微生态制剂改善对虾养殖池塘底质的效果

研究了在117 d的养殖周期中微生态制剂对南美白对虾池塘底质的改良效果.结果表明,与对照组相比,施用微生态制剂可使底质中总氮、总磷和硫化物的含量显著下降;总菌数量无显著变化,而芽孢杆菌、氨化细菌以及硫氧化细菌、硫还原细菌、弧菌数量差异显著,其中弧菌数量在施用微生态制剂处理和对照条件下分别为3.65×10³ cfu·g^-1和1.16×10⁵ cfu·g^-1.表明施用微生态制剂可以减少氮、磷、硫等营养物质的积累,改善池塘底质的菌相,为南美白对虾的健康养殖提供良好的池塘底质环境.     

三江平原典型湿地土壤剖面有机碳及全氮分布与积累特征

研究了三江平原2类典型湿地(毛果苔草沼泽和芦苇沼泽)沉积物剖面有机碳、全氮的分布特征与积累现状.结果表明,2类沼泽剖面有机碳分布均具有明显的储碳层和淀积层;上层的储碳层厚度约为60 cm,有机碳平均含量分别为96和184 g·kg^-1,全氮平均含量分别为7.4和17.6 g·kg^-1;下层的淀积层内有机碳和全氮含量低而稳定.2类沼泽剖面有机碳和全氮含量随剖面深度增加而下降, 有机碳、全氮与容重之间相关均极显著(P＜0.01).2类典型湿地有机碳密度在20～40 cm剖面内最大.储碳层内,有机碳储量分别为1.83×10⁴和1.73×10⁴ t·km^-2,全氮储量分别为1.45×10³和1.67×10³ t·km^-2;100 cm以内,有机碳储量分别为2.86×10⁴和262×10⁴ t·km^-2,全氮储量分别为2.18×10³和2.49×10³ t·km^-2.植被类型对湿地剖面有机碳、全氮含量及储量均具有不同程度的影响.     

食物密度对镜湖萼花臂尾轮虫不同克隆生活史特征的影响

对镜湖萼花臂尾轮虫（Brachionus calyciflorus）夏季种群内4个生化遗传特征上互不相同的克隆（克隆A、B、C和D）在4个斜生栅藻（Scenedesmus obliquus）密度（1.0×10⁶、2.0×10⁶、4.0×10⁶和8.0×10⁶ cells·L^-1）下的生活史特征进行了研究.结果表明：食物密度对各克隆轮虫的存活率和繁殖率均有不同的影响.4克隆中克隆C的世代时间最短,克隆B的世代时间、生命期望和平均寿命最长,克隆A的后代混交雌体百分率最高;净生殖率和个体适合度在4克隆间无显著差异.镜湖萼花臂尾轮虫在2.0×10⁶ cells·L^-1的食物密度下净生殖率最低;在1.0×10⁶cells·L^-1的食物密度下平均寿命和生命期望最短,而后代混交雌体百分率却最高;在8.0×10⁶cells·L^-1的食物密度下种群内禀增长率最高,平均寿命和生命期望最长;在高食物密度（4.0、8.0×10⁶cells·L^-1）下个体适合度较大.克隆C的个体适合度在密度为3.9×10⁶cells·L^-1时最小,而克隆D的个体适合度在食物密度为6.34×10⁶cells·L^-1时最大.食物密度的变化可能是7月份之后镜湖萼花臂尾轮虫从水环境中消失的原因,而4克隆轮虫个体适合度的相似性则可能是镜湖轮虫共存于同一水体的原因之一.     

