棉耳绒猴弱视模型的建立

绒猴是小形体的灵长类动物,David L[1]对生后7~14 d的恒河猴,单眼形觉剥夺2周就能有眼球运动功能和视力的异常。本实验试图阐述单眼形觉剥夺1周以后能否实现棉耳绒猴PVEP的变化,以探讨形觉剥夺1周制作弱视模型的可行性。1材料与方法1.1实验动物8~10周棉耳绒猴2只,氯胺酮全麻状态下,分别于枕骨粗隆上方2·5 mm、前额鼻根上方、左耳放置作用电极,参考电极,地电极。1.2电生理记录视觉诱发电位(pattern visualevoked potential,PVEP)[2]采用棋盘格反转刺激,距离50cm,刺激模式空间频率为1,°15′,时间频率是1Hz,对比度97%,记录时间300 ms,叠…     

形觉剥夺树鼩视皮质17区的可塑性

目的初步探索树鼩作为一种新的弱视模型的可行性分析研究;探讨形觉剥夺树鼩初级视皮质的可塑性机制,为进一步认识弱视形成及恢复机制提供理论依据。方法 60只出生30 d左右树鼩随机分为5组(每组12只):右眼缝合1月组;右眼缝合2月组;右眼缝合1月打开换缝合左眼1月,即换缝合组;对照组1,为A组同龄大小树鼩正常环境饲养;对照组2,为B、C组同龄大小树鼩正常环境饲养。造模完成后进行视皮质定位取材,观察不同条件下树鼩视皮质组织学、超微结构、神经元细胞凋亡情况以及c-fos的表达变化情况。结果与对照组相比各实验组视皮质组织学及电镜均出现了不同程度的损害,且缝合2月组损伤更为明显;凋亡染色显示实验组跟对照组无差异性;c-fos蛋白及mRNA表达量在各实验组均出现了降低,且缝合右眼两月组表达量最低,换缝合以后表达量有一个小幅度的升高,对照组间c-fos表达无差异性。结论不同程度的形觉剥夺性弱视引起了不同的组织病理学变化;弱视引起的神经元损伤具有可塑性;树鼩可作为形觉剥夺性弱视的理想动物模型。     

γ-氨基丁酸、荷包牡丹碱和L-谷氨酸钠对猫和家兔同侧和对侧图形视觉诱发电位的影响

在猫和家兔大脑半球一侧视区17/18交界处施加γ—氨基丁酸(GABA)、荷包牡丹碱和L—谷氨酸钠,以及用氯化钾和冷冻阻遏的方法,记录对侧和同侧皮层相应处图形视觉诱发电位(PVEP)的变化。讨论了GABA、荷包牡丹碱和L—谷氨酸钠对猫和兔的对侧和同侧PVEP的影响。     

单眼远视性弱视儿童P-VEP检查的临床研究

目的:分析单眼远视性弱视儿童图形视觉诱发电位(P-VEP)检查情况,探讨外周发病机制,为临床诊疗提供依据。方法:选取2013年1月到2015年10月我院收治的单眼远视性弱视儿童75例(75只眼),另选取同期正常儿童32例(64只眼)为对照组,根据病情将弱视儿童分为轻度(A组)和对侧健眼组(B组),中度(C组)和对侧健眼组(D组),重度(E组)和对侧健眼组(F组),应用P-VEP检查各组P100波及振幅。结果:A组、C组、E组P100波潜伏期较B组、D组、F组和对照组延长(P0.05),振幅较B组、D组、F组和对照组降低(P0.05),A组、C组和、E组P100波潜伏期和振幅比较具有统计学意义(P0.05),B组、D组、F组P100波潜伏期与对照组无统计学意义(P0.05),B组、D组、F组振幅显著低于对照组(P0.05),B组、D组、F组P100波潜伏期和振幅比较无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:单眼远视性弱视儿童弱视眼会出现P100波潜伏期延长,振幅降低,对侧健康眼会出现振幅降低。     

短波视蛋白在豚鼠频闪光诱导性近视和形觉剥夺近视眼模型中的表达差异

目的观察豚鼠频闪光诱导性近视和形觉剥夺近视模型中短波视蛋白(S-opsin)表达差异,并初步探讨原因。方法 36只普通级2周龄豚鼠随机分成三组:频闪组(FLM组,n=13),形觉剥夺组(FDM组,n=12),对照组(n=11)。FLM组,饲养笼具安装有频闪仪(频率0.5 Hz),笼具内装有发光二极管;FDM组豚鼠右眼用半透明眼罩遮盖,并确保豚鼠眼睑能正常活动;对照组豚鼠不予特殊处理。在造模第1天(0周)和第6周测量豚鼠右眼屈光度、眼轴长度和角膜曲率半径,并通过免疫荧光法观察S-opsin表达。结果第0周,FLM、FDM组与对照组屈光度、眼轴长度、角膜曲率半径差异均无显著性(P0.05)。造模6周后,与对照组相比,FLM组、FDM组屈光度变化值、眼轴长度变化值差异均有显著性(P0.05),而角膜曲率半径变化值差异无显著性(P=0.358),提示成功建立近视模型。FLM组与FDM组相比,屈光度变化值、眼轴长度变化值、角膜曲率半径变化值差异均无显著性(P0.05)。免疫荧光结果显示:FLM组视蛋白灰度值对照组视蛋白灰度值FDM组视蛋白灰度值,任意两组进行比较,差异均有显著性(P0.001)。结论频闪光和形觉剥夺均能建立近视模型,频闪光诱导性近视模型中S-opsin产生增加,而形觉剥夺性近视模型中S-opsin产生减少,说明两种近视模型的发生机制可能不同。     

