关数据对比,发现青萝卜、结球甘蓝、青花菜和根用芥菜的基因组含量与已报道数值基本吻合,而大白菜、花椰菜的基因组含量值与报道数据存在差异.造成同一物种基因组含量值差异的因为可能是品种的不同,也可能与生长环境或测定时参考标准选用等因素不同有关.     

小菜蛾幼虫对不同寄主的取食嗜好性及其适宜性

对不同寄主种类、不同寄主形态和不同寄主饲喂的小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)幼虫之间的取食嗜好性比较试验表明,小菜蛾幼虫优先取食大白菜、萝卜或菜心幼苗,其次为油菜和甘蓝幼苗,在大白菜与油菜幼苗之间的取食选择比例是93.33%和6.67％;在甘蓝与菜心幼苗之间的取食选择比例是16.67%和83.33%.小菜蛾幼虫的取食嗜好性受饲喂寄主种类的影响,偏食大白菜或菜心幼苗.小菜蛾幼虫选择寄主取食的次序与寄主体内可溶性糖或淀粉含量没有明显关系,但与两者的相对量呈一定的负相关.取食大白菜或菜心幼苗的小菜蛾生长良好,单头取食达0.583～0.637 cm², 单头体重达2.07～2.18 mg, 与取食甘蓝或油菜幼苗的幼虫在取食量、个体发育方面有明显差异.小菜蛾幼虫也喜好取食已经被虫危害过的幼苗.     

油菜雄性核不育系及其等位可育系小孢子发育过程的比较研究

用Olympus BH2型光学显微镜对甘蓝型油菜单显性核不育系(GMS)及其等位可育系小孢子发育过程进行解剖学观察,发现在正常小孢子发育过程中,绒毡层在小孢子发育的四分体前后开始解体,为小孢子继续发育提供营养,而不育系小孢子的败育在减数分裂前就已经发生,并且不能形成四分体,小孢子逐渐解体,且小孢子解体在绒毡层解体之前发生,最后花药成为干瘪的空壳,导致不育。     

Effects of integrating companion cropping and nitrogen application on the performance and infestation of collards by Brevicoryne brassicae

Sustainable management of cabbage aphids, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a major goal for collard, Brassica oleracea (L.) var. acephala (Brassicaceae), growers globally. Host finding ability of insect pests is significantly affected by diversified cropping systems, and this approach is being utilized currently as a pest management tool. Soil nutrition and its interaction with the cropping systems could have a significant effect on the general performance of collards and the infestation by cabbage aphids. In a search for a sustainable cabbage aphid control, a two‐season field experiment was carried out with two intercrops, collards and chilli, Capsicum frutescens (L.) (Solanaceae), and collards and spring onions, Allium cepa (L.) (Alliaceae), and a collard monoculture. For each of the cropping systems, nitrogen (N) was applied to the soil as a top‐dress at 20, 25, 30, and 35 g per collard plant. The response factors monitored were collard yield (fresh weight) and aphid infestation on collards. Spring onion‐collard intercrop had the lowest aphid density and the highest yield. Collard monoculture had the highest aphid infestation and the lowest yield. High levels of N led to increased infestation of collards by aphids, but also led to a significant increase in the yield of collards. Significant interactions between the N rates and the cropping systems were observed on some sampling dates, with the highest yield being realized under a combination of spring onion‐collard intercrop at a N rate of 30 g per plant. High aphid density led to a decrease in the yield of collards. It was concluded that with a spring onion‐collard intercrop, the soil N level could be raised from the blanket rate of 20–30 g per plant and this would lead to an increase in yield.     

