老年男性脑卒中患者排尿功能障碍的尿动力学评估

目的:存在阻塞性尿路疾患的老年男性在发生脑血管意外后,是否可通过早期症状或排尿症状类型(梗阻性还是刺激性)来预判排尿功能障碍的病因。方法:选择57例脑卒中后主诉排尿障碍的老年男性患者,所有患者均有继发于良性前列腺增生(BPH)的膀胱出口梗阻(BOO)症状。采集病史并行体检,57位患者均实行尿动力学检查,检查结果行A-G图分析并分类为:有梗阻,无梗阻及可疑梗阻。结果:患者平均年龄70岁(54-87),按排尿障碍的主诉类型分组(纯刺激症状42%,纯梗阻症状34%,两者混合24%),其中51例(89%)在脑卒中发生后即出现排尿症状,47(82%)例患者出现逼尿肌反射亢进(DH),在三组患者中无显著统计学差异。压力流率分析显示,36(63%)位患者有出口梗阻,无梗阻14(24%)例,可疑梗阻7(13%)例。在3组患者中亦无显著统计学差异。结论:所有老年男性患者呈现的症状不能预测膀胱出口梗阻或逼尿肌反射亢进的尿动力学结果。中风发生后排尿功能障碍症状的发生率明显升高,表明由脑血管意外引起的排尿功能障碍合并前期具有膀胱出口梗阻疾病时,可能会使后者的症状恶化,反之亦然。     

脑桥上中枢损伤与腰骶段脊髓损伤患者的膀胱功能障碍及尿动力特点研究

目的:比较脑桥以上中枢损伤与腰骶段脊髓损伤患者的膀胱功能障碍及尿动力学特点。方法:回顾性分析2011年3月至2014年5月我院收治的78例中枢神经损伤患者的临床资料,包括临床表现、诊断、排尿方式、残余尿、尿动力学检查结果。其中,脑桥以上中枢损伤组43例,腰骶段脊髓损伤组35例,分析和比较两组患者的自由尿流率参数和完全膀胱测压参数。结果:两组间的最大尿流率、排尿量比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),脑桥上中枢损伤组的残余尿量明显低于腰骶段脊髓损伤组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。与腰骶段脊髓损伤组比较,脑桥以上损伤组的膀胱容量明显减少,最大尿流率时的压力、逼尿肌的最大压力及平均压力明显增加,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组膀胱的顺应性、逼尿肌稳定性比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),脑桥以上中枢损伤患者的多数表现为低顺应性膀胱(27/43),胸腰段脊髓损伤患者主要表现为高顺应性膀胱(21/35);脑桥以上损伤组多表现为逼尿肌的过度活动(29/43),而腰骶段脊髓损伤组更多表现为逼尿肌的无反射和弱反射(20/35)。结论:脑桥以上损伤患者主要表现为逼尿肌过度活动和膀胱容量的显著降低,以低顺应性膀胱为主;腰骶段脊髓损伤患者的逼尿肌多为无反射和弱反射,以高顺应性膀胱为主。     

慢性非细菌性前列腺炎/慢性骨盆疼痛综合征患者的尿动力学检查

目的:探讨尿动力学检查在了解慢性非细菌性前列腺炎/慢性骨盆疼痛综合征(Chronicabacterialprostatitis/chronicpelvicpain syndrome,CPPS)患者中下尿路症状(LUTS)产生原因的作用。方法:对36例难治性慢性前列腺炎/盆腔疼痛综合征患者行尿流动力学压力-流率测定,同步测定膀胱压、逼尿肌压、同步肌电图测定,了解其症状产生的原因。结果:36例患者中,尿动力学证实膀胱出口梗阻14例(39%);逼尿肌过度活动者8例,其中有7例与BOO同时存在;假性逼尿肌尿道外括约肌协同失调6例(16.7%);逼尿肌收缩力低下者5例(13.9%)。结论:对难治性CPPS患者进行尿动力学检查有助于对此类患者LUTS产生的原因进行鉴别,从而可以采取有针对性的治疗。     