外源甜菜碱对水分胁迫下桃树生理响应的影响

以4年生盆栽“庆丰”桃树为试材,研究了水分胁迫下桃树叶片中甜菜碱含量的变化规律及叶面喷施甜菜碱对水分胁迫下桃树生理响应的影响.结果表明：正常供水情况下,桃树叶片中甜菜碱含量为75.9～80.5 μg·g^-1FM , 随着水分胁迫程度的加深,甜菜碱含量逐渐增加,停水第16 天时达278.9 μg·g^-1FM ;正常供水时桃叶片细胞质膜透性为8.06%～8.61%,水分胁迫下增至28.62%,叶面喷施100和500 mg·L^-1甜菜碱16d后分别为26.25%和21.79%;过氧化氢(H₂O₂)含量由正常情况下的27.2～32.5 μmol·g^-1FM 增至胁迫后的76.4 μmol·g^-1FM,叶面喷施100和500 mg·L^-1甜菜碱后分别为73.2和68.5 μmol·g^-1 FM;水分胁迫下,抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(AsA-POD)活性峰值为0.435 mg·g^-1 FM,甜菜碱处理后峰值达到0.490 mg·g^-1 FM;游离脯氨酸与可溶性糖在干旱胁迫下逐渐累积, 500 mg·L^-1甜菜碱处理分别为2.878 mg·g^-1 FM和37.6 mg·g^-1 FM,均低于单纯胁迫及100 mg·L^-1甜菜碱处理;可溶性蛋白质含量在水分胁迫下呈下降趋势,甜菜碱处理后最小值为4.03 mg·g^-1 FM,较单纯胁迫下的最低值（3.14 mg·g^-1 FM）高20.3%.表明叶面喷施甜菜碱能在一定程度上减轻桃树的受害程度,提高其抗旱性.     

“一江两河”中部流域植被净初级生产力估算

基于中分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS）的遥感数据以及地面实际观测资料,采用数学模型方法,对西藏“一江两河”中部流域地区2000和2006年的植被净初级生产力（NPP）进行了估算.结果表明：研究区NPP由河谷向山脊逐渐递减,这与该区的水热梯度基本一致;该区单位面积年NPP平均为86.8 g C·m^-2·a^-1,2006年比2000年高2.15 g C·m^-2·a^-1,不同植被类型的单位面积年NPP以农田(243.1 g C·m^-2·a^-1)最大,荒漠(35.6 g C·m^-2·a^-1)最小;研究区两年平均总NPP为512.8×10¹⁰ g C·a^-1,2006年比2000年高12.7×10¹⁰ g C·a^-1,不同植被类型的总NPP以草甸(194.4×10¹⁰ g C·a^-1)最高,荒漠(30.3×10¹⁰ g C·a^-1)最低.研究期间,人类活动强烈区域（道路缓冲区0～4 km）的植被NPP呈下降趋势,而人类活动较难到达区域的植被NPP呈增加趋势.     

不同水稻品种产量形成过程的能量积累与热值特征

通过测定晚季稻汕优63 (三系杂交稻)、两优2186（两系杂交稻）和IR64（常规稻）生长过程中的干物质和热值,研究了不同水稻品种生长过程中的热值动态和能量固定特征.结果表明,完熟期汕优63、两优2186和IR64 3种水稻的干物质积累量分别为1926.38、1933.80和1842.30 g·m^-2,能量积累量分别为31137.05、31060.63和30454.89 kJ·m^-2,不同水稻品种的干物质及能量积累量间无显著差异.在灌浆过程中,汕优63、两优2186和IR64总的能量表观转化率分别为38.95%、 28.38%和32.66%,汕优63和IR64的能量流动比两优2186顺畅,两优2186茎器官能量输出受阻.完熟期3种水稻分配到籽粒中的能量依次占53.03%、46.43%和50.11%,三系杂交稻汕优63具有能量分配优势.热值分析表明,3种水稻各生育期间的热值平均值间无显著差异;不同器官热值大小依次为：叶＞籽粒＞鞘＞茎＞根,热值范围为：叶16.81～17.25 kJ·g^-1,籽粒15.89～16.54 kJ·g^-1,鞘14.33～15.49 kJ·g^-1,茎14.23～15.15 kJ·g^-1,根11.51～13.25 kJ·g^-1,叶片的热值显著高于其它器官,而根的热值显著低于其它器官.水稻叶片热值与其碳含量、叶绿素a含量、氮含量存在显著正相关,确定系数R²分别为0.609、0.471和0.485.     

