肠缺血-再灌流大鼠血浆二胺氧化酶活性的变化与肠损伤的关系

观察并探讨了肠缺血 -再灌流大鼠血浆二胺氧化酶 (DAO)活性的变化规律及其与肠损伤相关指标变化的关系。结果显示 ,肠缺血 -再灌流过程中血浆DAO活性呈双峰升高 :第一峰在肠缺血期 ,时相上早于血浆内毒素 (LPS)和D -乳酸的升高 ;第二峰在再灌流后 2h ,在肠损伤相关指标变化的峰值之后。结果提示 ,肠粘膜上皮细胞和 (或 )肠屏障受到缺血和再灌流二次损伤的打击 ;血浆DAO活性作为反映肠损伤的指标特异性强、灵敏度高 ,在临床上对病程判断及并发症的防治有一定的指导意义。     

创伤后血二胺氧化酶的变化与肠粘膜损伤

探讨创伤感染对肠道屏障功能的影响。以山羊、大鼠手术+失血再灌注+内毒素(LPS),大鼠肠缺血再灌注和犬低温枪伤多种创伤动物为模型,测定血浆二胺氧化酶(DAO)活性,并测定血乳酶、TNF和LPS含量。观察小肠病理形态改变。结果:失血再灌注后血浆DAO水平显著升高,给予内毒素后山羊血DAO水平再度升高。血浆DAO的变化与血乳酸,TNF和LPS变化呈高度相关(r=0.872,0.842和0.817,p<0.01)。光、电镜检查表明肠粘膜损伤,失血再灌注损伤可致肠粘膜屏障功能损伤,测定血浆DAO活性变化对判断小肠粘膜损伤有帮助     

七叶皂苷钠对肠缺血/再灌注肠过氧化损伤的影响

目的：探讨七叶皂苷钠对肠缺血/再灌注肠过氧化损伤的影响及其机制。方法：复制大鼠肠缺血/再灌注（I/R）损伤模型,观察七叶皂苷钠对血浆和肠组织超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）、二胺氧化酶（DAO）、髓过氧化物酶（MPO）的影响,同时观察肠组织水肿和病理损害。结果：七叶皂苷钠可显著改善肠损伤,降低肠组织湿/干比值及含水率,同时升高血浆和肠组织SOD活性,降低血浆和肠组织MPO活性及MDA含量（P〈0.01）。结论：七叶皂苷钠对肠I/R后肠黏膜具有保护作用,其机制可能与抑制中性粒细胞的聚集与活化,对抗脂质过氧化损伤有关。     

梗阻性黄疸大鼠胆汁内、外引流术后血浆二胺氧化酶活性变化与肠粘膜屏障变化的相关性研究

目的:探讨梗阻性黄疸大鼠行胆汁内、外引流术后血浆二胺氧化酶的活性变化与肠粘膜屏障的关系。方法:取健康成年雄性SD大鼠60只,随机分为四组:梗阻性黄疸组(OJ)、胆汁外引流组(ED)、胆汁内引流组(ID)及假手术对照组(SH),各组均15只;SH组、OJ组在术后第7天处死大鼠并采集标本,ID组、ED组于引流术后7天处死大鼠并采集标本,检测各组大鼠血浆DAO的活性,光镜下观察末端回肠组织粘膜形态学变化。结果:OJ组大鼠肠粘膜损伤明显,粘膜变薄、绒毛稀疏、上皮完整性受到破坏并伴有炎性细胞浸润,ID、ED组大鼠肠粘膜有不同程度的恢复,ID组更接近SH组;OJ组血浆DAO水平显著升高,明显高于SH、ID、ED组(8.183±0.211 vs 3.570±0.280、3.978±0.269、5.051±0.328 U/L,P0.01),ID组较ED组下降更明显,二者差异有统计学意义(P0.01),ID组血浆DAO水平略高于SH组,二者差异无统计学意义(P0.05);各组血浆DAO变化与肠粘膜组织病理学变化一致。结论:胆汁内、外引流术可降低梗阻性黄疸大鼠血浆DAO水平,内引流术效果优于外引流术;血浆DAO的变化可反映梗黄大鼠肠粘膜屏障损伤及修复情况。     

