几种血卟啉衍生物在中性水溶液中的聚集状态和光敏产生单线态氧量子产额的比较

通过稀释溶液导致吸收谱变化的分析,探讨了三种国产血卟啉衍生物(BHpd、YHpd和DHE)、血卟啉二盐酸(HPdHC)和原卟啉二钠盐(PpdSS)等五种卟啉类化合物在中性水溶液中的聚集状态。结果表明,YHpd和DHE的聚集体与BHpd和HpdHC的聚集体的结合方式可能不同,前两者结合得牢固,后两者结合得较为松懈。PpdSS的聚集形式介於上述两种情况之间。 用色氨酸光降解法测定了相近条件下用628nm光照时,五种卟啉类化合物中性水溶液中的单线态氧相对 量子产额。BHpd产生单线态氧的相对量子产额分别为YHpd和DHE的1.6倍和8.6倍,而HpdHC和PpdSS在表(?)上观察不到单线态氧的产生,它们本身却遭到较多破坏。 研究启示:由于BHpd和YHpd、DHE在聚集体的结合方式上的差异,它们的光动力的作用性更亦有所不同。     

血卟啉衍生物——组蛋白系统照光后光动力学效应的观察:一种新荧光物质的生成

血卟啉衍生物(Hpd)和组蛋白经照光产生一种新荧光物质.其发射波长为460nm,激发波长为370nm.当照光在43℃高温情况下进行时,高温对Hpd的光动力学效应有协同作用.用牛血清白蛋白、血红蛋白,核糖核酸酶、胰蛋白酶及培养的中国仓鼠细胞代替组蛋白均能生成新荧光物质.而所测试的半胱氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸及组氨酸中.唯有组氨酸可产生相似的荧光物质.这种荧光物质推测是Hpd与组蛋白中组氨酸所形成的一种加成物.形成新荧光物质的光化学反应机制主要是单线态氧(~1O_2)的氧化作用.     

竹红菌甲素敏化嘌呤和嘧啶碱的光氧化作用及其影响因素

本工作利用光吸收和高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术研究了甲素对DNA分子中四种碱基A、G、C和T光氧化的敏化作用,发现在反应体系的pH为9.0、甲素浓度为3×10~(-5)mol/L、光照40分钟时,G和T紫外吸收明显降低;HPLC分析发现甲素敏化的G光氧化体系比对照体系多出现一组分峰(滞留时间0.927分钟),该峰用475nm波长检测比260nm波长检测灵敏。根据反应机制推测是G环破裂产物。在反应条件固定时,甲素敏化G的光氧化作用受pH、光照时间及甲素浓度影响极大。单线态氧淬灭剂——叠氮钠浓度在40—110mmol/L可部分抑制甲素敏化G的光氧化作用,>110mmol/L时反应完全被阻断,提示甲素对G光氧化的敏化作用主要通过单线态氧(~1O_2)即Ⅱ型机制起作用。本文还讨论了G光氧化的可能途径。     

乙醇-磷酸氢二钾双水相体系萃取L-精氨酸

采用乙醇-磷酸氢二钾(K2HPO4)双水相体系萃取L-精氨酸。实验考察了乙醇浓度、K2HPO4浓度、pH、萃取温度对萃取分离L-精氨酸的影响。结果表明,L-精氨酸在该双水相体系的分配系数K随体系乙醇浓度、K2HPO4浓度的增大、萃取温度的升高而增大,随着体系pH的增大而减小;L-精氨酸在该双水相体系的萃取率随体系乙醇浓度和pH的增大而减小,随着体系K2HPO4浓度增大、萃取温度的升高而增大。     

某些物理化学因素对竹红菌甲素敏化的人红细胞膜乙酰胆碱酯酶的光失活作用的影响

本文以人红细胞膜乙酰胆碱酯酶力作用对象,研究了甲素浓度、pH、温度等因素对甲素致敏的酶光失活的影响,并计算了不同条件下的酶失活速率常数.甲素与某些光敏化剂相比,有以下特点:(1)甲素光敏化效率随着pH降低而增加,(2)光强指数α>1,(3)甲素在400nm—600nm波长范围内均有较大的光敏化作用.后性氧清除剂的试验结果表明,乙酰胆碱酯酶的光失活主要是单线态氧的作用,其它活性氧也有一定作用.     

某些物理化学因素对竹红菌甲素敏化的人红细胞膜乙酰胆碱酯酶的光失活作用的影响

本文以人红细胞膜乙酰胆碱酯酶力作用对象,研究了甲素浓度、pH、温度等因素对甲素致敏的酶光失活的影响,并计算了不同条件下的酶失活速率常数.甲素与某些光敏化剂相比,有以下特点:(1)甲素光敏化效率随着pH降低而增加,(2)光强指数α>1,(3)甲素在400nm—600nm波长范围内均有较大的光敏化作用.后性氧清除剂的试验结果表明,乙酰胆碱酯酶的光失活主要是单线态氧的作用,其它活性氧也有一定作用.     

