沙地云杉种群调节的研究

 本文运用种群密度调节的-3/2原则研究沙地云杉种群的自疏过程,模拟种群密度变化的动态规律。由于可塑性生长的影响,不同林型中沙地云杉种群的平均胸径、单株平均干重与种群密度关系之间的变化幅度也不相同,但都表现出幂函数的变化特征。运用主成分分析的方法探讨影响沙地云杉种群密度调节的主要因素,表明影响沙地云杉种群自疏过程的主要因子为：坡向、群落类型、坡位、土壤含水量、海拔、土壤平均容重、针叶密度7个因子。分析了沙地云杉种群自疏过程的机制及其在种群密度管理中运用的可能性,对沙地云杉种群的经营管理具有重要的理论与实践意义。     

沙地云杉种群结构与动态的研究

本文用种群大小结构代替年龄结构研究了沙地云杉种群的大小结构、分布格局和动态规律。结果表明,样地1、2、3、5的沙地云杉种群属于增长型,样地4的沙地云杉种群为稳定型,将样地1、2、3作为一块样地,其分布格局为集群型,但从幼树到大树,则由集群分布变为随机分布。     

沙地云杉构件动态与结构

研究了沙地云杉的构件种群。结果表明：（1）沙地云杉根系生长迅速;（2）针叶寿命随树龄而变化;（3）枝条数量与枝条年龄存在如下关系：B40＝2682.5e-0.6958A,B200=5807.5e-1.3112A;（4）雄花／雌花随树龄迅速上升;（5）不同层次和方向上球果数量存在显著差异;（6）东方向的冠半径最长,西方向最短,枝条数量、长度,小枝数量随树龄而增加,小枝长度随树龄而缩短。结果表明,沙地云杉能够适就干旱的生态环境,其构件动态与结构是长期的自然选择与适应的结果。     

沙地云杉林研究述评

沙地云杉(Picea mongolica)是我国特有的针叶林树种,主要分布于内蒙古白音敖包国家级自然保护区。在该地区的防风治沙、退化土壤的生态恢复,三北防护林体系建设等方面起着重要作用。从沙地云杉林的生长环境、个体生态、种群生态、群落生态等方面对国内外的研究现状和最新研究进展进行了综述,并从不同尺度上对沙地云杉林未来研究中应该重视的一些科学问题进行了展望。这些科学问题主要有:(1)沙地云杉个体生长、生殖和保护的结构和生理机理方面的研究。(2)沙地云杉种群与群落方面的研究包括:生命表与生育力表编制与统计;种内与种间的关系;化感作用;种群、群落发生、发展和衰亡的内在机制;自然干扰和人为干扰对沙地云杉更新的研究;全球气温变化对沙地云杉林天然更新的影响等。(3)沙地云杉林生态系统方面的研究包括:大量和微量营养元素在沙地云杉林的凋落物⁃微生物⁃土壤⁃沙地云杉的循环、利用规律及转化机理;凋落物分解规律及机理;水分循环;土壤理化性质和生化特性对沙地云杉生长和生物量的影响;沙地云杉林生态系统能量流动和信息传递研究等。(4)沙地云杉林生态经营研究;沙地云杉丰产林营造技术;沙地云杉种子园、母树林规划与创建;沙地云杉林杄插繁殖技术与无性系研究;幼树移栽技术;沙地云杉天然林和人工林施肥技术;沙地云杉林病虫害预测与防治研究等。     

沙地云杉构件动态与结构(英文)

研究了沙地云杉的构件种群。结果表明:(1)沙地云杉根系生长迅速;(2)针叶寿命随树龄而变化;(3)枝条数量与枝条年龄存在如下关系:B₄₀=2682.5e-0.6958A,B₂₀₀=5807.5e-1.3112A;(4)雄花/雌花随树龄迅速上升;(5)不同层次和方向上球果数量存在显著差异;(6)东方向的冠半径最长,西方向最短,枝条数量、长度,小枝数量随树龄而增加,小枝长度随树龄而缩短。结果表明,沙地云杉能够适应干旱的生态环境,其构件动态与结构是长期的自然选择与适应的结果。     