胰岛素对大鼠肠缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的:观察胰岛素对大鼠肠缺血再灌注后小肠组织损伤的影响。方法:雄性SD大鼠40只随机分为4组,每组10只,手术对照组、单纯缺血组、再灌注组、胰岛素干预组。于30min缺血和120min再灌注后,进行组织病理学和生化检测。结果:(1)单纯缺血组肠粘膜损害较手术对照组明显升高(P<0.01),超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性无明显变化;(2)再灌注组SOD活性明显降低,与手术对照组和单纯缺血组相比较差异均有显著性(P<0.01);(3)胰岛素组SOD活性与再灌注组相比有明显改善(P<0.01)。结论:肠缺血可以引起肠粘膜损伤,再灌注则可加重这种损伤,胰岛素可以减轻再灌注损伤。     

胰高血糖素样肽-2对小鼠小肠缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的:观察胰高血糖素样肽-2(GLP-2)对缺血/再灌注损伤小鼠小肠的保护效应.方法:采用肠缺血/再灌注(I/R)模型,将32只小鼠随机分为4组(n=8)假手术(Sham)组、I/R组、I/R GLP-2保护组和I/R 谷氨酰胺(GLN)阳性对照组.光镜观察小肠黏膜形态学改变.检测小肠绒毛高度和隐窝深度;小肠组织二胺氧化酶(DAO)活性;肠系膜淋巴结(MLN)细菌易位率.结果:与假手术组相比,I/R组部分小肠绒毛坏死脱落,绒毛高度下降,隐窝变浅(P＜0 01);小肠组织DAO活性降低(P＜0.01);MLN细菌易位率增加(P＜0.05).与I/R组比,GLP-2组肠绒毛损害明显减轻,DAO活性回升(P＜0.01),细菌易位率回降(P＜0.05).结论:GLP-2对缺血/再灌注损伤小鼠小肠的形态结构及肠屏障功能具有保护作用.     

布拉酵母菌散对肝硬化大鼠肠黏膜屏障保护作用的实验研究

目的研究布拉酵母菌散对肝硬化大鼠肠黏膜屏障的保护作用及其可能机制。方法采用皮下注射40%CCL4橄榄油溶液+10%酒精饮料诱导肝硬化模型。造模成功后,治疗组用布拉酵母菌灌胃[75×108CFU/(kg·d)],对照组、模型组给予等容量的生理盐水灌胃,连续14 d。采用鲎试剂终点显色法检测血浆内毒素水平,应用分光光度法测定小肠组织二胺氧化酶(DAO)活性,应用自动生化分析仪检测血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)变化。结果模型组血浆内毒素水平[(0.251±0.011)EU/m L]较治疗组[(0.168±0.012)EU/m L]明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);模型组肠组织DAO活性为(0.432±0.074)U/mg,明显较对照组[(0.728±0.065)U/mg]降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.01),治疗组DAO活性为(0.548±0.053)U/mg,与模型组相比较,肠DAO活性升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.01),模型组、治疗组肠组织DAO活性较对照组明显降低(P0.01);模型组血清ALT、AST含量分别为(133.89±8.09)U/m L、(176.92±10.94)U/m L,比对照组ALT、AST含量[(36.73±6.95)U/m L、(41.35±10.07)U/m L]明显升高,P0.01;治疗组[(95.76±7.27)U/m L、(158.02±5.94)U/m L]与模型组相比较,ALT、AST含量下降,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论肝硬化大鼠存在肠黏膜屏障受损,布拉酵母菌可通过调整肠道菌群,改善肠源性内毒素血症,对肠黏膜屏障起到保护作用,可作为慢性肝病的辅助治疗。     

低血容量休克复合内毒素血症时血和组织髓过氧化物酶的变化

研究观察失血性休克复合内毒素血症时血和组织髓过氧化物酶的变化规律。将雄性wistar大白鼠随机分为对照组、缺血组、缺血再灌流组和缺血再灌流复合内毒素组。用改良的髓过氧化物酶 (MPO)测定方法 ,测定血、肺和小肠组织MPO及相关指标的变化。结果显示肺组织MPO活性从失血性休克末开始升高 ,致内毒素血症时出现峰值 ;小肠组织MPO的活性在失血再灌流后显著升高 ,但在失血性休克复合内毒素血症后显著降低 ;血MPO活性于失血性休克和失血再灌流后均无显著性变化 ,复合内毒素后显著降低。结果表明失血再灌流后肺组织PMN扣留、聚集显著增加 ,内毒素血症促进PMN在肺中的扣留 ,这些变化与PMN上CD11b和CD18表达上调有关 ,提示失血再灌注复合内毒素时组织细胞损伤与PMN的粘附、扣留、激活有关。     

