裂叶沙参与泡沙参种群分布格局分形特征的分析

 裂叶沙参与泡沙参种群在不同海拔区域分布格局的计盒维数与其在群落中占据空间的能力成正比,并且与环境因素密切相关。在裂叶沙参与泡沙参种群较为适生的区域,海拔2700～3100m,两者在群落中占据空间的能力最强,他们的计盒维数达到最高。在低于海拔2700m或高于海拔3100m,环境条件严酷的区域,裂叶沙参种群与泡沙参种群占据空间的能力不同程度的下降。在不同的海拔区域,广布种泡沙参种群占据空间的能力均比裂叶沙参种群高,而其受环境因素影响较弱。在海拔2700m以下地区,泡沙参种群水平分布格局的计盒维数比裂叶沙参种群高4.5倍;在两种群较为适生的区域,海拔2700～3100m,泡沙参计盒维数比裂叶沙参种群高1.5倍,差异最小;在泡沙参与裂叶沙参种群分布的上限,海拔3100m以上地区,两者计盒维数差异又增加,泡沙参计盒维数比裂叶沙参种群高1.8倍。这说明裂叶沙参种群的内在适应力、竞争力比泡沙参种群相对较弱。     

裂叶沙参和泡沙参种群有性生殖和无性繁殖的比较

通过对裂叶沙参(Adenophora lobophylla Hong)和泡沙参(A.potaninii Korsh.)种群有性生殖和无性繁殖特性的对比,揭示濒危植物裂叶沙参的种群内部致濒机制。结果表明:裂叶沙参种群幼苗抢占草本层上层空间能力弱于泡沙参种群;裂叶沙参种群是以相对长的生殖期和高产籽量来适应环境;裂叶沙参种群开花结实量虽高于泡沙参种群,但其中成熟种子少,种子质量差,致使其种群由种子到一年生幼苗的转化率极低,并且幼苗生活力弱,是导致其种群濒危的重要内部原因。裂叶沙参种群除有性生殖外还兼有较弱的无性繁殖,是对其有性生殖的一个重要补充。     

裂叶沙参分布区域和生物学生态学习性的调查

濒危植物裂叶沙参(Adenophora lobophylla Hong)已发现的天然分布区在四川西北部金川县的安宁、曾大、卡撒、马尔邦、观音桥五个乡,分布面积估计不超过5000km2,根据文献记载和50年代采集的标本分析,裂叶沙参的分布区正在缩小。裂叶沙参以有性生殖为主,在外界干挠和春旱严重的条件下也营无性生殖。在海拔2700m以下地区,裂叶沙参星散分布,生长发育不良,年龄结构老化,种群呈衰退趋势。在较为适生的海拔区间(2700-2900m),裂叶沙参生长正常,花果产量高,年龄结构合理。在海拔2900m以上地区,裂叶沙参分蘖数、花果量减少,个体寿命缩短。裂叶沙参所处群落可分为山杨、山棉花林;旱生多刺灌丛或灌丛;旱生灌草丛;和旱生草丛。裂叶沙参种群在各群落中均为伴生种,受到群落不同程度的影响。     

濒危种裂叶沙参种群生命表和存活曲线的研究及其与广布种泡沙参的对照

以近缘广布种泡沙参为对照,本文编制了濒危种裂叶沙参种群的标准生命表、存活曲线以及海拔２３００～２４００ｍ、２７００～２９００ｍ、２９００～３１００ｍ和３１００～３４００ｍ区域４个种群的生命表,存活曲线。根据其生活史,讨论了裂叶沙参各种群特定年龄的存活量、死亡量和死亡率等重要参数。裂叶沙参种群存活曲线属ＤｅｖｅｙＣ型,１～５年生死亡率最高,个体最长寿命２５年。而泡沙参种群的死亡高峰期是１～３年,个体最长寿命２１年。导致裂叶沙参种群幼龄个体死亡的内在原因是其较弱的抗逆性和适应能力;外在原因是严重的干旱、外界干扰和群落内的光照不足。裂叶沙参种群适应不良环境的能力较泡沙参弱：在海拔２７００ｍ以下地区,由于外界干扰和环境干旱,除水份条件较好的特殊生境,大多种群呈严重衰退趋势,不能满足编表条件,只有海拔２７００ｍ以上区域的种群呈稳定或扩展趋势;而泡沙参各种群在不同海拔区域均呈稳定或扩展趋势,满足编表条件。从海拔２３００ｍ到３４００ｍ,不同裂叶沙参种群个体寿命呈：短长短的格式,与外界严酷较好严酷的环境相对应。这表明裂叶沙参种群在严酷环境条件下改变了其生存对策,缩短了个体寿命。     

