2000—2020年青藏高原植被净初级生产力时空变化及其气候驱动作用

青藏高原是我国乃至全世界的“气候变化实验室”,在气候变化驱动下,青藏高原植被净初级生产力(NPP)发生了显著变化。本研究利用归一化植被指数、数字高程、年降水量和年气温等数据,探究2000—2020年青藏高原植被NPP的时空变化特征及其与气候因子的关系。结果表明: 2000—2020年,青藏高原植被NPP呈显著增加趋势,NPP增加速率为1.67 g C·m^-2·a^-1。青藏高原植被NPP空间分布表现为从东南向西北逐渐递减,该分布格局与气温、降水量的空间分布格局基本吻合。植被NPP与气温和降水量变化显著正相关。暖湿化气候变化趋势是促进植被NPP显著增加的重要动力,如果气候持续更暖更湿,青藏高原植被NPP将会持续增加。     

气候变化对无定河流域生态水文过程的影响

建立分布式生态水文过程模式,模拟分析了黄土高原无定河流域近40a来及未来气候变化情景下水循环和植被生产力的演变特征。结果显示,无定河流域近40a来温度上升,而降水量没有明显的下降趋势,但年际波动幅度变小。与之相应,地表蒸散量也没有明显的变化趋势。然而,因大气CO2浓度的上升,植被净生产力明显增加,速率约为0．6gCm^-2a^-1,水分利用效率随之提高。该流域生态系统对HadCM3气候变化情景的响应显著,蒸散、地表径流和植被净第一性生产力（NPP）均增加,植被水分利用效率明显提高。     

2001—2010年黄河流域生态系统植被净第一性生产力变化及气候因素驱动分析

基于MODIS-NDVI遥感数据,利用CASA模型分析黄河流域2001—2010年植被净第一性生产力（NPP）的空间分布格局,并结合同期气温和降水量数据,分别从不同空间和时间尺度上分析了黄河流域6种生态系统类型区域植被NPP的变化趋势,并对其与气候因素的相关关系进行分析.结果表明： 植被NPP空间分布呈西北低、东南高的分布特征,平均NPP年总量为108.53 Tg C,植被NPP的分布与生态系统类型呈现较高的相关性;2001—2010年,植被NPP总体呈上升趋势但波动较大,55.4%的面积呈现增加趋势,不同生态系统类型区域呈现不同的变化趋势;在年际水平上,黄河流域植被NPP变化与气候因素没有显著相关性,但在月际水平上呈现了较高的相关性,降水量和气温对植被NPP变化的影响作用相当;不同生态系统类型对气候因素呈现不同的相关性质以及时滞效应,草地对降水量的响应存在一定程度的时滞效应,荒漠对气温存在时滞效应.     

中国陆地生态系统对全球变化的敏感性研究

根据自然植被净第一性生产力综合模型和农业净第一性生产力模型计算了我国自然植被及农作物的净第一性生产力,结果表明:在所有可能的气候条件下,我国陆地生态系统的生产力表现出由东南向西北递减的趋势及明显的条带状分布,并在新疆地区形成明显的低值区。在年平均气温升高2℃且降水不变的情况下,湿润地区生产力增加幅度最大,约增加1～2tDW·hm~(-2)·a~(-1);在年平均气温升高2℃、年降水增加20％的情况下,干旱、半干旱地区生产力增加幅度最大,约增加0.5～3.0tDW·hm~(-2)·a~(-1);在年平均气温升高2℃、年降水减少20％的情况下,湿润地区生产力提高约0.5～1.0tDW·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),干旱、半干旱地区生产力降低约0.5～2.0tDW·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)。     

利用CASA模型估算我国植被净第一性生产力

基于地理信息系统和卫星遥感应用技术,利用CASA模型估算了我国1997年植被净第一性生产力及其分布。结果表明：1997年我国植被净第一性生产力为1．95PgC,约是世界陆地植被年净第一性生产力的4．0％;我国植被净第一性生产力的主要分布趋势是从东南沿海向西北逐渐减小,其中海南岛南部、云南西南部、青藏高原东南部的热带雨林和季雨林地区植被年净第一性生产力最大,达900gC.m^2.a^-1以上,而西部塔克拉玛干沙漠地区植被年净第一性生产力最小,不足10gC.m^-2.a^-1。     

近51年来祁连山植被净初级生产力对气候变化的响应

本研究以分辨率为0.1°×0.1°的植被、土壤和气象数据为驱动,利用大气-植被相互作用模型(AVIM2)模拟了祁连山地区1958~2008年植被净初级生产力(NPP),并对近51年来祁连山地区植被NPP对气候变化的响应进行了分析。结果表明:近51年来祁连山植被(常绿针叶林、落叶针叶林、草地、灌木、农田)在气温升高和降水量增加的影响下,NPP总量呈增加趋势,且增加速率依次为:农田>常绿针叶林>落叶针叶林>草地>灌木。植被NPP的变化与气温和降水量的变化均呈正相关关系,且温度变化对植被NPP的影响大于降水,即温度变化是影响祁连山地区植被NPP变化的主导因素。从区域平均来看,气温年平均上升速率为0.043℃·a-1,降水量的平均增加速率为1.355mm·a-1,在气温和降水量的共同作用下,1958~2008年祁连山地区植被NPP总量呈增加趋势,平均增加速率为0.718g·m-2·a-1。     