右美托咪定预处理对小鼠肠缺血再灌注损伤的作用研究

目的:右美托咪定(Dexmedetomidine,Dex)属于α-2肾上腺素能受体激动剂具有抗焦虑、催眠、镇痛和交感神经阻滞作用。最新研究发现右美托咪定对心脏和肺的缺血再灌注损伤具有显著的保护效应,但是右美托咪定是否对肠缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用,迄今为止还没有相关研究。因此,本研究以小鼠为模型,观察右美托咪定预处理对小鼠肠缺血再灌注损伤的影响。方法:建立肠缺血再灌注损伤小鼠模型,并分为假手术组、缺血再灌注组和右美托咪定与处理组。不同剂量(10,25,50和100μg/kg)右美托咪定预处理小鼠。提取小鼠肠组织,用不同的试剂盒分别测定超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide Dismutase,SOD),丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA),谷胱甘肽(Glutathione,GSH),一氧化氮(Nitric Oxide,NO)和髓过氧化物酶(Myeloperoxidase,MPO)的水平变化。结果:右美托咪定预处理可以显著提高肠缺血再灌注损伤小鼠的存活率并呈剂量依赖性。右美托咪定预处理(100μg/kg)抑制由肠缺血再灌注损伤引起的不良效应,包括SOD水平降低,MDA水平升高,GSH水平降低,NO水平升高和MPO水平升高。结论:我们的研究表明右美托咪定可以提高小鼠肠缺血再灌注损伤的生存率,并且抑制氧化应激反应,炎症细胞的活化和侵润以及NO的水平,对肠缺血再灌注损伤具有显著的保护效应。本研究不仅进一步证实了右美托咪定的广泛的药理活性,而且为肠缺血再灌注损伤的治疗提供了潜在的治疗药物,其进一步的药理效应和作用机制值得进一步的研究。     

胰岛素对大鼠肠缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的：观察胰岛素对大鼠肠缺血再灌注后小肠组织损伤的影响。方法：雄性SD大鼠40只随机分为4组,每组10只,手术对照组、单纯缺血组、再灌注组、胰岛素干预组。于30min缺血和120min再灌注后,进行组织病理学和生化检测。结果：（1）单纯缺血组肠粘膜损害较手术对照组明显升高（P〈0.01）,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性无明显变化;（2）再灌注组SOD活性明显降低,与手术对照组和单纯缺血组相比较差异均有显著性（P〈0.01）;（3）胰岛素组SOD活性与再灌注组相比有明显改善（P〈0.01）。结论：肠缺血可以引起肠粘膜损伤,再灌注则可加重这种损伤,胰岛素可以减轻再灌注损伤。     

Ethanol modulates gut ischemia/reperfusion-induced liver injury in rats

Whereas both ethanol and gut ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) are known to alter hepatic microvascular function, little is known about the influence of ethanol consumption on the hepatic microvascular responses to I/R. The objective of this study was to determine whether acute ethanol administration exacerbates the hepatic microvascular dysfunction induced by gut I/R. Rats were exposed to gut ischemia for 30 min followed by reperfusion. Intravital videomicroscopy was used to monitor leukocyte recruitment and the number of nonperfused sinusoids (NPS). Plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and endotoxin concentrations were monitored. In separate experiments, ethanol was administered 15 min or 24 h before gut ischemia. In control rats, gut I/R increased the number of stationary leukocytes and NPS. It also elevated the plasma ALT, TNF-alpha, and endotoxin with a corresponding increase in intestinal mucosal permeability. Low-dose ethanol consumption 15 min before gut ischemia blunted the gut I/R-induced leukostasis and elevations in plasma TNF-alpha and ALT. However, high-dose ethanol consumption aggravated the gut I/R-induced increases in leukostasis and increases in plasma endotoxin and ALT. When ethanol was administered 24 h before, high-dose ethanol aggravated the gut I/R-induced hepatocellular injury, but low-dose ethanol did not have any effects on it. These results suggest that low-dose ethanol consumption shortly before gut ischemia attenuates the hepatic inflammatory responses, microvascular dysfunction, and hepatocellular injury elicited by gut I/R, whereas high-dose ethanol consumption appears to significantly aggravate these gut I/R-induced responses.     