动态尿动力学评价前列腺增生合并肾积水、肾功能损害可复性临床应用

目的:探讨术前、术后尿动力学检测及其对合并肾积水、肾功能损害的临床意叉.方法:膀胱出口梗阻≥Ⅲ度的BPH患者按是否合并肾积水、肾功能损害分为两组,即无合并症的A组198例,有合并症的A组48例,记录术前、术后2次影像、尿动力学、肾功能等检查结果,对A、B组间和B组术前、术后结果进行比较分析.结果:(1)术前合并低顺应性膀胱(low compliance bladder LCB),膀胱逼尿肌括约肌协同失调(detrusor sphincter dyssynergia DSD),逼尿肌活动亢进(detrusor overactivity DO)的患者,A、B组分别18.2%、29.3%、29.3%和83.3%、54.2%、14.6%,不稳定膀胱(detrusor instability DI)、膀胱逼尿肌收缩功能损害(detrusor contractile functional lesion IDC)早期、IDC中晚期的患者,A、B组分别为128例、39例、6例和19例、18例、8例(P＜0.01);(2)A、B组间术前、术后DI、IDC早期、尿动力学残余尿量(residual urine RU)、充盈期膀胱压力(filling phase dertusor pressure FPPdet)、排尿期膀胱压力(utination phrase dertusor pressure UPPdet)最大尿流率(maximum flow rate MFR)差异有显著性(P＜0.05).(3)术前、术后3个月B组IDC中晚期尿动力学参数有变化,大多仍未能恢复,高顺应性膀胱(High compliance bladder HCB)尿动力学参数差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:BPH无合并肾积水、肾功能损害患者,应争取在PCB前手术,可避免肾并发症发生;合并肾积水、肾功能损害,争取在IDC早期前,或者PCB合并其他膀胱功能改变前手术,有助于肾积水、肾功能损害的恢复;如已是IDC晚期及HCP的患者,则肾积水、肾功能损害3个月内恢复效果较差.     

慢性非细菌性前列腺炎／慢性骨盆疼痛综合征患者的尿动力学检查

目的：探讨尿动力学检查在了解慢性非细菌性前列腺炎／慢性骨盆疼痛综合征 （Chronic abacterial prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome, CPPS） 患者中下尿路症状（LUTS）产生原因的作用。方法：对36例难治胜慢性前列腺炎／盆腔疼痛综合征患者行尿流动力学压力-流率测定,同步测定膀胱压、逼尿肌压、同步肌电图测定,了解其症状产生的原因。结果：36例患者中,尿动力学证实膀胱出口梗阻14例（39％）;逼尿肌过度活动者8例,其中有7例与BOO同时存在;假性逼尿肌尿道外括约肌协同失调6例（16．7％）;逼尿肌收缩力低下者5例（13．9％）。结论：对难治性CPPS患者进行尿动力学检查有助于对此类患者LUTS产生的原因进行鉴别。从而可以采取有针对性的治疗。     

尿流动力学在儿童及青少年遗尿中的应用价值

目的:探讨和分析尿流动力学检查在儿童及青少年遗尿症中的临床价值.方法:对我院诊治的61例遗尿症儿童及青少年进行尿流动力学检查,根据检查结果,并结合其临床症状、体征及其它辅助检查,选择适当的个体化治疗方案.结果:其中有42例尿流动力学检查结果显示异常,占总例数的68.9％; 19例尿流动力学检查结果显示无异常发现,占总例数的31.1％.结论:膀胱敏感性增加、膀胱容量相对减小、膀胱逼尿肌无抑制性不稳定收缩、膀胱顺应性和尿道压减低、出现残余尿量是遗尿症儿童及青少年尿流动力学检查结果出现异常的常见原因,行尿动力学检查在一定程度上能为遗尿症儿童及青少年在诊疗方案的选择上提供临床指导和参考.     