不同年龄组立体视及图形诱发电位的对比研究

由微机产生动态随机点立体图(DRDS)和黑白棋盘格图形刺激 ,记录了30名立体视觉正常的成人、30名学龄儿童和30名学龄前儿童的动态立体视诱发电位 (DDEP)和双眼棋盘格图形刺激的诱发电位(PVEP)。实验结果表明 ,三组动态立体视诱发电位的N波潜伏时有显著差异 ,随着年龄的增长 ,N波潜伏时缩短 ;而棋盘格刺激的视觉诱发电位的P100波的潜伏时无显著性差异 ,但波幅有显著差异 ,学龄儿童的波幅最高 ,成人的波幅最低。由DEP在各个年龄组的演变规律与棋盘格图形VEP的演变规律的不一致揭示了视觉系统中立体视发育和类似于棋盘格刺激的较为初级的视功能发育是不同步的 ,它们具有不同的发育规律 ;12岁以下儿童立体视仍具有可塑性。     

幼猫单眼视剥夺和反缝过程中显示的双眼竞争机制

本研究以光栅为刺激所同时产生的图形视觉诱发电位和图形视网膜电图为指标,测定了单眼视剥夺和缝的新生幼猫个体在发育不同阶段的空间频率调谐曲线,并与同龃正常猫,成年正常猫进行了比较研究。结果显示,在０．１２－１．５ｃ／ｄ空间频率范围内,正常幼猫单独刺激其左眼和右眼所驱动的Ｐ－ＶＥＰ振幅相近,但都明显地比双眼驱动的为小。在单眼剥夺的幼猫,由剥夺眼所驱动的Ｐ－ＶＥＰ振幅大幅度下降,健康眼所驱动的Ｐ－ＶＥＰ则     

豚鼠频闪光诱导性近视和形觉剥夺性近视外侧膝状体多巴胺含量的比较

目的 观察豚鼠频闪光诱导性近视和形觉剥夺性近视模型中外侧膝状体多巴胺(DA)含量的变化,并进行对比分析,初步探讨比较不同近视模型的中枢发病机制。方法 24只普通级2周龄豚鼠随机分成3组(n=8):频闪光照(FLM)组、形觉剥夺(FDM)组、对照组,各组均饲养8周。在造模前后分别测量各组豚鼠右眼屈光度和眼轴长度,8周实验结束后采用高效液相色谱电化学检测法(HPLC-ECD)对左脑外侧膝状体DA进行定量。结果造模前,各组屈光度和眼轴长度差异无显著性(P0.05)。造模第8周,与对照组相比,FLM组和FDM组右眼屈光度变化值(P0.001)、眼轴长度变化值(P0.05)差异均有显著性,提示近视建模成功。HPLC-ECD结果显示:豚鼠左脑外侧膝状体DA含量FLM组对照组FDM组;对照组为(37.04±1.18)pg/μL;FDM组为(24.27±3.46)pg/μL,与对照组相比差异有显著性(P=0.021);FLM组为(45.58±1.98)pg/μL,与对照组相比差异有显著性(P=0.01)。结论 频闪光诱导性近视模型外侧膝状体DA含量增加,而形觉剥夺性近视模型中DA含量减少,说明DA在两种实验性近视外侧膝状体中的表达不一致,两种近视模型的发生机制可能不同。     

M4受体阻滞剂MT3抑制豚鼠形觉剥夺性近视的探讨

目的探讨高度选择性M4受体阻滞剂MT3对豚鼠形觉剥夺性近视的抑制作用及其潜在作用机理。方法 3周龄豚鼠随机分为三组:对照组、形觉剥夺组、形觉剥夺+MT3组。实验前后使用带状光检影测量屈光度,A超测量眼生物学参数,RT-PCR检测视网膜和脉络膜中TGF-β2的mRNA相对表达量。结果与对照组右眼相比,形觉剥夺+MT3组豚鼠右眼形成了(-1.44±0.50)D相对近视(右眼-左眼),玻璃体腔和眼轴长度分别延长(0.10±0.02)mm和(0.14±0.07)mm(P=0.001,P0.001,P0.001),但近视量、玻璃体腔和眼轴长度增加量均显著小于单纯形觉剥夺组(P0.001,P0.001,P0.001)。单纯形觉剥夺可引起视网膜和脉络膜TGF-β2的mRNA相对表达量下调(P0.001,P=0.014);而玻璃体腔注射MT3可导致形觉剥夺眼视网膜和脉络膜TGF-β2的mRNA相对表达量上调(P0.001,P0.001)。结论 MT3能抑制豚鼠形觉剥夺性近视的形成,其可能通过上调视网膜和脉络膜中TGF-β2的mRNA水平而发挥作用。     

猫外膝体神经元非寻常的方位调谐特性──Ⅱ．在去视皮层猫和视觉剥夺猫（Dark－reared cats）的研究

以移动的正弦光栅作为刺激,用玻璃微电极记录以冰冻法毁损皮层１７、１８、１９区和外侧上雪氏回（ＬＳ）区后的猫外膝体的单细胞反应,测定了了５７９个细胞的方位调谐特性．另外还在视觉剥夺猫外膝体测定了３４４个细胞的方位调谐特性．与正常猫相似,去视皮层猫和视觉剥夺猫外膝体的少数细胞（约占１０％）具有非寻常的方位调谐特性,包括具蝴蝶形调谐曲线的方位调谐特性、双调谐（Ｂｉｍｏｄａｌ）的方位调谐特性和最优方位随刺激空间频率的不同而变化的方位调谐特性。结果表明,外膝体的非寻常的方位调谐特性并非主要由皮层下行投射所致,而是主要与先天遗传因素有关。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.