Suppression of insect pest populations and damage to plants by vermicomposts

The effects of commercial vermicomposts, produced from food waste, on infestations and damage by aphids, mealy bugs and cabbage white caterpillars were studied in the greenhouse. Vermicomposts were used at substitution rates into a soil-less plant growth medium, MetroMix 360 (MM360), at rates of 100% MM360 and 0% vermicompost, 80% MM360 and 20% vermicompost, and 60% MM360 and 40% vermicompost to grow peppers (Capsicum annuum L.), tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and cabbages (Brassica oleracea L.), in pots. Groups of 10 pots containing young plants were distributed randomly in nylon mesh cages (40 cm x 40 cm x 40 cm). Groups of 10 pepper seedlings in a single cage were infested with either 100 aphids (Myzus persicae Sulz.) or 50 mealy bugs (Pseudococcus spp.) per cage. Similar groups of tomato seedlings were infested with 50 mealy bugs per cage. Groups of four cabbage seedlings in pots in cages were infested with 16 cabbage white caterpillars (Pieris brassicae L.). Populations of aphids and mealy bugs were counted after 20 days and the shoot dry weights of peppers, tomatoes and cabbages were measured at harvest. Numbers of cabbage white caterpillars and loss in shoot weights were measured after 15 days. The substitution rates of 20% and 40% vermicomposts suppressed populations of both aphids and mealy bugs on peppers, and mealy bugs on tomatoes, significantly. Substitutions with vermicomposts into MM360 decreased losses of dry weights of peppers, in response to both aphid and mealy bug infestations, decreased losses in shoot dry weights of tomatoes after mealy bug infestations significantly. There were significantly decreased losses in leaf areas of cabbage seedlings in response to the cabbage white caterpillar infestations.     

Biochar can Increase Chinese Cabbage (<i>Brassica oleracea</i> L.) Yield,Decrease Nitrogen and Phosphorus Leaching Losses in Intensive Vegetable Soil

There are few evidences on the effect of biochar on vegetable yield, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) leaching losses under intensive vegetable production soil. The current field plot scale study evaluated responses of Chinese cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) yield, N and P leaching losses using five N treatments of common N application rate according to local farmers’ practice (N100%), reducing 20% or 40% N fertilizer (N80% and N60%), and reducing 40% N fertilizer but incorporating 10 or 20 t/ha biochar (N60% + BC10 and N60% + BC20). Results showed that N80% and N60% decreased both the cabbage economic and leaf yields by 6.8%–36.3% and 27.4%–37.7%, respectively. Incorporation of biochar with reduced N fertilizer rates improved the cabbage yield, in particular the N60% + BC20 matched the yield that observed in N100% treatment. Enhanced N and P uptake capacities of cabbage shoot probably contributed the higher vegetable production under both biochar amendment schemes. Biochar application mitigated the NH₄⁺-N and total P leaching losses by 20%–30% and 29%–32%, respectively, compared with their counterpart treatment N60%. Nevertheless, biochar exerted no influence on the NO₃^–-N leaching. In addition, soil organic matter content was recorded with 7.4%–28.7% higher following 10–20 t/ha biochar application. In conclusion, biochar application can increase economic yield of cabbage via increasing N and P use efficiency, decrease N and P leaching losses, and improve soil quality in an intensive vegetable production system.

     

Using yellow rocket as a trap crop for diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Yellow rocket, Barbarea vulgaris (R. Br.) variety arcuata, was evaluated as a trap crop for diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), in cabbage, Brassica oleracea L. variety capitata, in 2003 and 2004. In 2003, the numbers of P. xylostella larvae found in field plots of cabbage alone were 5.2-11.3 times higher than those on cabbage plants in plots that included cabbage and several rows of yellow rocket. In an outdoor experiment in screenhouses, P. xylostella oviposition on cabbage was compared among six treatments that varied in the percentage of yellow rocket in relation to cabbage (0, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 32% of the plants were yellow rocket). Results indicated that the percentage of eggs laid on cabbage decreased as the percentage of yellow rocket in the treatment increased, but this decrease was not significant beyond 20% of the plants being yellow rocket. In 2004, the numbers of P. xylostella larvae in field plots of cabbage alone were 1.6-2.4 and 1.7-2.8 times higher than numbers in treatments with 10 and 20% trap crop, respectively. Sticky trap and sweep net captures of P. xylostella adults indicated that within-field dispersal was reduced by the presence of yellow rocket and aggregation occurred around yellow rocket plants. Our study suggests that using yellow rocket as a trap crop may reduce P. xylostella infestations in cabbage fields, and this possibility is discussed in the context of general crop and insect pest management practices in crucifers.     