二甲亚砜对酵母多糖致肠道屏障损伤的保护作用

目的：探讨二甲亚砜（DMSO）对酵母多糖诱导的肠道炎性因子释放及肠屏障功能损伤的影响。方法：SD大鼠随机分为4组：生理盐水组（SS组）,DMSO组（DS组）,酵母多糖+生理盐水组（ZS组）和酵母多糖+ DMSO组（ZD组）。每组又分为伤后4 h和24 h两个亚组。检测肠组织细胞因子TNF-α和IL-10含量和血中二胺氧化酶（DAO）活性,并对肠损伤程度进行组织学评分。结果：与ZS组相应时间点相比,ZD组肠组织TNF-α含量减少、IL-10含量增加,血中DAO活性降低,肠绒毛损伤减轻、肠损伤评分降低。结论：DMSO可抑制酵母多糖引起的肠组织炎性因子释放,减轻肠屏障损伤程度。     

Effects of endotoxin on neutrophil-mediated ischemia/reperfusion injury in the rat heart in vivo

We have previously shown that a nonlethal dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) decreases L-selectin expression of neutrophils (PMNs), thereby preventing PMN-mediated reperfusion injury in the isolated heart. In the present study we determined whether or not that dose of LPS would protect hearts during in vivo ischemia and reperfusion by preventing PMN-induced reperfusion injury. Rats receiving saline vehicle showed marked myocardial injury (necrotic area/area at risk = 82%+/-2%) and significant depression in left ventricular function as assessed in the isolated isovolumic heart preparation at constant flow rates of 5, 10, 15, and 20 ml/min. The administration of LPS (100 microg/kg body wt) 7 hr prior to ischemia resulted in a reduction in myocardial damage (necrotic area/area at risk = 42%+/-3%) and preservation of function. Myocardial function was similar to that of sham ischemic saline- and LPS-treated rats. Moreover, PMN infiltration as determined by histology was quantitatively more severe in hearts of saline-treated rats than in hearts of LPS-treated rats. Isolated hearts from vehicle- and LPS-treated animals undergoing sham ischemia in vivo recovered to the same extent after in vitro ischemia/reperfusion, suggesting that LPS did not induce protection by altering intrinsic properties of the heart. Our results indicate that LPS-induced protection of the heart from in vivo PMN-mediated ischemia/reperfusion injury may be due to decreased L-selectin expression of PMNs in LPS-treated animals.     

肠缺血再灌注时肠内给予不同营养物对肠粘膜ATP含量的影响

将SD大鼠分组 ,先制作空肠袋 ,分别向袋内注射不同营养物 :10mmol/L丙氨酸 ,10mmol/L葡萄糖 ,10mmol/L甘露醇或 5mmol/L丙氨酸 +5mmol/L葡萄糖的混合液 ,用动脉夹阻断肠系膜上动脉血流 6 0min后 ,再恢复灌流 6 0min。分别于阻断血流 6 0min和恢复灌注 6 0min测定肠粘膜ATP含量。研究结果显示 ,缺血再灌注能显著降低肠粘膜ATP含量 ,给予丙氨酸或葡萄糖 /丙氨酸混合液使肠粘膜ATP含量进一步降低 (P <0 .0 1) ,而给予葡萄糖能显著增加肠粘膜ATP含量 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :缺血再灌注过程中 ,肠内给予葡萄糖能改善肠粘膜ATP含量 ,对缺血再灌注损伤的肠道提供保护作用     

Intestinal preconditioning prevents inflammatory response by modulating heme oxygenase-1 expression in endotoxic shock model

Gut mucosal injury observed during ischemia-reperfusion is believed to trigger a systemic inflammatory response leading to multiple organ failure. It should be interesting to demonstrate this relationship between gut and multiple organ failure in a sepsis model. Intestinal preconditioning (PC) can be used as a tool to assess the effect of intestinal ischemia in inflammatory response after LPS challenge. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of PC against LPS-induced systemic inflammatory and intestinal heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression. ES was performed with LPS (10 mg/kg iv) with or without PC, which was done before LPS. Rats were first subjected to sham surgery or PC with four cycles of 1 min ischemia and 4 min of reperfusion 24 h before LPS challenge or saline administration. PC significantly reduced fluid requirements, lung edema, intestinal lactate production, and intestinal injury. Inflammatory mRNA expressions for intestine and lung ICAM and TNF were significantly reduced after PC, and these effects were significantly abolished by zinc-protoporphyrin (a specific HO-1 activity inhibitor) and mimicked by bilirubin administration. Intestinal PC selectively increased HO-1 mRNA expression in intestine, but we have observed no expression in lungs. These findings demonstrate that intestinal injury is a important event for inflammatory response and multiple organ injury after LPS challenge. Intestinal HO-1 expression attenuates LPS-induced multiple organ failure by modulating intestine injury and its consequences on inflammatory response. Identification of the exact mechanisms responsible for intestine HO-1 induction may lead to the development of new pharmacological interventions.     