广东鹤山人工林群落主要优势植物的热值和灰分含量

从广东鹤山南亚热带丘陵5种人工林群落中采集20种主要植物器官及3种群落凋落叶样品,利用PARR-1281氧弹热量计和马福炉分别测定样品的干质量热值和灰分含量,再计算去灰分热值;按器官、个体和生长型等比较分析植物的热值和灰分特征.结果表明：植物各器官的干质量热值、去灰分热值分别在10.7～22.17和13.89～23.04 kJ·g^-1之间,叶片的干质量热值和去灰分热值明显高于其他器官(P＜0.05).个体加权平均干质量热值和去灰分热值分别在14.24～19.43和16.63～20.99 kJ·g^-1群落各层次植物去灰分热值平均值的高低依次为：乔木(19.55 kJ·g^-1)＞灌木(19.46 kJ·g^-1)＞草本(18.77 kJ·g^-1),其中,乔木层树木的去灰分热值平均值大小为：本地针叶树(19.86 kJ·g^-1)＞本地阔叶树(19.55 kJ·g^-1)＞外来桉树(19.18 kJ·g^-1),灰分含量的排序则相反.马占相思林、针叶林和木荷林群落的凋落叶热值均高于所在林分各层次的热值(P＜0.01),马占相思林和针叶林的凋落叶热值大于所在乔木层叶片的热值,而木荷林凋落叶热值小于乔木层叶片的热值.     

不同食细菌线虫取食密度下线虫对细菌数量、活性及土壤氮素矿化的影响

采用悉生培养微缩体系,探讨了不同食细菌线虫取食密度下线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans) 对细菌(Bacillus subtilis)数量和活性及土壤氮素矿化的影响.结果表明,线虫对细菌的取食,促进了细菌的增殖,并在不同线虫取食密度下对细菌的增殖促进作用总体表现为:接种20条·g^-1＞10条·g^-1＞40条线虫·g^-1处理.线虫在促进细菌增殖的同时,明显提高了土壤呼吸强度和土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和磷酸酶的活性,但不同取食密度处理间差异不明显.线虫与细菌之间的相互作用显著提高了土壤铵态氮和矿质态氮含量,促进了土壤氮的矿化.不同取食密度处理间,线虫对土壤氮素矿化的促进作用与对细菌的增殖促进作用趋势一致.     

青岛近海及其临近海域冬季微微型浮游植物的分布

微微型浮游植物（0.2～2.0 μm） 是海水中最小的自养浮游生物, 在世界各海域广泛分布, 并在海洋有机物质循环中起着非常重要的作用.利用荧光显微技术对青岛近海及其邻近海域冬季微微型浮游植物丰度进行了调查,研究了微微型浮游植物的空间变化和昼夜变化的特征, 并分析了微微型浮游植物丰度与环境因子的相关性. 结果显示, 冬季该海域以富含藻红素（Phycoerythrin-rich, PE）的聚球藻(Synechococcus, Syn)细胞占优势,微微型真核藻类（Picoeukaryote, Euk）次之,而富含藻蓝素（Phycocyanin-rich, PC）的聚球藻细胞数量很低, 未发现原绿球藻（Prochlorococcus, Pro）的存在.Syn 的变化范围为8.97×10³～1.95×10⁵ cells·ml^-1, 平均4.67×10⁴ cells·ml^-1; Euk的变化范围为1.95×10²～1.01×10⁴ cells·ml^-1, 平均2.39×10³ cells·ml^-1. Syn丰度在胶南以南海域出现高值区域, 在即墨海域和崂山东南海域出现低值区域. Euk丰度在日照海域出现高值区域; 崂山海域为低值区域; 各水层Syn和Euk丰度均无明显差异(P﹥0.05). 对胶州湾中部连续站4层水体的24 h昼夜连续变化进行观测发现, Syn、Euk丰度都有明显昼夜波动.相关性分析表明： Syn与温度、 电导率呈正相关, 与溶氧浓度呈显著负相关; Euk与盐度和溶氧浓度呈显著负相关. 微微型浮游植物对总浮游植物生物量的贡献约为20％.     