羌塘高原寒草地生态系统生产力动态

基于实测气象数据和遥感数据,分析了藏北地区气候变化趋势,并采用植被-气候综合模型和CASA模型模拟分析了藏北草地潜在和现实净第一性生产力(NPP)的动态变化和空间格局.结果表明:1955-2004年间,羌塘高原年平均气温上升了1.37 ℃,降水量增加了63 mm,中、东部区域的气候趋于暖湿化,西部区域趋于暖干化,目前气候变化尚未引起草地退化.草地潜在NPP平均值为东部＞中部＞西部.1982-2004年,由于水热条件的变化,中部区域的潜在NPP增加值最高,达0.55 t·hm-2·a-1,东部和西部分别为0.51和0.21 t·hm-2·a-1;东、中、西部现实NPP增量分别为-0.19、-0.03和0.20 t·hm-2·a-1.超载过牧是东、中部草地退化的主要原因,中部是草地保护恢复工程的最佳实施区域.     

广西西江流域植被净初级生产力时空分布特征及其影响因素

植被净初级生产力(net primary productivity,NPP)是流域生态系统功能的关键因子之一。本研究基于Carnegie-Ames-Stanford approach(CASA)模型,综合利用2003—2012年MODIS序列遥感数据、植被数据和气象数据,对广西西江流域植被NPP进行估算,并分析其时空格局及其影响因素。结果表明:2003—2012年广西西江流域的NPP年均值为524.67 g C·m~(-2)·a~(-1);NPP高值主要集中在研究区南部和东部地区,而中部地区NPP值相对较低;从地形上看,河谷平原植被NPP值较低,丘陵山地植被NPP值较高;不同类型植被对应的NPP值差异较大;常绿阔叶林NPP值最高,为788 g C·m~(-2)·a~(-1);栽培作物NPP值最低,为386 g C·m~(-2)·a~(-1)。2003—2012年研究区植被NPP平均值位于430.05~602.48g C·m~(-2)·a~(-1),总体呈现波动下降趋势。NPP呈现减少趋势的区域占研究区总面积的88.89%;7—10月NPP值较高,1—3月NPP值较低。NPP与年均降水量总体呈负相关关系,与年均温呈正相关关系;NPP受气候因子(降水量、气温)的综合影响,且植被NPP与气候因子(降水量、气温)相关性较密切,复相关系数为0.67。     

基于CASA模型的藏北地区草地植被净第一性生产力及其时空格局

基于1981-2004年遥感监测和气象数据,采用CASA(Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach)模型模拟分析藏北地区草地植被净第一性生产力(NPP)及其时空变化特征.结果表明:受水热条件的制约,藏北地区草地植被NPP空间分布规律呈水平地带性分布,由东南向西北逐渐由230g C.m-2.a-1减少到接近0.藏北地区草地植被NPP整体水平较低,年均草地植被总NPP为21.5×1012g C.a-1,多年平均值仅为48.1g C.m-2.a-1,明显低于青藏高原和其它草原区.藏北地区坡度小于1°平地和平滩地,以及南坡的草地植被年平均NPP相对较低.藏北主要高寒草地7-9月NPP占全年NPP的64.0%~70.0%.1981-2004年间,藏北地区草地植被总NPP的年际变化较大,并有进一步下降趋势.     

气候变化对黄土丘陵沟壑区植被净第一性生产力的影响模拟

以黄土丘陵沟壑区典型小流域纸坊沟流域为例,利用当前气候状况和不同气候情景下的气象数据驱动植被净第一性生产力模型VSIM,模拟气候变化对黄土丘陵沟壑区植被净第一性生产力（NPP）的影响.结果表明：（1）流域NPP对温度升高比对降雨变化的反应更为敏感,土壤水分状况受降雨变化影响显著,温度升高后流域土壤水分也明显下降.（2）草本和半灌木群落的NPP由于温度升高降低最多,沙棘灌丛的NPP受降雨变化影响最为明显,而刺槐林、苹果林和柠条灌丛对降雨变化反应不敏感;（3）综合降雨和气温都增加的情况,流域NPP仍呈下降趋势,只有沙棘灌丛因降雨的增加NPP减小的程度明显降低;（4）大部分植被类型在降雨和温度升高后水分利用效率降低,只有沙棘灌丛和铁杆蒿群落在降雨增加后有所提高,除铁杆蒿群落外,降雨减少使得大部分植被类型的水分利用效率提高.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。