Endoxin-mediated myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in rats in vitro

Myocardial ischemia reperfusion results in an increase in intracellular sodium concentration, which secondarily increases intracellular calcium via Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange, resulting in cellular injury. Endoxin is an endogenous medium of digitalis receptor and can remarkably inhibit Na+/K(+)-ATPase activity. Although the level of plasma endoxin is significantly higher during myocardial ischemia, its practical significance is unclear. This research is to investigate whether endoxin is one of important factors involved in myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury. Ischemia reperfusion injury was induced by 30 min of global ischemia and 30 min of reperfusion in isolated rat hearts. Heart rate (HR), left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), and its first derivative (+/-dp/dtmax) were recorded. The endoxin contents, intramitochondrial Ca2+ contents, and the Na+/K(+)-ATPase activity in myocardial tissues were measured. Myocardial damages were evaluated by electron microscopy. The endoxin and intramitochondrial Ca2+ contents in myocardial tissues were remarkably higher, myocardial membrane ATPase activity was remarkably lower, the cardiac function was significantly deteriorated, and myocardial morphological damages were severe in myocardial ischemia reperfusion group vs. control. Anti-digoxin antiserum (10, 30 mg/kg) caused a significant improvement in cardiac function (LVDP and +/-dp/dtmax), Na+/K(+)-ATPase activity, and myocardial morphology, and caused a reduction of endoxin and intramitochondrial Ca2+ contents in myocardial tissues. In the present study, the endoxin antagonist, anti-digoxin antiserum, protected the myocardium against the damages induced by ischemia reperfusion in isolated rat hearts. The results suggest that endoxin might be one of main factors mediating myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury.     

Quantification of gut injury with diamine oxidase activity: development of a fission neutron RBE and measurements with combined injury in mouse models

Plasma and small intestine diamine oxidase (DAO) activities were measured on Days 2, 4, and 6 following irradiation of mice with a range of doses of fission neutrons and 60Co. With increasing doses of radiation, plasma DAO activity increased on Day 2 and intestinal DAO activity decreased on Day 4; moreover, the approximate relative biological effectiveness values for these changes in activity were 5.81 for plasma DAO activity on Day 2 and 3.88 for intestinal DAO activity on Day 4. On Day 6 relatively high levels of radiation caused DAO activity in the small intestine to remain depressed whereas low levels resulted in recovery with activities at or near controls. In animals with combined injury (radiation plus 30% surface burn or wound), changes in DAO activity in the intestine were similar to those with radiation alone; plasma DAO activity, in contrast to radiation alone, did not show an increase at the 2-day mark. These dose-dependent relationships should provide a basis for using DAO as a potential indicator of biological damage from radiation exposure within the lethal range.     

Improved myocardial performance induced by clofibrate during reperfusion after acute myocardial infarction

The increase of cellular fatty acids appears to be one of the causes of the myocardial injury during ischemia and reperfusion. This study was designed to examine whether a hypolipidemic drug such as clofibrate can reduce the myocardial injury during ischemia and reperfusion. Clofibrate was fed to experimental pigs for 9 days. Isolated in situ hearts from both experimental and control pigs were subjected to 60 min of regional ischemia induced by occluding the left anterior descending coronary artery, followed by 60 min of global ischemia by hypothermic cardioplegic arrest and 60 min of reperfusion. The clofibrate feeding resulted in the better cardiac performance as judged by increased coronary blood flow, improved left ventricular function, and reduced myocardial injury as judged by creatine kinase release. Although the clofibrate-fed animals contained higher levels of thiobarbituric reactive materials, the free fatty acid levels of plasma and myocardium were much lower compared with control animals. The clofibrate feeding was also associated with increased peroxisomal catalase and beta-oxidation of fatty acids. These results suggest that decreased levels of free fatty acids in the plasma and the myocardium and increased catalase activity induced by antilipolytic therapy appear to provide beneficial effects to the myocardium during ischemia and reperfusion.