全反式维甲酸抑制猪脂肪间充质干细胞的成脂分化

分离培养猪脂肪间充质干细胞（adipose mesenchymal stem cells, AMSCs）,流式细胞仪鉴定其表面标记.利用MTT比色检测不同浓度的全反式维甲酸（all trans retinoic acid, ATRA）对猪AMSCs增殖的影响;光学显微镜下观察猪AMSCs向脂肪细胞分化的形态学变化;油红O染色提取法分析不同浓度ATRA对猪AMSCs成脂分化的影响;RT PCR检测脂肪细胞分化标志基因LPL和aP2 mRNA的变化.MTT比色结果显示,生理浓度（1×10^－9～1×10^－8 mol/L）和药理浓度（1×10^－7～1×10^－5 mol/L）ATRA对猪AMSCs增殖均没有影响.油红O染色提取法结果表明,除1×10^－7　mol/L ATRA对猪AMSCs成脂分化没有影响外,生理浓度（1×10^－9～1×10^－8 mol/L）和其它药理浓度（1×10^－6～1×10^－5 mol/L）ATRA均显著抑制猪AMSCs成脂分化（P<0.05）.RT-PCR检测显示,ATRA显著抑制脂肪细胞分化标志基因LPL和aP2 mRNA表达（P<0.05）.     

Colonization of sorghum and wheat by seed inoculation with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus</Emphasis>

Colonization of sorghum and wheat after seed inoculation with Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus strains PAL 5 and UAP 5541/pRGS561 (containing the marker gene gusA) was studied by colony counting and microscopic observation of plant tissues. Inoculum levels as low as 10² CFU per seed were enough for root colonization and further spreading in aerial tissues. Rhizoplane colonization was around 7 log CFU g^?1 (fresh weight). G. diazotrophicus was found inside sorghum and wheat roots with populations higher than 5 log CFU g^?1 (fresh weight). Stem colonization remained stable for 30 days post inoculation with endophyte concentrations from 4 to 5 log CFU g^?1 (fresh weight) (in both plants). Population in leaves decreased continuously being undetectable after 17 days post inoculation.     

薇甘菊叶和茎的光合特性

薇甘菊(Mikania micranth)是世界性的入侵有害植物,对其入侵特性的理解将有助于我们更进一步揭示入侵机理和开展植物入侵的防治工作。叶片的光合作用是入侵植物薇甘菊入侵特性的研究内容之一,但到目前为止,仍没有开展对薇甘菊非同化器官茎的同化特性的研究。该文采取对比的研究方法,使用LICOR-6400气体交换系统和荧光系统对其幼嫩的绿色茎和成熟叶片的气体交换和叶绿素荧光特性进行测定,并对测定结果进行了对比分析,同时应用激光共聚焦显微镜对薇甘菊茎中叶绿体分布进行观察。使用叶绿素荧光系统测量瞬时叶绿素荧光特性表明,茎和叶的电子传输速率(Electron transport rate, ETR)和光系统Ⅱ实际光化学量子产量(Φ_PSⅡ)存在较好的正比例关系,相关系数达到0.97,说明茎中存在和叶中类似的光合结构。但在应用LICOR-6400气体交换系统测量稳定状态下的CO₂的气体交换速率时,观察到叶的气体交换速率稳定性较好,而茎的气体交换速率出现较大的波动,这可能是由于茎的气孔因素引起。综合来看,在相同面积和饱合光强下(光通量密度(Photosynthetic photo flux density, PPFD)=2 000 μmol·m ^-2·s^-1),叶的ETR为42.44 μmol·m ^-2·s^-1,茎的ETR为30.32 μmol·m ^-2·s^-1。在相同面积和低光强(PPFD=10 μmol·m ^-2·s^-1)下,叶的Φ_PSⅡ为0.69;茎的Φ_PSⅡ为0.57。在单位SPAD下,茎中ETR是每单位SPAD 4.24 μmol·m ^-2·s^-1,是叶的2.3倍,实际光化学量子产量是每单位SPAD 0.08,是叶的3倍。在比较茎和叶ETR中观察到茎比叶有更强的强光适应能力。激光共聚焦图像观察到薇甘菊茎的叶绿体主要分布在两个区域:皮层区和维管束周围。对照以往关于茎中叶绿体功能的研究表明,可能分布在两个区域中的叶绿体功能上存在差别。如上,薇甘菊茎中存在一定的光合作用能力,且在叶绿体的光能利用瞬时效率上茎明显强于叶,但在茎中这些光合作用的具体作用仍不清楚。     

