浙江省麻疹病毒分离株的基因特性与免疫原性研究

为了研究浙江省1999～2003年麻疹病毒分离株的抗原性变化以及基因特性,阐明其基因特性与麻疹流行的关系,以及抗原性变化对疫苗免疫效果的影响。我们从麻疹患者含漱液中分离麻疹病毒株,制备大鼠免疫血清,与疫苗株沪191和Edmonston株等进行交叉中和试验,测定各毒株之间抗原比;并采集儿童麻疹疫苗免疫前后血清,分别测定其对不同毒株的中和抗体滴度;采用RT-PCR法扩增麻疹毒株血凝素蛋白(H)及核蛋白(N)基因,进行核苷酸序列测定。结果浙江99-1和浙江02-2株与沪191株之间的抗原比分别为3.0和7.3;儿童免疫后血清对浙江02-2株的麻疹中和抗体平均几何滴度(GMT)为15.03,明显低于沪191疫苗株(GMT为68.12);浙江省1999～2003年麻疹分离株之间,H基因氨基酸同源性为99.8%,N基因氨基酸同源性为98.5%～100.0%;与沪191疫苗株的H基因和N基因相比较,分离株与其在氨基酸水平上同源性分别为95.5%～95.7%和95.9%～96.3%。从基因进化树显示,1999～2003年浙江省分离到的麻疹毒株属于H1基因型,但与疫苗株沪191在抗原性和基因特性上已存在明显的差异。     

浙江省麻疹病毒分离株的基因特性与免疫原性研究

为了研究浙江省1999～2003年麻疹病毒分离株的抗原性变化以及基因特性,阐明其基因特性与麻疹流行的关系,以及抗原性变化对疫苗免疫效果的影响.我们从麻疹患者含漱液中分离麻疹病毒株,制备大鼠免疫血清,与疫苗株沪191和Edmonston株等进行交叉中和试验,测定各毒株之间抗原比;并采集儿童麻疹疫苗免疫前后血清,分别测定其对不同毒株的中和抗体滴度;采用RT-PCR法扩增麻疹毒株血凝素蛋白(H)及核蛋白(N)基因,进行核苷酸序列测定.结果浙江99-1和浙江02-2株与沪191株之间的抗原比分别为3.0和7.3;儿童免疫后血清对浙江02-2株的麻疹中和抗体平均几何滴度(GMT)为15.03,明显低于沪191疫苗株(GMT为68.12);浙江省1999～2003年麻疹分离株之间,H基因氨基酸同源性为99.8%,N基因氨基酸同源性为98.5%～100.0%;与沪191疫苗株的H基因和N基因相比较,分离株与其在氨基酸水平上同源性分别为95.5%～95.7%和95.9%～96.3%.从基因进化树显示,1999～2003年浙江省分离到的麻疹毒株属于H1基因型,但与疫苗株沪191在抗原性和基因特性上已存在明显的差异.     

福建省2012-2020年麻疹野毒株分子流行病学分析

为了解2012-2020年福建省麻疹野毒株病毒核蛋白N基因及H基因的变化,探讨其流行规律,本研究收集2012年-2020年福建省各地市级麻疹风疹网络实验室检测麻疹病毒核酸阳性的麻疹疑似病例咽拭子标本开展病毒分离,应用RT-PCR方法扩增MV的N基因羧基末端450个核苷酸片段并进行序列测定,通过与WHO推荐24个麻疹病毒基因型参考株、中国S(Shanghai,上海)191疫苗株、H1a中国代表株（China93-2）进行对比分析,从2012-2020年共收到1217例麻疹核酸检测阳性的疑似麻疹病例的病原学标本中,共分离出83株麻疹病毒野毒株,其中76株为H1a亚型,5株B3基因型,2株D8基因型。H1a亚型可分为2个独立谱系Lineage1～2,MV H1a基因型毒株间核苷酸及氨基酸同源性为99.82%～99.98%和99.91%～100%。2018年及2019年福建省首次分离到B3基因型麻疹病毒及D8基因型麻疹病毒为输入性基因型,B3基因型毒株高度同源,D8基因型毒株同源性100%。H1a基因型为福建省本土野毒株优势基因亚型,不同地区不同年代存在同一野毒株持续循环,同一地区同一年份也具...     