沙地云杉种群增长预测模型研究

 本文以沙地云杉种群的静态生命表、生殖力表为基础,运用Leslie种群增长模型,预测了小腾格里沙地白音敖包地区有代表性的藓类云杉林中云杉种群的动态增长过程,揭示了沙地云杉各龄级植株的动态规律。结果表明：沙地云杉为缓慢增长型种群;种群的净增殖率、内禀增长率及周限增长率较高,而种群的世代周期及加倍时间偏低;在50年内种群1年生幼苗的数量及种群的总数量表现出持续递增的趋势,且种群总数目的变化幅度较小。     

濒危种裂叶沙参种群生命表和存活曲线的研究及其与广布种泡沙参的 …

以近缘广布种泡沙参为对照,本文编制了濒危种裂叶沙参种群的标准生命表,存活曲线以及海拔２３００￣２４００ｍ、２７００￣２９００ｍ、２９００￣３１００ｍ和３１００￣３４００ｍ区域４个种各的生命表,存活曲线。根据其生活史,讨论了裂叶沙参各种群特定年龄的存活量,死亡量和死亡率等重要参数,裂叶沙参种群存活曲线属ＤｅｅｖｅｙＣ型,１￣５年生死亡率最高,个体最长寿命２５年,而泡沙参种群的死亡高峰期是１￣３年,个     

濒危植物南川升麻种群数量动态的分析

运用种群静态生命表、生殖力表和Leslie矩阵模型,研究了中国特有的濒危植物南川升麻种群数量动态过程。结果表明,南川升麻种群为衰退型种群,种群的净增殖率、内禀增长率和周限增长率较低,种群世代周期偏长,在25a内种群幼苗数量和总数量呈现出持续下降的趋势。南川升麻种群经历了两次死亡高峰期,受到了环境筛的强烈过滤作用。     

秦岭独叶草种群个体和构件生物量动态研究

对秦岭地区独叶草种群个体和构件生物量动态进行了系统研究．结果表明,独叶草种群个体生长发育过程中构件生物量与年龄关系可用Logistic方程表示．种群叶和芽的生物量比率随年龄增长降低,而根系和根状茎的生物量比率增加．不同海拔地域的种群个体生物量和各构件生物量显著不同(P＜0．05),海拔2700-2900m的种群个体生物量和各构件生物量较低海拔和高海拔地区大．叶生物量比率随海拔升高降低,而根状茎的比率却增加．在较适生地域,根系生物量比率较低,而芽的比率较高．种群个体生长和各构件生物量动态与环境条件关系密切．     

土耳其斯坦叶螨和截形叶螨生殖力比较

在25±0.5℃的条件下,应用岛屿法观察比较了土耳其斯坦叶螨Tetranychus turkestani和截形叶螨Tetranychus truncatus实验种群的存活率、产卵量,组建了土耳其斯坦叶螨和截形叶螨生殖力表特定年龄生命表,比较了2种群净增殖率(R0)、内禀增长率(γm)、周限增长率(λ)和种群翻倍时间(t)等生殖力参数以及种群增长指数(I).从结果看,截形叶螨的生殖能力和种群增长指数低于土耳其斯坦叶螨.因此,可以判断截形叶螨在新疆部分棉田取代土耳其斯坦叶螨种群爆发成灾,并非其物种本身生殖潜能形成,而是由其它生态因子造成.由于截形叶螨存活时间长于土耳其斯坦叶螨,其一旦进入棉田,则造成更大危害.     

十种濒危植物的种群生态学特征及致危因素分析

从保护生态学的观点出发,对10个濒危植物的地理分布、生境条件、种群数量动态、空间分布格局、种间关系、种群的生命表、生殖力表、有性生殖、无性繁殖等种群生态学特征进行了综合分析。论述了濒危植物以光合、蒸腾、呼吸为主的生理生态学规律;预测种群数量动态的Leslie矩阵、刻画种群空间分布格局的模型、刻画种群生长和数量增长的Logistic方程和多元回归模型所反映出的生态学特征。分析了濒危植物种群动态、发展趋势以及在内外因素作用下的生态学特征和过程。针对濒危植物保护研究存在的问题,从生态学角度对我国未来濒危植物保护研究应注意的问题提出了建议。     

Comparative Studies of Sexual Reproduction and Asexual Propagation Between Populations of Adenophora lobophylla and A. potaninii