Probiotic Effect of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus licheniformis fb11</Emphasis> on the Digestive Efficiency and Growth Performance in Juvenile <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chitala chitala</Emphasis> (Hamilton, 1822)

Five isocaloric (430 kcal 100 g^?1), isonitrogenous (40% CP) experimental diets were formulated with different concentrations of Bacillus licheniformis fb11 probionts (isolated from the gut of Chitala chitala) viz. Control (without probionts), 5 × 10⁴ CFU g^?1 (D₁), 5 × 10⁵ CFU g^?1 (D₂), 5 × 10⁶ CFU g^?1 (D₃), 5 × 10⁷ CFU g^?1 (D₄), 5 × 10⁸ CFU g^?1 (D₅) to evaluate its efficiency in C. chitala juvenile. The best growth performance, feed utilisation, specific α-amylase, total protease and lipase activity were observed with the diet D₃ (P < 0.05). The lowest Presumptive Pseudomonas Count, Motile Aeromonad Count, Total Coliform Count was observed for D₃ (P < 0.05) on 90th day of trial. Two uppermost values were achieved in case of crude protein for D₃ and D₂ (P > 0.05). The highest lipid content (12.12 ± 0.4 g 100 g^?1) was found for D₅ (P < 0.05). The highest gross energy (18.75 ± 0.21 MJ 100 g^?1) of carcass was recorded for D₃. Thus B. licheniformis fb11 at the concentration 5 × 10⁶ CFU g^?1 as probiotic supplement promoted growth, digestion in C. chitala juvenile significantly by modulating intestinal microflora.     

Effect of temperature on growth of some avirulent fungi and cross-protection against the wheat take-all fungus

The linear growth rates of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis, G. graminis var. tritici, Phialophora radicicola var. graminicola and a lobed hyphopodiate Phialophora sp. were studied on agar at various temperatures between 5 and 30 °C and on wheat roots at two temperature regimes (12 h at 7°/12 h at 13 °C and 12 h at 17°/12 h at 23 °C). On agar at 30 °C, the isolates of G. graminis graminis grew faster than those of G. graminis tritici and Phialophora sp. but three isolates of G. g. graminis grew more slowly than the other two fungi at 5 and 10 °C. Two other isolates of G. g. graminis were cold-tolerant and had growth rates comparable to those of G. g. tritici and Phialophora sp. at 10 °C. The growth rates of Australian isolates of P. radicicola graminicolu were similar to that of a British isolate and were about a third to a half those of the other three fungi at most temperatures. The growth rates of the fungi on wheat roots at the low and high temperature regimes were correlated with the growth rates on agar at 10 and 20 °C respectively. The correlation was better at low temperatures r= 0.81) than at high temperatures (r = 0.62). Cross-protection experiments using two G. g. graminis isolates which grow poorly at temperatures below 15 °C and a cold-tolerant isolate each of G. g. graminis and Phialophora sp. showed that, while all four fungi protected wheat against take-all at high temperatures (17/23 °C) as evidenced by less severe disease and significantly greater dry weights, only the cold-tolerant fungi were effective at low temperatures (7/13 °C). The use of cold-tolerant isolates of avirulent fungi in field experiments may result in better protection in the early stages of wheat growth when Australian soil temperatures are mostly below 15 °C.     