2013～2014年我国输入性B3基因型麻疹病毒的基因特征分析

研究2013~2014年中国大陆分离到的输入性B3基因型麻疹野毒株的N蛋白羧基端核苷酸和氨基酸特征。应用MEGA6.0软件对2013~2014年输入我国的B3基因型麻疹病毒、GenBank下载的WHO参考株、2013~2014年全球流行的B3基因型麻疹病毒代表株和中国疫苗株泸191(S191)构建基于N蛋白COOH端450个核苷酸片段序列的亲缘性关系树、分析其核苷酸和氨基酸差异。13株B3基因型中国分离株间的核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列同源性分别为99.7%~100%和100%;与B3基因型WHO参考株的核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为96.6%~96.8%和95.3%~97.3%;与2013~2014年流行的B3基因型的麻疹野病毒代表株的核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别在90.0%~100%和87.9%~100%;与S191的核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为93.3%~93.5%和87.2%。本研究对积累我国麻疹病毒分子流行病学基线数据具有很重要的意义,随着我国进入麻疹消除加速阶段,将会监测到更多的非本土基因型的输入,需要进一步加强病毒学监测,防止输入性麻疹野病毒在我国扩散和传播。     

中国6省2005年麻疹病毒分离株分子特征分析

研究2005年我国6省麻疹暴发、流行的野毒株基因型特征和分子流行病学,为进一步的麻疹防治策略提供科学依据.用RT-PCR方法,从2005年6省分离的48株麻疹病毒株中扩增出核蛋白（nucleoprotein, N）基因C末端676个核苷酸片段.再对扩增产物进行核苷酸序列测定和分析,并以C末端456个核苷酸片段构建基因亲缘性关系树,进行核苷酸、氨基酸同源性分析.6省分离的48株麻疹病毒均为H1基因型,其中两株为H1b亚型, 其余为H1a亚型.48株野毒株的核苷酸同源性为95.1%～100%（核苷酸差异为0～22bp）,氨基酸同源性为92.7%～100%;与我国疫苗株S191的核苷酸同源性为88.7%～92.5%,氨基酸同源性为88.0%～91.2%.其中Shaanxi05-1和Yunnan05-1,Anhui05-2和Ningxia05-9的N末端456个核苷酸的同源性为100%;Hebei05-19、Anhui00-2和Liaoning02-2,Hebei05-1和Chongqing04-3的核苷酸的同源性为100%.引起2005年我国6省麻疹暴发流行的野毒株为H1基因型,并以H1a为绝对优势亚型.各省之间存在相同毒株引起的传播链,不同年份之间存在相同麻疹野毒株的持续循环传播.同时提示,有必要进一步研究由核苷酸变异引起的氨基酸变异及中和抗原位点等生物学性状的改变,可能影响麻疹病毒的毒力和传播力.     

福建省输入性D8基因型麻疹病毒分子流行病学特征

为分析福建省输入性D8基因型麻疹病毒分子流行病学特征,采集咽拭子标本采用实时荧光定量反转录-聚合酶链反应(Real-time RT-PCR)筛查麻疹病毒核酸.用反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)扩增麻疹病毒核酸筛查阳性咽拭子及Vero/Slam细胞培养阳性产物,对麻疹病毒核蛋白(Nucleoprotein,N)羧基(COOH)端634个核苷酸(Nucleotides,nt)片段进行测序分析,构建系统进化树.最终分离获得1株麻疹病毒株,26条麻疹病毒N蛋白羧基末端450个nt序列.亲缘性分析发现,所有福建麻疹毒株与WHOD8基因型参考株(MVi/Manchester.GBR/30.94)在亲缘关系树上同属一个大分支,两者核苷酸序列和氨基酸(Amino acid,aa)序列同源性分别为96.4％～99.1％和96.7％～98.0％.其中2014年的福建毒株 MVs/Fujian.CHN/28.14和 MVs/Fujian.CHN/30.14与越南胡志明市2014年分离株MVs/HoChiMinh.VNM/11.14及美国纽约2013年分离株MVs/New.York.USA/19.13的nt同源性为 100％;2019年的毒株MVs/Fujian.CHN/25.19与泰国龙仔厝府2018年分离株MVs/Samut.Sakhon.THA/8.18的nt同源性为100％;而剩余的23个监测毒株则与日本神户2019年分离株MVs/KobeC.JPN/28.19的核苷酸同源性和氨基酸同源性最高,分别为99.6％～100.0％和99.3％～100.0％.在病毒N蛋白羧基端150个氨基酸位点上,福建株与WHO D8参考株存在3～5个氨基酸位点差异.而与现用的疫苗株(Shanghai-191)相比,存在17～19个氨基酸变异位点,其中有14个氨基酸位点为所有福建株共有的变异位点,这些位点的变异总体上未对编码蛋白的氨基酸造成明显改变.结论是福建省成功分离获得1株D8基因型麻疹毒株.D8基因型为福建省发现的输入性麻疹基因型,病毒N蛋白羧基端氨基酸位点上与疫苗株相比均出现了差异位点.     