臭氧水膀胱腔内灌注治疗女性膀胱过度活动症疗效评价*

目的:评价臭氧水膀胱腔内灌注疗法对膀胱过度活动症的有效性和安全性。方法:2016年1月至2016年12月间共60例患者入组,所有患者均行尿流动力学检查证实膀胱逼尿肌不稳定。患者被随机分入治疗组(n=30)和对照组(n=30),对照组采用行为训练疗法并口服索利那新治疗。治疗组在行为训练疗法于口服索利那新的基础上,同时行臭氧水膀胱腔内灌注治疗。在治疗结束时通过患者病情改善情况评价疗效,主要评价指标包括:治疗前、后的患者24h排尿次数、平均夜尿次数、24h尿失禁次数、OABSS评分、I-QOL评分、治疗前和治疗结束末4周复查尿流动力学检查评估,并评估患者的不良反应。获得的数据采用t检验进行统计学分析。结果:结果证实,在24h排尿次数、平均夜尿次数、OABSS评分和I-QOL评分方面,各组治疗后有改善,而臭氧治疗组改善情况优于对照组(P0.05)。尿流动力学检查证实所有治疗后患者逼尿肌不稳定情况均有改善;初始尿意时膀胱容量、最大膀胱容量、储尿期膀胱逼尿肌最大压力变化情况治疗组改善优于对照组。不良反应由患者自主报告,治疗组主要表现为灌注后尿道内及下腹部不适感,多自主恢复,两组间差异不明显(P0.05)。结论:臭氧水膀胱腔内灌注治疗女性膀胱过度活动症安全、有效,能改善膀胱过度活动症患者排尿次数、夜尿次数和24小时尿失禁次数,能改善OABSS评分,能改善尿流动力学结果,提高患者的生活质量。     

前列腺增生伴Ⅱ型糖尿病患者的尿流动力学分析

目的:探讨前列腺增生伴Ⅱ型糖尿病患者的尿流动力学改变,并对该类患者提出合理的治疗和处理。方法:选取从2010年9月~2013年9月在本院泌尿外科一病房行经尿道前列腺电切,术后病理诊断为前列腺增生术前行尿流动力学检查的患者349例,分为单纯前列腺增生组158例(对照组)及前列腺增生合并Ⅱ型糖尿病组191例(研究组),前列腺增生合并Ⅱ型糖尿病组又分为两个亚组,即空腹血糖≤6.1 mmol/L组(亚1组)96例及空腹血糖6.1 mmol/L组95例(亚2组)。比较各组患者尿流动力学各项检查结果。结果:1)、比较亚2组和对照组患者残余尿量、最大尿流率、最大尿流率时逼尿肌压、最大逼尿肌压及顺应性,P值均0.05。2)、亚1组和对照组患者残余尿量、最大尿流率、最大尿流率时逼尿肌压、最大逼尿肌压及顺应性,除亚1组病程5年的残余尿量、顺应性P值0.05外,其他均0.05。3)、亚1组和亚2组患者残余尿量、最大尿流率、最大尿流率时逼尿肌压、最大逼尿肌压及顺应性,P值均0.05。4)、亚1组和亚2组不稳定膀胱率明显高于对照组。结论:Ⅱ型糖尿病能加重前列腺增生患者膀胱功能障碍,及早控制血糖能减轻、延缓膀胱功能障碍。     

实时三维盆底超声对产后压力性尿失禁患者疗效评估作用及与尿动力学的相关性分析

摘要 目的：探讨实时三维盆底超声对产后压力性尿失禁（SUI）患者疗效评估作用及与尿动力学的相关性。方法：选择2020年4月至2022年12月石家庄市人民医院收治的139例产后SUI患者,均接受盆底生物反馈电刺激联合盆底肌锻炼治疗。治疗前后分别进行实时三维盆底超声检查和尿动力学检查。比较治疗前后实时三维盆底超声参数、尿动力学指标差异。Pearson法分析实时三维盆底超声参数与尿动力学指标的相关性。结果：实时三维盆底超声图像特征显示：治疗前盆膈裂孔内的结构疏松,回声变弱,盆腔器官结缔组织疏松,间隙增宽,盆膈裂孔面积、尿道旋转角、膀胱尿道后角以及膀胱颈移动度较大;治疗后盆膈裂孔两侧耻骨直肠肌对称,耻骨内脏肌呈带状高回声,盆膈裂孔面积、尿道旋转角、膀胱尿道后角以及膀胱颈移动度较治疗前降低。产后SUI患者治疗后静息状态和Valsalva状态下盆膈裂孔面积、尿道旋转角、膀胱尿道后角、膀胱颈移动度均较治疗前降低（P＜0.05）,腹压漏尿点压、最大逼尿肌压力均较治疗前增加（P＜0.05）。产后SUI患者静息状态和Valsalva状态下盆膈裂孔面积、尿道旋转角、膀胱尿道后角、膀胱颈移动度与最大逼尿肌压力、腹压漏尿点压呈负相关（P＜0.05）,与最大膀胱容量和残余尿量无关（P＞0.05）。结论：产后SUI患者经盆底生物反馈电刺激联合盆底肌锻炼治疗后实时三维盆底超声参数较治疗前降低,与尿动力学改善有关。临床可通过实时三维盆底超声检查,对产后SUI患者进行临床疗效评价,以指导临床治疗。     