黑龙江省落叶松人工林碳储量动态研究

基于36株碳密度测定样木和5期黑龙江省森林资清查数据（1986~2005）,利用非线性度量误差模型来估计黑龙江省落叶松人工林的碳储量动态变化。结果表明：黑龙江省人工落叶松不同器官碳密度在456.7~479.0 mg·g^-1之间,不同器官碳密度差异显著,各器官碳密度由高到低为：树叶>树枝>树干>树根。不同林龄落叶松人工林树干、树根树枝和树叶的碳储量分配比例分别稳定在：66.75%~68.92%、21.59%~22.62%、5.99%~8.16%和2.47%~3.50%。其中,树根和树枝含碳量比重随林分年龄增加而增加,树干和树叶含碳量比重随林分年龄增大而减小。1986~2005年黑龙江省落叶松人工林碳储量总体呈增长趋势,2000年时达最大,为30.38 t·hm^-2,在此期间,平均每年以1.21 t·hm^-2的速度增加。2005年黑龙江省不同区域落叶松人工林碳储量在25.43~34.35 t·hm^-2之间,各区域碳储量由高到低依次为：小兴安岭南坡>完达山地区>张广才岭东坡>张广才岭西坡>小兴安岭北坡。     

海马齿对无机汞的耐性和吸附积累

报道了海马齿(Sesuvium portulacastrum)对重金属汞的耐性和吸附特性。 在10 μmol·L^-1汞胁迫时, 海马齿中脯氨酸含量明显低于对照; 丙二醛(MDA)含量、根的电解质外渗率(Electrolyte leakage rate, ELR)无明显变化; 叶绿素含量增加; 植物生长良好, 形态、生长速率、鲜重和根的长度与对照无区别, 且有新的须根形成。结果表明: 低浓度汞对海马齿的生长发育起着促进作用。海马齿能大量吸附积累汞离子, 主要积累在根组织中。当培养液中汞浓度为50 μmol·L^-1时, 海马齿根中汞含量最高可达到33.9 μg·g^-1DW, 是相同处理下地上部分的70倍。培养液中汞浓度为10 μmol·L^-1时, 植物并未受到伤害, 且能快速生长, 此时根部的汞含量可达到12.02 μg·g^-1 DW。由此可见, 海马齿植物表现为很强的耐汞和吸收汞特性。     

Estimation of the Annual Cost of Kiwifruit Vine Growth and Maintenance

Elemental analysis (for carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulphur)and ash data for kiwifruit [Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang et A. R. Ferguson var. deliciosa cv. Hayward] stems,leaves and fine roots were used to calculate the specific costs(kg carbohydrate kg^-1 dry matter) of organ synthesis with ammoniacalnitrogen supply. Those costs ranged between 1·19 and1·35 for stems and 1·19 and 1·27 for leaves.The mean annual specific cost for fine roots was 1·17.Seasonal vine growth costs were calculated by multiplying thespecific costs by biomass data for a typical vine. Total costof synthesis was 57·2 kg carbohydrate per vine year^-1,taking fine root turnover as three times per season. Nitratenitrogen supply increased that cost by 6·6% to 61·0kg carbohydrate per vine year^-1. Fruit growth accounted forthe largest proportion of synthetic costs. Vine growth respiration(expressed in terms of carbohydrate equivalents) accounted forapproximately 11·5% of the total cost of synthesis. Maintenancerespiration was estimated to be 5·28, 8·44, 1·90,8·62 and 13·3 kg carbohydrate per organ year^-1for stems, leaves, fruit, above-ground perennial componentsand roots, respectively. Total annual cost of growth and maintenancefor a mature vine was 94·7 and 98·5 kg carbohydrateper vine year^-1 with ammoniacal and nitrate nitrogen supply,respectively. Both values are similar to an estimate of vinephotosynthesis. Maintenance respiration accounted for approximately40% of the total annual cost of vine growth, regardless of theform of nitrogen supplied. Peak carbohydrate demand was duringthe period from 60 to 160 d after budbreak.Copyright 1995, 1999Academic Press Actinidia deliciosa, kiwifruit, carbon economy, growth respiration, maintenance respiration     

Response of rhizobacterial communities in watermelon to infection with cucumber green mottle mosaic virus as revealed by cultivation-dependent RISA