麻疹病毒S191疫苗株N基因稳定性研究及免疫细胞表位分析

研究麻疹病毒(Measles virus,MeV)疫苗株S191毒种和传代病毒核蛋白(Nucleoprotein,N)基因稳定性及其遗传与变异特点;对该序列一些重要位点的氨基酸进行比较,探讨其功能结构及生物学活性变化以及S191疫苗株的保护效果。利用RT-PCR方法扩增S191减毒株23、26、27、29、32、37不同代次N基因,测序进行比对分析。S191传代病毒N基因序列之间核苷酸同源性99.7%~100%,氨基酸同源性为99.6%~100%;S191株与7个疫苗株之间核苷酸序列同源性达99.1%~99.4%;S191和中国流行代表株序列同源性在95.0%~95.4%;S191与世界流行代表株同源性达94.7%~99.4%;S191疫苗株和中国流行代表株CHN93/7(H1a)的4个重要T细胞表位氨基酸保持一致。S191各传代病毒基因具有较高稳定性,该疫苗有一定的保护作用。     

河南省麻疹病毒血凝素蛋白基因特征分析

为了解河南省流行的麻疹野病毒的血凝素基因特征,为制定消除麻疹策略提供依据,本文对2008~2012年河南省麻疹病毒分离株进行了血凝素基因核苷酸氨基酸特征研究。该研究采用病毒分离、RT-PCR方法获取病毒血凝素基因扩增产物,再对扩增产物进行核苷酸序列测定和分析。结果显示,河南省2008~2012年共分离麻疹病毒12株,测序结果显示均为H1a基因型,核苷酸同源性98.0%~100%,氨基酸序列同源性97.2%~99.8%,通过与Edmonston-wt.USA/54/A毒株进行比较,在氨基酸240位点发生丝氨酸(S)突变成天门酰胺(N)的突变。上述检测结果显示,河南省2008~2012年麻疹野病毒流行优势株为H1a基因型,同源性较高,而且氨基酸改变导致糖基化位点的缺失,是麻疹病毒变化的共同特征。     

2012年在上海市发现中国大陆首例输入性D8基因型麻疹病例

本文对中国首例输入性D8基因型麻疹病毒基因特征进行分析。用ELISA法检测血清麻疹病毒IgM抗体;用Vero/Slam细胞对采集的咽拭子标本进行病毒分离,分离到的麻疹毒株用RT-PCR方法扩增其核蛋白基因3′端的部分序列,并对扩增产物进行核苷酸序列测定和分析,以3′端456个核苷酸为目的片段进行基因亲缘性关系分析。结果表明,上海市2012年共报告1 105疑似麻疹病例,其中实验室确诊590例,临床符合病例2例,排除513例,报告发病率为2.52/10万;共采集到984份疑似麻疹病例咽拭子标本,分离到247株麻疹病毒,病毒分离阳性率为25.3%;除Shanghai12-239为D8基因型外,其他均为H1a基因亚型。Shanghai12-239与世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)参考株(Manchester.UNK30.94(D8)AF280803)核苷酸序列同源性为97.8%,氨基酸序列同源性为98.6%。与WHO其他基因型参考株核苷酸序列同源性为89.6%~94.5%,氨基酸序列同源性为88.7%~95.3%。     