尕海-则岔地区紫果云杉种群结构与动态特征

紫果云杉(Picea purpurea)为我国特有树种,为了解其种群生存现状及动态特征,以尕海-则岔自然保护区则岔沟的紫果云杉天然纯林为研究对象,通过样地调查和数据统计,绘制了种群结构图,编制了静态生命表,分析了存活曲线,运用生存分析理论与数量化分析法研究种群结构与动态,并运用时间序列模型对种群数量动态进行预测,以揭示本区域紫果云杉的种群结构与动态特征。结果表明,紫果云杉种群龄级结构、高度结构和冠幅结构总体均呈倒"J"型。种群自然更新能力强,幼苗、幼树储量丰富,前期有较高的死亡率,种群存活曲符合Deevey-Ⅲ型。生存分析也说明紫果云杉种群具有前期锐减,中、后期稳定的特点。竞争和自疏作用造成的幼苗、幼树存活率偏低是影响紫果云杉种群自然更新和结构的关键因素。种群动态指数Vpi0,表明种群属于增长型,V'pi趋近于0,表明该种群趋近于稳定型。时间序列预测分析表明,在未来2、4、6、8个龄级后,紫果云杉个体数均有所增加,种群呈一定的增长趋势。说明该保护区的成立使本区域紫果云杉种群得到了相对完整的保存,该种群适应当前的生存环境,能实现自然更新且仍有一定的增长潜力。紫果云杉种群更新主要受制于建成限制,幼苗、幼树存活率过低,可采取适当的人为干扰措施来促进种群更新与增长,而保护幼苗生存环境并提高幼苗质量和存活率才是种群更新和发展的关键。     

长白山北坡天然次生林典型建群种的种群结构及动态特征

分析长白山林区典型天然次生林的建群种种群结构及动态特征,揭示关键种群的生存现状和发展趋势,以期为研究区的天然林保护与修复提供基础资料和理论依据。基于24块1 hm²的固定样地数据,通过编制种群静态生命表,拟合并绘制种群存活曲线,运用生存分析、种群数量化分析和时间序列分析,定量研究2种典型天然次生林4个建群种的种群结构与动态特征。结果显示,4个种群的存活曲线总体均趋于Deevey-Ⅱ型,但所属亚型有所区别。臭冷杉（Abies nephrolepis）种群死亡率波动较大,在不同龄级出现了多次死亡高峰;鱼鳞云杉（Picea jezoensis var. microsperma）和蒙古栎（Quercus mongolica）种群死亡率随龄级增大逐步递增;红松（Pinus koraiensis）种群在各龄级上的死亡率均较高。数量化动态分析表明,4个种群均属于增长型,增长潜力为红松 > 臭冷杉 > 鱼鳞云杉 > 蒙古栎;4个种群受外界干扰的敏感程度均较高,其中红松种群受干扰的概率最大。时间序列预测表明,臭冷杉和红松种群个体数量在未来2、4、6、8个龄级后均呈现不同幅度的增加趋势,增长势态稳定。鱼鳞云杉和蒙古栎种群在幼、中龄级表现出衰退迹象。结论表明,臭冷杉和红松种群的自然更新较好,增长潜力较大,但同时受外界干扰的敏感程度也较高。鱼鳞云杉和蒙古栎种群的自然更新不足,增长潜力小,群落存在偏离稳定状态的风险。建议严格保护臭冷杉和红松种群的生境,适度开展疏伐抚育;改善鱼鳞云杉和蒙古栎种群空间格局,及时实施人工促进天然更新,促进群落进展演替。     

祁连山大野口流域青海云杉种群数量动态

种群数量动态揭示了种群的结构特征及其潜在的驱动机制，有助于预测种群未来的动态，进而为森林生态系统的保护与恢复提供理论依据。本研究基于10.2 hm²青海云杉动态监测样地数据，以种群径级结构代替年龄结构，编制静态生命表，绘制径级结构图、存活曲线、死亡率曲线、消失率曲线和4个生存分析函数曲线，分析青海云杉种群数量特征，并利用种群数量动态变化指数和时间序列模型对种群数量动态进行预测。结果表明：（1）青海云杉种群的年龄结构近似于倒"J"型，幼苗和小树储量丰富；（2）种群存活曲线趋近于Deevey-Ⅱ型，为稳定型种群，死亡率曲线和消失率曲线变化趋势基本一致，均在第2、8龄级出现高峰期；（3）生存率曲线呈下降趋势，累计死亡率曲线呈上升趋势，死亡密度曲线缓慢下降，而危险率曲线逐渐上升，该种群具有：前期减少、中期稳定、后期衰退的生长特点；（4）种群数量变化动态指数V_pi>0，表明该种群属于增长型种群，V_pi''>0且趋近于0，则表明该种群趋近于稳定型；（5）时间序列预测分析表明，在未来2、4、6、8个龄级时间后，种群呈稳定增长趋势。研究显示，祁连山大野口流域青海云杉种群为稳定增长型种群，只要未来不遭受强烈干扰，种群数量会保持逐渐增长。针对该种群幼龄个体在前期的更新过程死亡率较高情况，建议在今后的经营管理中应重点加强对第1、2龄级植株生存环境的保护和改善，提高幼苗和小树的存活率。     