低频电刺激联合间歇导尿及Motomed运动训练对脊髓损伤致神经源性膀胱患者膀胱内压力及膀胱容量的影响

目的:探讨低频电刺激联合间歇导尿及Motomed运动训练对脊髓损伤致神经源性膀胱患者膀胱内压力及膀胱容量的影响。方法:选取我院2015年12月～2018年2月收治的脊髓损伤致神经源性膀胱患者92例,根据随机数字表法将其分为对照组(n=46)与研究组(n=46)。两组均给予间歇性导尿、盆底肌训练、膀胱功能训练等常规干预,对照组在此基础上采取低频电刺激,研究组于对照组基础上采取Motomed运动训练,两组均干预2个月。比较两组的临床疗效、治疗前及治疗2个月后的排尿情况(日均单次排尿量、日单次最大排尿量、日均排尿次数)、尿动力学情况(最大尿流率、膀胱容量、残余尿量、膀胱内压力)、LUTS(国际下尿路症状评分)及USDS(泌尿症状困扰评分)。结果:治疗后,研究组总有效率(93.48%)显著高于对照组(78.26%)(P0.05);治疗2个月后,两组日均单次排尿量、日单次最大排尿量、日均排尿次数、最大尿流率、膀胱容量、膀胱内压力均较治疗前显著增多,且研究组以上指标均明显高于对照组(P0.05);两组LUTS及USDS分值均较治疗前显著降低,且研究组以上指标均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:间歇导尿联合低频电刺激与Motomed运动训练可有效改善脊髓损伤致神经源性膀胱患者尿动力学状态及排尿情况,增大膀胱容量及膀胱内压力等,缓解下尿路症状及泌尿症状困扰程度,提高治疗效果。     

Impact of state of arousal and stress neuropeptides on urodynamic function in freely moving rats

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is a neurotransmitter in Barrington's nucleus neurons. These neurons can coregulate parasympathetic tone to the bladder (to modulate micturition) and brain noradrenergic activity (to affect arousal). To identify the role of CRF in the regulation of micturition, the effects of CRF agonists and antagonists on urodynamics in the unanesthetized rat were characterized. Rats were implanted with bladder and intrathecal or intraperitoneal catheters under isoflurane anesthesia. Cystometry was performed in the unanesthetized, unrestrained state at least 24 h later. In some cases, cortical electroencephalographic activity (EEG) was recorded simultaneously to assess arousal state. During cystometry, the state of arousal often shifted between waking and sleeping and urodynamic function changed depending on the state. Micturition threshold, bladder capacity, and micturition volume were all increased during sleep. The CRF1/CRF2 receptor agonists CRF and urocortin 2 increased bladder capacity and micturition volume in awake but not in sleeping rats. Conversely, the CRF1 receptor antagonists antalarmin and NBI-30775 increased urinary frequency and decreased bladder capacity in awake rats. The present results demonstrate a profound effect of the state of arousal on urodynamic function and suggest that simultaneous monitoring of EEG and cystometry may provide a useful model for studying nocturnal enuresis and other urinary disorders. In addition, the results provide evidence for an inhibitory influence of CRF in the spinal pathway on micturition. Targeting the CRF system in the spinal cord may provide a novel approach for treating urinary disorders.     

Adipose-derived stromal cell transplantation for treatment of stress urinary incontinence

We aimed to investigate the application of adipose-derived stromal cells in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Animal models of stress urinary incontinence were established with Sprague-Dawley female rats by complete cutting of the pudendal nerve. Rat adipose-derived stromal cells were isolated, cultured and successfully transplanted into animal models. Effects of stem cell transplantation were evaluated through urodynamic testing and morphologic changes of the urethra and surrounding tissues before and after transplantation. Main urodynamic outcome measures were measured. Intra-bladder pressure and leak point pressure were measured during filling phase. Morphologic examinations were performed. Transplantation of adipose-derived stem cells significantly strengthened local urethral muscle layers and significantly improved the morphology and function of sphincters. Urodynamic testing showed significant improvements in maximum bladder capacity, abdominal leak point pressure, maximum urethral closure pressure, and functional urethral length. Morphologic changes and significant improvement in urination control were consistent over time. It was concluded that periurethral injection of adipose-derived stromal cells improves function of the striated urethral sphincter, resulting in therapeutic effects on SUI. Reconstruction of the pelvic floor through transplantation of adipose-derived cells is a minimally invasive and effective treatment for SUI.     