To reveal the internal mechanism which lead to the endangerment of the AdenophoUa lobophylla Hong population, comparative studies of sexual reproduction and asexual propagation between the populations of A. lobophylla and A. potaninii Korsh were carried out. Young seedlings of A. lobophylla had less ability to occupy the uper space of the herbaceous layer than those of A. potaninii. The A. lobophylla population produced much more seeds and lived a long reproductive life to adapt the ambient environment. Though the number of flowers and fruits of A. lobophylla population was more than those of A.potaninii population, the number of its ripe seeds as well as the quality was less. Thus, the development rate from its seeds to one-year old seedlings was very low, and viability of its young seedlings was very poor. This could be the important factor causing the imminent population endangerment of A. lobophylla. Besides the sexual reproduction, the A. lobophylla population also had a comparatively tiny ability of asexual propagation, which was advantageously complementary to its sexual reproduction.     

独叶草种群年龄结构及动态分析

对太白山不同生境条件下的独叶草种群年龄结构、生命表及存活曲线进行了研究,结果表明,不同生境的独叶草种群在3～6年生阶段个体数量最多。幼年个体和老年个体数量较少,生命表中。幼龄级的dx、qx、Kx等为负数,可以反映种群幼龄个体缺乏程度．以无性繁殖独叶草不同与以有性生殖为主的植物,它可产生不同龄级的无性系分株,幼龄个体少的年龄结构并不代表种群必然衰退．随海拔升高,种群密度增加,个体寿命延长,反映了种群在适应性方面的调整．独叶草种群根状茎生存于腐殖质层中,仅有叶片露出地面;种群所在的牛皮桦、巴山冷杉和太白红杉群落人为干扰较少。生境相对稳定,种群可以长期维持．对种群保护应注重所处的环境及森林群落保护。     

高温对抗性和敏感小菜蛾生命表参数及后代杀虫剂敏感性的影响

为研究高温对抗性和敏感小菜蛾Plutella xylostella生物学适合度及抗药性进化的影响,本研究测定了温度对杀虫剂抗性和敏感小菜蛾实验种群生命表参数及后代对阿维菌素敏感性的影响。 结果表明：与25℃相比,33.5℃条件下抗性和敏感种群的平均世代历期（D）、净生殖率（R₀）、内禀增长率（r_m）、周限增长率（λ）值、总产卵量、雌蛾平均寿命、日产卵量和孵化率均显著下降。 在25℃下,抗性和敏感种群的r_m,λ,D和日产卵量无显著差异,但抗性种群的R₀略低于敏感种群（为敏感种群的87%）。 在33.5℃下,抗性种群的r_m和R₀显著低于敏感种群（分别为敏感种群的75%和64%）,抗性种群雌成虫寿命、总产卵量和孵化率显著也低于敏感种群。 抗性种群在33.5℃下饲养一代后,后代对阿维菌素的抗性水平大幅下降,而相同处理下敏感种群对阿维菌素的抗性水平没有显著下降。 上述结果表明,无论在常温还是高温条件下,抗性种群生物学适合度均低于敏感种群,尤其是高温下抗性种群适合度远低于敏感种群。 抗性种群经高温饲养一代后对阿维菌素的抗性水平大幅下降可能与高温下抗性种群适合度显著较低有关。     

Age-dependent fecundity and life-fertility tables for Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Het., Pentatomidae)

Abstract: The reproductive potential and longevity of Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) were determined under laboratory conditions at a constant temperature of 25°C. The data were used to calculate life-fertility tables and rates of increase. The fecundity plateau of P. nigrispinus lasted 18 days, and during this period mean fecundity was 8.89 eggs per female per day. It started at the eighth day of age and ended at the 18th day of age. The declining fecundity period started at 18 days of age and ended with the death of the females. The female of P. nigrispinus oviposited a mean of 188.54 eggs, and had a mean longevity of 31.21 days. The gross reproductive rate (GRR) was 104.374 females/female; the net reproductive rate ( R _o) was 31.945 females/female; the generation time was 47.390 days; the doubling time was 9.480 days; the intrinsic rate of increase ( r _m ) was 0.073, and the finite rate of increase ( λ ) was 1.076. The predator population increased by 16.61 adult progeny per female per generation in the laboratory.     