濒危植物南川升麻种群数量动态的分析

运用种群静态生命表、生殖力表和Leslie矩阵模型,研究了中国特有的濒危植物南川升麻种群数量动态过程。结果表明,南川升麻种群为衰退型种群,种群的净增殖率、内禀增长率和周限增长率较低,种群世代周期偏长,在25a内种群幼苗数量和总数量呈现出持续下降的趋势。南川升麻种群经历了两次死亡高峰期,受到了环境筛的强烈过滤作用。     

濒危植物大花黄牡丹（Paeonia ludlowii）种群数量动态

运用种群静态生命表、存活曲线、生殖力表和Leslie矩阵模型,研究了西藏特有的濒危植物大花黄牡丹种群数量动态过程。静态生命表和种群存活曲线反映出大花黄牡丹在树龄10a之前和20～25a之间分别经历了强烈的环境筛和竞争自疏,20a左右为其生理寿命,35a左右为极限寿命;大花黄牡丹种群的净增长率、内禀增长率和周限增长率较低,表现为衰退型种群;Leslie矩阵模型的模拟结果表明,在20a内种群幼苗数量和总数量呈现出下降趋势,下降了大约30%;大花黄牡丹种群存活表现为Deevey-Ⅰ型,早期个体死亡极高,幼龄苗木严重不足;现行种群数量主要是靠自身的萌蘖繁殖来维持。导致大花黄牡丹濒危的可能原因是大花黄牡丹的生物学特性以及人为干扰。     

沙地云杉种群稳定性研究

沙地云杉种群稳定性研究郑元润徐文铎（中国科学院植物研究所,北京１０００９３）（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,１１００１５）ＳｔｕｄｙｏｎＰｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎＳｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙｏｆＰｉｃｅａｍｏｎｇｏｌｉｃａｏｎＳａｎｄｙＬａｎｄ．ＺｈｅｎｇＹｕａｎ...     

沙地云杉小树高生长与环境条件关系的数量化模型

沙地云杉小树高生长与环境条件关系的数量化模型郑元润徐文铎（中国科学院植物研究所,北京１０００９３）（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,１１００１５）ＴｈｅＭｏｄｅｌｓｏｆＲｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐｂｅｔｗｅｅｎＨｅｉｇｈｔＧｒｏｗｔｈｏｆＰｉｃｅａｍｏｎｇ...     

SOME EFFECTS OF NITROGEN NUTRITION ON THE MORPHOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF MARROW-STEM KALE

Marrow-stem kale plants grown on plots receiving frequent additions of sulphate of ammonia showed a 40% increase in length of internode and a 25% increase in number of nodes per plant, and the leaf size was increased by between 50 and 70% over plants in plots receiving no N fertilizer. Leaves of kale continue to increase in area until they turn yellow, and the high N leaves showed a greater rate of increase in area at every stage in the life of the leaf.
Various features of leaf structure, such as stomatal index, and thickness of palisade and mesophyll, were unaffected by N treatment. The size of the epidermal cells of the leaves was very variable, and although the high N leaves showed a 12% increase in area per epidermal cell over the low N leaves, this difference is not statistically significant. The increased area of the high N leaves can therefore be attributed mainly to increased cell division during the life of the leaf. Only a very slight increase in rate of cell division is necessary to produce the observed effect.
The greater leaf area of the high N plants can be attributed mainly to increased size of individual leaves, but there was also a significantly greater number of living functional leaves per plant on the high N plants; at 23 weeks from sowing the high N plants had an average of 13.4 living leaves, while the low N plants had only 11.7 living leaves per plant.
There was an appreciable degree of N succulence in the high N kale leaves, which showed a 2% greater moisture content than the low N leaves.
A seasonal drift in epidermal cell size, palisade thickness, and total leaf thickness, is shown to be fully significant, statistically. Marked variations in stomatal frequency are barely significant at the 5% level.     