We investigated the rhizobacterial densities and community structure in watermelon rhizosphere under the infection of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) by artificial inoculation. Rhizobacterial densities and communities were analysed from healthy and infected plants under aerobic and anaerobic culture techniques. The highest total number of aerobic rhizobacteria was counted to be 2.7 × 10⁸ colony forming units per gram (CFU · g^?1) and anaerobic rhizobacteria was to be 3.2 × 10⁶ CFU · g^?1, in healthy and infected plants, respectively. Cultivation-dependent ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (RISA) was employed for further analysis on the rhizobacterial community structure. By incorporating the relative abundance of amplicons, the per cent similarity was determined by the similarity coefficients based only upon the absence or presence of DNA bands. The cluster analysis of RISA showed that the community structure of aerobic rhizobacteria exhibited 60% similarity between healthy and infected plant. The highest community structure similarity (50% similarity) of anaerobic rhizobacteria occurred between before planting and infected plant.     

Association of Bacteria with Marine Invertebrates: Implications for Ballast Water Management

Bacteria associated with plankton are of importance in marine bioinvasions and the implementation of ship’s ballast water treatment technologies. In this study, epibiotic and endobiotic bacteria associated with zooplankton, including barnacle nauplii, veliger larvae, and adults of the copepod Oithona sp., were characterized and quantified. Barnacle nauplius and veliger larva harbored ~4.4 × 10⁵ cells ind^?1 whereas Oithona sp. had 8.8 × 10⁵ cells ind^?1. Computation of bacterial contribution based on biovolume indicated that despite being the smallest zooplankton tested, veliger larvae harbored the highest number of bacteria, while barnacle nauplii, the largest of the zooplankton, tested in terms of volume contributed the least. Pulverization of zooplankton led to an increase in bacterial numbers; for example, Vibrio cholerae, which was initially 3.5 × 10³, increased to 5.4 × 10⁵ CFU g^?1; Escherichia coli increased from 5.0 × 10² to 1.3 × 10⁴ CFU g^?1; and Streptococcus faecalis increased from 2.1 × 10² to 2.5 × 10⁵ CFU g^?1, respectively. Pulverized zooplankton was aged in the dark to assess the contribution of bacteria from decaying debris. Aging of pulverized zooplankton led to emergence of Chromobacterium violaceum, which is an opportunistic pathogen in animals and humans.     

Biochemical Characteristics Associated with the Development of the Desiccation-sensitive Seeds of Machilus thunbergii Sieb. & Zucc.

Biochemical properties, i.e. endogenous abscisic acid, proline,sugars, respiration, adenosine phosphates and adenylate energycharge, and growth and moisture content were measured duringthe development of seeds of Machilus thunbergii. As dry matteraccumulated in the embryo during development, moisture content,ABA, proline, respiration and sugars all declined. At maturity,the dry mass of the seeds failed to attain a plateau beforethe period of natural seed shedding; the axis and cotyledonsreached moisture contents of 58 and 45%, respectively. Dryingof immature seeds at 73% relative humidity and 25 °C for30 d resulted in a complete loss of viability at all developmentalstages tested with the exception of mature seeds that were ableto tolerate a 5% decrease in moisture content before germinationdeclined. ABA was detected in all embryos tested, with a maximum value16.·16 µg g^-1 d. wt about midway through development.Although the presence of ABA induced no tolerance to desiccationof mature seeds, it did coincide with decreased content of waterin the developing seeds and decreased respiration. Desiccationdamage of M. thunbergii seeds occurred when moisture contentwas still high (45%) and this damage was not related to theabsence of oligosaccharides in the mature seeds. We concludethat developing embryos and mature seeds of M. thunbergii haveproperties common to many recalcitrant seeds, with seeds beingsensitive to desiccation at all stages, having a prominent ABApeak, little proline, lacking oligosaccharides, and specifically,little dormancy and a moderate rate of respiration of matureseeds (0·9 µmol O₂ min^-1 g^-1 f. wt). Adenosinetriphosphate content and energy charge decreased from stagefour to stage eight of seed development, then increased againto 103 nmol g^-1 d. wt and 0·73, respectively, in matureseeds. The moderate energy charge observed in mature seeds indicatesthat continuous metabolism is also a characteristic of recalcitrantseeds.Copyright 1995, 1999 Academic Press Machilus thunbergii, seed development, recalcitrant seed, abscisic acid, energy charge