Urinary Dysfunction in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Compared with Other Parkinsonian Disorders

Background

Autonomic urinary dysfunction affects patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP); however, the severity and prevalence of urinary dysfunctions in these patients compared with those observed in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA) are unknown.

Objective

We compared urinary dysfunction characteristics in patients with PSP, PD, and MSA.

Patients and Methods

Forty-seven patients who satisfied the probable or possible criteria of the National Institute for Neurological Diseases and Stroke and Society for PSP were assessed using the urinary symptoms questionnaire and the urodynamic study at Chiba and Toho Universities (n = 26 and 21, respectively). The results were compared with those of patients with PD and MSA (n = 218 and 193, respectively).

Results

The mean disease duration of PSP and the mean age were 2.97 ± 0.26 and 71.4 ± 0.88 years, respectively. The mini-mental state examination and frontal assessment battery scores were 22.6 ± 0.70 and 10.7 ± 0.49, respectively. Urinary storage and voiding symptoms were observed in 57% and 56% of patients with PSP, respectively. Detrusor overactivity in the urodynamic study was detected in 81% of patients with PSP, which was slightly more than that found in patients with PD (69%) and MSA (67%); however, this was not statistically significant. Postvoid residual volume in patients with PSP was significantly more than that in patients with PD (P < 0.01), but was equivalent to that in patients with MSA.

Conclusions

The present study demonstrated that patients with PSP experienced various urinary dysfunctions. Urinary storage dysfunction in patients with PSP was not different from that in patients with PD or MSA, whereas urinary voiding dysfunction in patients with PSP was milder than that in patients with MSA and more severe than that in patients with PD. These features should be taken into account for the differentiation of PSP from PD and MSA.     

三种不同手术方式治疗中老年女性压力性尿失禁疗效及对患者膀胱功能和术后并发症的影响

摘要 目的：探讨耻骨后膀胱尿道悬吊术（Burch）、阴道无张力尿道悬吊术（TVT）及经闭孔经阴道尿道中段悬吊带术（TVT-O）三种不同手术方式治疗中老年女性压力性尿失禁（SUI）疗效及对患者膀胱功能和术后并发症的影响。方法：回顾性分析2019.1-2022.4收治的101例中老年女性SUI患者资料，按手术方式分为Burch组（n=30，Burch术治疗）、TVT组（n=31，TVT术治疗）和TVT-O组（n=40，TVT-O术治疗），观察三组患者临床疗效和手术情况[手术时间、出血量、住院时间、尿管留置时间]，并发症发生率，治疗前后膀胱功能[24h排尿次数、膀胱容量、每次排尿量、残余尿量]及尿道功能指标[尿道长度（FUL）、最大尿道闭合压（MUCP）、Valsalva漏尿点压（VLPP）]变化。结果：Burch组、TVT组、TVT-O组治愈及改善率分别为83.34%、87.10%、87.50%，13.33%、12.90%、12.50%，三组之间比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）；TVT组、TVT-O组患者手术时间、出血量、住院时间、尿管留置时间均显著短于Burch组（P<0.05），且TVT-O组患者手术时间显著短于TVT组（P<0.05）；治疗后，三组患者24 h排尿次数、残余尿量均显著降低（P<0.05），膀胱容量、每次排尿量、FUL、MUCP、VLPP水平均显著增加（P<0.05），但三组之间比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）；Burch组、TVT组、TVT-O组并发症总发生率分别为20.00%、12.91%、15.00%，三组之间比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：三种术式治疗中老年女性SUI疗效相当，均可有效改善膀胱功能及尿道指标，但TVT与TVT-O术患者康复快，TVT-O手术时间最短，TVT并发症低，可依据患者情况酌情选择。     

Influence of estradiol on micturition thresholds in the rat: involvement of the hypogastric nerve