Comparative study on biological parameters of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) collected on four host plants from Varamin-Iran

During 2003 biological parameters of sweetpotato whitefly, B. tabaci (Genn.) (Horn. Aleyrodidae) as a major pest of field crops, vegetables and ornamentals were studied. In this study, the infested leaves of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) with whitefly nymphs and pupae were collected from Varamin-Iran, and were transferred to the laboratory. The newly emerged males and females of each population were released separately into a large cage set on cotton plants. Experiments were carried out in a growth chamber on cotton, (Varamin 76 variety) at 24+/-2 degrees C, 55+/-3% RH and 16:8 h (L: D) photoperiod. The adults of every collected population after emergency were reared in the large cages (40 x 50 x 70) containing pots of cotton plant. The preimaginal developmental time and reproductive parameters of 40 mated females were calculated for each population. The results revealed that the intrinsic rates of increase (r(m)), on cucumber, zucchini, eggplant and cotton were 0.093, 0.068, 0.085 and 0.078 respectively, gross fertility rate, were 67.92, 59.08, 76.13 and 63.14 respectively and mean generation time (T(c)) were 27.4, 27.74, 27.73 and 27.52 days respectively. Other demographic parameters such as intrinsic birth rate (b), intrinsic death rate (d), finite rate of increase (lambda), doubling time (DT), net fecundity rate, net fertility rate , gross fecundity rate, mean age gross fecundity and fertility, mean age net fecundity and fertility, mean age hatch, number of eggs/female/day and daily reproductive rate were also calculated. The results revealed that there were not significant differences between parameters of demography in different populations and the host plant has no significant influence on biological parameters.     

巴郎山糙皮桦叶片光合氮利用效率的海拔响应

为深入认识植物对环境变化的响应和适应,以分布在川西巴郎山的糙皮桦为研究对象,选择海拔2200、2500、3100和3400 m 4个分布点,测定计算了各分布点叶片光合氮利用效率(PNUE)、CO₂扩散导度(叶肉细胞导度g_m与气孔导度g_s)和氮分配比例(Rubisco氮分配比例P_R、生物力能学组分氮分配比例P_B、捕光组分氮分配比例P_L与细胞壁氮分配比例P_CW)等参数,分析了其沿海拔的变化趋势以及叶片PNUE与其他参数的相关关系.结果表明: 糙皮桦叶片PNUE、P_R和P_B在海拔2500和3100 m相对较高;叶片g_s和g_m则随海拔升高而增加,P_L随海拔升高而降低.糙皮桦叶片P_R和P_B与PNUE呈显著正相关关系,说明P_R和P_B是PNUE随海拔变异的重要内部因素.糙皮桦叶片光合系统氮分配比例P_P在海拔2500和3100 m相对较高,叶片P_CW随海拔升高而降低,叶片其他组分氮分配比例P_other随海拔升高而增加,说明随海拔的升高,糙皮桦叶片趋向将更大比例的氮分配于除光合系统和细胞壁外的其他组分中.     

Gas Exchange and Water Use Efficiency of Adenophora lobophylla (Campanulaceae) at Different Altitudes on the East Boundary of the Qing- Zang Plateau

Field measurements were made of leaf net photosynthetic rate (Pn), apparent quantum yield (AQY), dark respiration (Rd), transpiration (Tr), water use efficiency (WUE), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), leaf temperature (TI), stomatal density, air temperature (Ta) and relative soil water content (SWC) for Adenophora lobophylla Hong in August, 1996. The species grows in the region from an altitude of 2 300 m to 3 400 m on the eastern boundary of the Qing-Zang Plateau in Sichuan Province, China. Leaf gas exchange, water use efficiency and plasticity of populations in field were compared among different altitudes to evaluate the possible interactions between adaptation of A. lobophylla and environmental factors in these habitats. Pn and AQY at low altitudes were lower than those at high altitudes. They strongly responded to SWC and Ta. On the other hand, Rd at low altitudes was higher than that at high altitudes because of the higher air temperature there. The growth rates at low altitudes were associated with the increases in Rd and a relevant less Pn. Stomata showed strong responses to leaf-to-air vapor pressure deficit at the leaf surface (Vpdl) and Tl in these habitats. Increasing stomatal limitations to photosynthesis appeared to be responsible for the reduction in Pn at high Tl, Vpdl and low available soil water for A. lobophylla at low ahitudes. Nonstomatal limitation to photosynthesis also happened at extreme soil water deficits and high Tl and Vpdl at an altitude of 2 300 m. Tr had a close relationship with stomatal conductance and was also affected by leaf temperature and leaf-to-air vapor pressure deficit at the leaf surface among habitats grown in different ahitudes. WUE increased with altitude. Increasing stomatal densities showed different plasticity of A. lobophylla as altitude increased. SWC and Ta appeared to be important factors to limit carbon assimilation in A. lobophylla at low altitudes, primarily through the process of stomatal closure. The overall results are in consistence with the hypothesis that strong pressure from tmfavorable environmental factors to gas exchange and wateruse of A. lobophylla may prevent their population expansion at low altitudes, which indicate that the above-mentioned restrictions might lead to the endangerment of A. lobophylla.