宁夏2004—2007年麻疹监测分析

为了客观评价宁夏麻疹监测系统现状,探讨控制和消除麻疹的策略。对宁夏2004—2007年麻疹流行病学和实验室监测工作进行分析。结果显示,宁夏麻疹监测系统的灵敏性较高,疑似麻疹病例标本采集率和血清学诊断率等主要监测指标已达较高水平。同时,对监测到的36株麻疹野病毒基因型进行了探讨,全部为H1基因型H1a亚型,未发现其它基因亚型。因此,宁夏亟需加速控制麻疹,应继续做好麻疹监测和麻疹疫苗免疫接种。     

Rubella in Russia: variability of the infectious agent during the period of vaccine prophylaxis

AIM: To assess influence of vaccination against rubella on the genetic diversity of rubella virus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Vaccine strains of rubella virus Wistar 27/3 and Orlov-B as well as sera from patients with rubella obtained in Perm region during 1999 - 2005 period and standard serologic, molecular, epidemiologic and statistical methods were used. The study was performed according to the WHO recommendations on the genotyping of wild rubellavirus strains. RESULTS: Strains of rubella virus isolated in Perm region, vaccine strain Orlov-B (Saint Petersburg), and 4 Russian strains isolated in 1967-1997 before vaccine introduction belong to the same genetic group with high degree of homology - genetic divergence do not exceed 0 - 1%. This group was identified as genotype 2c which, according to WHO's data, circulates only in Russia. Periods of epidemic peaks of rubella incidence and its falls as well as selective immunization of girls and women of childbearing age did not influence on the genetic stability of the virus (divergence did not exceed 0.6 - 2.0%). On the contrary, mass immunization of children aged 1 - 2 years during 4 years resulted in statistically significant changes of rubella virus subtype inside the genotype 2c. CONCLUSION: Ten-year experience of rubella vaccination in Perm region demonstrates necessity of inclusion of monitoring for rubella virus variability in the system of epidemiological surveillance and control for rubella infection during period of its prevention by vaccine.     

Detection and genetic characterization of rabies virus from human patients

Saliva and blood were collected from two patients who had not received post exposure prophylaxis in the cities of Wenzhou and Xinning respectively. Both patients were confirmed as positive for rabies by detection of rabies virus specific nucleoprotein antibodies in the sera by Western Blot. However, rabies virus specific RNA was only identified in the saliva collected from the patient in Wenzhou. Furthermore, the isolate Zhejiang Wz0 (H) was obtained by inoculating one-day-old suckling mice. Both nucleoprotein (N) and glycoprotein (G) genes from the isolate were amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the isolate belonged to classic rabies virus, and shared a higher homology with the street viruses from dogs in the main endemic areas in China and the street virus from dogs in Indonesia than with other known strains. Further comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences between the isolate and the vaccine strains used in China showed that the virus had a higher level of homology with the vaccine strain CTN than with the other vaccine strains (3aG, PV, PM and ERA). In particular, amino acid residues substitutions located in antigenic site III in the G protein, which could react with the neutralizing antibodies, were observed. These results suggested that the virus belonged to the classic rabies virus, and both N and G genes diverged from the current vaccine strains used in China at either the nucleotide or the amino acid level. Foundation items: The project was supported by the Grants (2003BA712A08-02 and 2004BA718B03) from the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology.     

Single endemic genotype of measles virus continuously circulating in China for at least 16 years

The incidence of measles in China from 1991 to 2008 was reviewed, and the nucleotide sequences from 1507 measles viruses (MeV) isolated during 1993 to 2008 were phylogenetically analyzed. The results showed that measles epidemics peaked approximately every 3 to 5 years with the range of measles cases detected between 56,850 and 140,048 per year. The Chinese MeV strains represented three genotypes; 1501 H1, 1 H2 and 5 A. Genotype H1 was the predominant genotype throughout China continuously circulating for at least 16 years. Genotype H1 sequences could be divided into two distinct clusters, H1a and H1b. A 4.2% average nucleotide divergence was found between the H1a and H1b clusters, and the nucleotide sequence and predicted amino acid homologies of H1a viruses were 92.3%-100% and 84.7%-100%, H1b were 97.1%-100% and 95.3%-100%, respectively. Viruses from both clusters were distributed throughout China with no apparent geographic restriction and multiple co-circulating lineages were present in many provinces. Cluster H1a and H1b viruses were co-circulating during 1993 to 2005, while no H1b viruses were detected after 2005 and the transmission of that cluster has presumably been interrupted. Analysis of the nucleotide and predicted amino acid changes in the N proteins of H1a and H1b viruses showed no evidence of selective pressure. This study investigated the genotype and cluster distribution of MeV in China over a 16-year period to establish a genetic baseline before MeV elimination in Western Pacific Region (WPR). Continuous and extensive MeV surveillance and the ability to quickly identify imported cases of measles will become more critical as measles elimination goals are achieved in China in the near future. This is the first report that a single endemic genotype of measles virus has been found to be continuously circulating in one country for at least 16 years.     