Evaluating trap crops for diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Potential trap crops for the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), were evaluated through a series of ovipositional preference and larval survival experiments in outdoor screenhouses in 2002 and 2003. Hosts examined as trap crops were glossy and waxy collards, Brassica oleracea L. variety acephala; Indian mustard, Brassica juncea (L.) Czern; and yellow rocket, Barbarea vulgaris (R. Br.) variety arcuata. More eggs were laid on the potential trap crops, with the exception of waxy collards, than on cabbage. When P. xylostella was offered multiple hosts at the same time, numbers of eggs laid on glossy collards, Indian mustard, and yellow rocket were 3, 18, and 12 times greater than on cabbage, respectively. Similarly, when P. xylostella was offered a single trap crop host and cabbage, numbers of eggs laid on glossy collards, Indian mustard, and yellow rocket were 300, 19, and 110 times greater than on cabbage, respectively. Our studies suggest differences in oviposition between the potential trap crops and cabbage were likely due to host volatiles, leaf morphology and color, or a combination of these factors, rather than to total leaf areas, leaf shape, or plant architecture. Two-choice tests with a Y-tube olfactometer indicated that plant volatiles were major factors in P. xylostella host preference. The percentage larval survival from egg to pupation was 22.2% on cabbage, 18.9% on waxy collards, and 24.4% on Indian mustard, whereas survival was significantly lower on glossy collards (6.7%) and yellow rocket (0%). Based on our tests, it seems that yellow rocket may be the best candidate for use as a trap crop for P. xylostella because it is highly attractive for oviposition, but larvae do not survive on it.     

Uptake of15N labeled nitrate by root systems of sweet corn, carrot and white cabbage from 0.2–2.5 meters depth

Leaching of NO ₃ ^– from vegetable cropping systems can be very high compared to arable systems. This is a problem for vegetable growers in general as it decreases groundwater quality, and for organic growers in particular as the organic production is often limited by N. In a field experiment, we investigated the N uptake and root growth of three vegetables using minirhizotrons reaching 2.4 m with the purpose to study the relationship between vegetable root distribution and uptake of NO ₃ ^– from deep soil layers. NO ₃ ^– uptake was studied over a 6 d period at the end of September by injection of 15 NO ₃ ^– at four depths in the ranges: 0.2–0.8, 0.6–1.8, and 1–2.5 m under late sweet corn (Zea mays L. convar. Saccharata Koern.), carrot (Daucus carota L.), and autumn white cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. convar. capitata (L.) Alef. var. alba DC), respectively. The root depths of the three crops were 0.6, 1.3, and more than 2.4 m, respectively. Uptake of¹⁵N was close to zero from placements below root depth, and linear relationships were found between root density and¹⁵N uptake from different depths. N inflow rates (uptake per unit root length) were in the same range for all species and depths. This indicates that the very different N use efficiencies often found for vegetable crops depend on species specific differences in root development over time and space, more than on differences in N uptake ability of the single root. Thus deep rooting is important for deep N uptake. Knowledge about deep root growth enables design of crop rotations with improved N use efficiency based on re-cycling of deep soil NO ₃ ^– by vegetables.     

不同寄主植物对烟粉虱发育和繁殖的影响

研究了烟粉虱 B型 ( Bemisia tabaci Gennadius)在番茄、茄子、黄瓜和甘蓝上的发育、存活和繁殖情况。在 2 6± 1℃的条件下 ,烟粉虱从卵发育到成虫的存活率以在甘蓝上的最高 ,为 68.5 5 % ,黄瓜上的最低 ,为46.2 8% ;发育时间以在茄子上最短 ,为 1 7.5 d,黄瓜上最长 ,为 1 9.3d,差异显著 ;平均单雌产卵量以在甘蓝上最大 ,为 1 43粒 ,黄瓜上最小 ,为 98.2 5粒 ;成虫的寿命以在甘蓝上最长 ,平均为 2 5 .2 d,黄瓜上为 1 7.2 d;内禀增长率 rm以在茄子上的最大 ,为 0 .1 41 6,黄瓜上最小 ,为 0 .1 1 43。综合比较 4种不同寄主植物 ,茄子是烟粉虱种群生长发育和繁殖最适宜的寄主