毛乌素沙地群落动态中克隆和非克隆植物作用的比较

毛乌素沙地的克隆植物适应当地的沙化环境 ,并对沙化景观具有积极的改造作用。对克隆植物群落和非克隆植物群落内裸地斑块植物入侵的野外对比观测实验表明 ,克隆植物群落内裸地斑块入侵植物所占的格子数显著地大于非克隆植物群落 ,克隆植物可以提高沙化景观的自我恢复能力 ,在沙化景观的恢复重建中是一种值得利用的生物资源。     

Research and partnerships in studies on population genetics of Neotropical plants: A scientometric evaluation

Population genetics contributes to the understanding of the origin and maintenance of Neotropical biodiversity. We performed a scientometric analysis of ‘population genetics of Neotropical plants’ publications in Thomson Reuters Web of Science database, to identify patterns and trends and generate useful information for science and technology policy and decision-making in research funding. A total of 270 articles were identified. We found a general increase in the number of ‘population genetics of Neotropical plants’ publications but at a lower rate than the overall increase in ‘general population genetics’. Brazil and Costa Rica were the most studied countries, and Brazilians followed by North Americans authored the most publications. Twenty-five co-authorship collaboration groups and 9 institutional collaboration sub communities were identified. The number of groups remains low, and the distribution among countries is skewed. National and international partnerships significantly increased during the time period of our survey and at a higher rate than articles with no partnership. Despite the high biodiversity in the Neotropics, only 157 different species were studied during the last 68 years. Our results demonstrated low levels of ‘population genetics of Neotropical plants’ publications, which indicate the need to accelerate and increase research funding in this area.     

Beat sampling accuracy in estimating spruce spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) populations and injury on juniper

The use of a standardized beat sampling method for estimating spruce spider mite, Oligonychus ununguis (Jacobi) (Acari: Tetranychidae), densities on a widely used evergreen ornamental plant species, Juniperus chinensis variety 'Sargentii' A. Henry (Cupressaceae), was examined. There was a significant positive relationship between total spruce spider mite densities and spider mite densities from beat sampling on juniper. The slope and intercept of the relationship may be used by pest managers to predict total spider mite densities on plants from beat sample counts. Beat sampling dramatically underestimates the total number of spider mites on a foliage sample. The relationships between spruce spider mite feeding injury and spider mite density estimates from beat sampling juniper foliage and total spider mite counts on foliage were also examined. There was a significant positive relationship between spruce spider mite density as estimated from beat sampling and injury to the plants. There was a similar positive relationship between the total number of spruce spider mites and injury to the plants, suggesting that a pest manager could use beat sampling counts to estimate plant injury and related thresholds. These findings have important implications to decision-making for spruce spider mite control, especially as it relates to threshold levels and determining rates of predator releases. Further assessment of the effectiveness of beat and other sampling methods across multiple spider mite- host plant associations needs to be examined to enable pest managers to select sampling plans that are feasible and reliable.     

高原鼢鼠对高寒草甸群落特征及演替的影响

研究结果表明,高原鼢鼠种群密度与植物地上生物量呈极显著的负相关关系,与双子叶植物在地上生物量中所占百分比的数值呈极显著的正相关关系,草地次生植被面积随高原鼢鼠种群密度增加而显著增加,土丘覆盖植物的恢复速率则随高原鼢鼠种群密度增加而显著地降低,植物群落组成的种数与种群密度呈显著的负相关关系,单子叶植物重要值随高原鼢鼠种群密度的增加而显著下降,双子叶直根类植物与高原鼢鼠种群密度不存在显著的相关性,双子     

Dispersal and development of bagworm larvae (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) on three host plants

The present study investigated the development and dispersal of bagworm larvae, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis (Haworth) (Lepidoptera: Psychidae), on three hosts: arborvitae, Thuja occidentalis, blue spruce, Picea pungens, and juniper, Juniperus virginiana. The biomass of larvae was recorded at repeated intervals at 21 field sites. The relative quality of plants varied during larval development: early in the season, larvae were heavier on juniper and arborvitae than on blue spruce; late in the season, in contrast, larvae and pupae were lighter on juniper than on the two other plants. Larvae on blue spruce pupated later than those on arborvitae. In the laboratory, feeding rate and larval growth were not influenced by the density of larvae on the foliage of arborvitae up to a range which greatly exceeded that observed at any of our experimental sites. The incidence of dispersal among neonates emerging on arborvitae was high, as indicated by the high number of larvae captured on sticky traps, and the relatively low number of early instars on arborvitae foliage in relation to the reproductive output of females in the parental generation. The high rate of dispersal among early instars may be due to potential resource depletion over successive generations of bagworms.     

Season and drought stress mediate growth and weight of the green spruce aphid on Sitka spruce

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