Genetic and Molecular Characterization of H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated from Live Poultry Markets in Hubei Province,Central China, 2013–2017

H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus(AIV) is an influenza A virus that is widely spread throughout Asia, where it jeopardizes the poultry industry and provides genetic material for emerging human pathogens. To better understand the epidemicity and genetics of H9 subtype AIVs, we conducted active surveillance in live poultry markets(LPMs) in Hubei Province from 2013 to 2017. A total of 4798 samples were collected from apparent healthy poultry and environment. Realtime RT-PCR revealed that the positivity rate of influenza A was 26.6%(1275/4798), of which the H9 subtype accounted for 50.3%(641/1275) of the positive samples. Of the 132 H9N2 viral strains isolated, 48 representative strains were subjected to evolutionary analysis and genotyping. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all H9N2 viral genes had 91.1%–100% nucleotide homology, clustered with genotype 57, and had high homology with human H9N2 viruses isolated from2013 to 2017 in China. Using a nucleotide divergence cutoff of 95%, we identified ten distinct H9N2 genotypes that continued to change over time. Molecular analysis demonstrated that six H9N2 isolates had additional potential glycosylation sites at position 218 in the hemagglutinin protein, and all isolates had I155 T and Q226 L mutations. Moreover, 44 strains had A558 V mutations in the PB2 protein and four had E627 V mutations, along with H9N2 human infection strains A/Beijing/1/2016 and A/Beijing/1/2017. These results emphasize that the H9N2 influenza virus in Hubei continues to mutate and undergo mammalian adaptation changes, indicating the necessity of strengthening the surveillance of the AIV H9N2 subtype in LPMs.     

Isolation and complete nucleotide sequence of the measles virus IMB-1 strain in China

The complete nucleotide sequence of the measles virus strain IMB-1, which was isolated in China, was determined. As in other measles viruses, its genome is 15,894 nucleotides in length and encodes six proteins. The full-length nucleotide sequence of the IMB-1 isolate differed from vaccine strains (including wild-type Edmonston strain) by 4%–5% at the nucleotide sequence level. This isolate has amino acid variations over the full genome, including in the hemagglutinin and fusion genes. This report is the first to describe the full-length genome of a genotype H1 strain and provide an overview of the diversity of genetic characteristics of a circulating measles virus.     

H7N9亚型禽流感病毒非结构蛋白1(NS1)基因序列分析及2013上海分离株NS1的原核表达

目的:对2013年3月发生的感染人的新型H7N9亚型禽流感病毒的非结构蛋白1(NS1)基因序列进行同源性分析,构建NS1重组质粒并表达。方法:从GenBank获得2006~2013年不同来源的H7N9亚型病毒NS1序列,并进行同源性比较;利用PCR方法从H7N9亚型禽流感病毒株A/Shanghai/4664T/2013(H7N9)基因组cDNA中扩增得到全长NS1基因,并将该片段定向克隆到原核表达载体pET28a上,构建重组质粒pET28a-NS1,经酶切鉴定,将重组质粒转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)感受态细胞后,IPTG诱导表达,且进行Western印迹分析。结果:经序列分析,2013年暴发的H7N9型禽流感病毒的NS1基因核苷酸序列同源性为95%~100%,与之前暴发的H7N9型流感病毒NS1基因序列的同源性为86.4%~90.7%,表明2次暴发的该型流感分离株属于不同的进化分支;PCR扩增得到约680 bp的NS1基因序列,所克隆的NS1基因在原核细胞中的表达产物主要以包涵体形式存在,SDS-PAGE检测结果表明重组蛋白相对分子质量为25×103,Western印迹分析证实表达产物为H7N9禽流感病毒NS1蛋白。结论:为进一步研究H7N9亚型流感病毒NS1蛋白功能及基于NS1蛋白的抗病毒药物奠定了基础。