Studies have shown that the severity of bladder hyperreflexia induced by acute bladder inflammation varies with the ovarian cycle. These results suggest that the hyperreflexia is modulated by ovarian hormones. Other studies have suggested that such modulation involves the bladder's sympathetic innervation. These hypotheses were tested by assessing the development of bladder hyperreflexia in urethane-anesthetized rats subjected to different hormonal manipulations with or without bilateral hypogastric neurectomy (HYPX). The groups included sham ovariectomy (sham OVX), ovariectomy (OVX), OVX with estradiol replacement (OVX+E), OVX+HYPX, and OVX+HYPX+E. Assessments were performed using repeated cystometrograms (CMGs) to measure micturition thresholds (MT) before and hourly for 3 h after intravesicular treatment with 50% turpentine oil (or olive oil in an OVX+E control group). In the uninflamed bladder, treatment with estradiol increased MTs in the OVX+E group compared with the OVX group. As expected, bladder inflammation induced bladder hyperreflexia in sham OVX rats (studied in estrus). This hyperreflexia was eliminated by OVX and restored by either estradiol replacement or HYPX. Combining estradiol replacement and HYPX (i.e., OVX+E+HYPX) did not increase the severity of bladder hyperreflexia compared with either manipulation alone. These results indicate that the bladder hyperreflexia that is induced by bladder inflammation requires the presence of estradiol and suggest that this hormonal modulation is exerted via the sympathetic control of the bladder, possibly via an increase of beta-adrenergic inhibitory actions on the detrusor muscle. Similar mechanisms may contribute to bladder disorders in postmenopausal women.     

Diurnal Variation in Urodynamics of Rat

In humans, the storage and voiding functions of the urinary bladder have a characteristic diurnal variation, with increased voiding during the day and urine storage during the night. However, in animal models, the daily functional differences in urodynamics have not been well-studied. The goal of this study was to identify key urodynamic parameters that vary between day and night. Rats were chronically instrumented with an intravesical catheter, and bladder pressure, voided volumes, and micturition frequency were measured by continuous filling cystometry during the light (inactive) or dark (active) phases of the circadian cycle. Cage activity was recorded by video during the experiment. We hypothesized that nocturnal rats entrained to a standard 12:12 light:dark cycle would show greater ambulatory activity and more frequent, smaller volume micturitions in the dark compared to the light. Rats studied during the light phase had a bladder capacity of 1.44±0.21 mL and voided every 8.2±1.2 min. Ambulatory activity was lower in the light phase, and rats slept during the recording period, awakening only to urinate. In contrast, rats studied during the dark were more active, had a lower bladder capacities (0.65±0.18 mL), and urinated more often (every 3.7±0.9 min). Average bladder pressures were not significantly different between the light and dark (13.40±2.49 and 12.19±2.85 mmHg, respectively). These results identify a day-night difference in bladder capacity and micturition frequency in chronically-instrumented nocturnal rodents that is phase-locked to the normal circadian locomotor activity rhythm of the animal. Furthermore, since it has generally been assumed that the daily hormonal regulation of renal function is a major driver of the circadian rhythm in urination, and few studies have addressed the involvement of the lower urinary tract, these results establish the bladder itself as a target for circadian regulation.     

EMG biofeedback for functional bladder-sphincter dyssynergia: A case study

The present study utilized EMG biofeedback in the treatment of functional bladder-sphincter dyssynergia, a learned incoordination of bladder and urethral sphincter activity during voiding. The condition is usually associated with a history of painful urination due to bladder infections, surgery, or harsh toilet training. The subject was an 8-year-old girl with chronic diurnal urinary frequency, urge incontinence, and nocturnal enuresis. Treatment consisted of intensive instruction in alternately tensing and relaxing her lower pelvic musculature, as well as relaxing during voiding. These exercises were accompanied by EMG biofeedback from perianal and perivaginal surface electrode sites. Home practice consisted of the tense-relax exercise, relaxation during voiding, and self-monitoring and record-keeping. There were 17 sessions over a period of 9 months. No medication was used. Marked reduction (to normal levels) in diurnal urgency and frequency occurred by the 3rd week of therapy, and complete recovery of normal function, including nocturnal continence without waking, occurred by the 13th therapy session, 5 months after therapy began. Follow-up 1 year after therapy revealed that these gains were being maintained. Pre- and posttherapy urodynamic studies corroborated the achievement of normal urinary function.