矮嵩草光合作用与环境因素关系的比较研究

 以青海高原不同海拔地区生长的矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)为材料,研究高山植物光合作用随海拔梯度的变化特征及对生长环境和低温胁迫的反应。随海拔升高矮嵩草叶绿素含量有降低的趋势,而叶绿素a／b值和类胡萝卜素含量则随海拔升高而增高。生长地区海拔越高矮嵩草光合速率、光补偿点、光饱和点越高;而光合表观量子产额则随海拔升高而降低。光呼吸强度有随海拔升高而降低的趋势。矮嵩草光合作用特性受生长环境因素的影响。低温胁迫导致矮嵩草光合速率、表观量子产额降低,低温下的光照加剧了光合作用抑制的程度。     

温度、pH及效应剂对高粱PEP羧化酶活性的协同作用

纯化的高粱PEP羧化酶活性随pH升高(pH6.6～8.0)而增大。在G6P和Mal存在下,酶活性仍有随pH升高而增大的趋势,但G6P对酶的激活百分率和Mal的抑制百分率随pH升高而降低。高粱PEP羧化酶活性的最适温度高于40℃、酶的催化效率(V_(max)/K_m)随温度升高而增大。高温下,反应激活能降低,Mal对酶活性抑制百分率亦随温度升高而下降,I_(0.5)值增大,Mal增大K_m(PEP)的效应变小。     

DNA溶液的导电行为

将链长不同的两种DNA溶解在超纯水中,分别测定它们在不同浓度不同温度下的电导行为。试验证明,同种DNA的电导率随着溶液中DNA的浓度增大而显著增大。而对于两种不同的DNA,短链DNA(<50bp)的电导能力较长链DNA(>1000bp)好。在本文测试的浓度范围内,短链DNA水溶液常温下电导率达到0.99×10-4S/cm。而且,电导率随DNA浓度的变化规律与指数方程(δ/δ0=aCm)符合得很好。当温度升高时长链和短链DNA溶液的电导率都有明显增大,并且随温度的变化趋势基本一致。     

从光合作用特性看铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)的竞争优势

通过测定净光合放氧速率,研究了温度、光照和pH对铜绿微囊藻(M icrocystis aeruginosa)和玫瑰拟衣藻(Chlorom onas rosae)光合作用的影响。两种藻的光合放氧速率都随着温度的升高而加快,在10~35℃范围内,铜绿微囊藻净光合放氧速率随温度升高而直线上升,其最适温度高于35℃,而当温度高于30℃后玫瑰拟衣藻的净光合放氧速率迅速下降;两种微藻的光合放氧速率-光强变化曲线有所不同,铜绿微囊藻光饱和点在500μmol.m-2.s-1附近,光强达到900μmol.m-2.s-1时仍无光抑制现象发生,玫瑰拟衣藻光饱和点在630μmol.m-2.s-1附近,当光强进一步升高,光合放氧速率开始下降;铜绿微囊藻最适pH值是10.0,在pH值6.5~11.5范围内,光合放氧都很活跃,变化幅度不大,玫瑰拟衣藻最适pH值7.0,偏酸或偏碱光合放氧都迅速地下降,pH高于10.0出现了负值。比较两种藻的光合作用特性,铜绿微囊藻光合作用具有3个特点:(1)适应温度范围宽,对高温具有良好的适应性,并且光合作用随温度的升高显著提高;(2)光饱和点低,光合作用活性高,能在弱光环境中高效地进行光合作用,并且抗强光伤害;(3)对pH变化具有超强的适应能力,在中性和碱性环境中,都能进行活跃的光合作用。铜绿微囊藻在光能利用、温度和pH适应性方面的特点,可以使其快速生长繁殖,积累大量的生物量,在与其它藻类的竞争中占据显著的优势。     

倪氏拟多甲藻叶绿素荧光活性对环境因子的响应

采用叶绿素荧光分析技术探讨了温度、pH、光强对水华优势种倪氏拟多甲藻光合活性的影响。结果表明, 倪氏拟多甲藻光系统Ⅱ的量子产量Y(Ⅱ)和最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)随温度(7.5-20.0℃)升高而显著增加(P0.05), 在低温下电子传递速率未受阻, 细胞在7.5-20.0℃内均有高光合活性; 10.0 ℃下的光合活性随pH增大先升高后降低, 峰值出现在pH 7.3时, 光合活性顺序为: 弱碱性 中性 酸性; 快速叶绿素荧光动力学曲线分析显示pH 7.3下的光合活性为典型OJIP曲线, 其他pH下PSⅡ反应中心、电子受体库受损, 显示该藻适应较窄的pH范围, pH7.0-8.0内是其适宜的条件; 快速光响应曲线显示其半饱和光强Ek为385.52 mol photons/(m2s), 表明其具有高光饱和点, 耐受高光强。研究表明藻细胞光合活性对温度和光强变化有较强适应性, 对pH的变化敏感, 弱碱性条件是其光合作用的适宜条件; 低温时细胞通过环式电子链提高光化学效率, 降低高光强可能带来的光损伤; 弱酸性(pH 5.0)会同时损伤其光系统Ⅰ和光系统Ⅱ, 造成其光化学效率的显著下降;倪氏拟多甲藻在低温和高光强下的独特光合特性使其在春季淡水水体中占据竞争优势, 是其形成水华的内在原因。     

铁皮石斛叶片光合作用的碳代谢途径

 利用LI-6400光合测定系统测定了不同天气条件下铁皮石斛（Dendrobium officinale）叶片24h CO2吸收的动态以及CO2吸收对光强和温度的响应。晴天的白天和夜间铁皮石斛都能吸收CO2,中午CO2吸收速率为负值, CO2的交换方式具景天酸代谢途径(CAM)的特点。阴雨天,只有白天吸收CO2,夜间表现为暗呼吸,光合作用碳代谢的途径为C3途径。在多云的天气条件下,白天吸收CO2,并持续至日落后。夜间21∶00仍有CO2吸收,23∶00以后至次日凌晨处于暗呼吸状态。在500 μmol·m-2·s-1光照件下,20℃出现最大CO2吸收值。在夜间,25℃时CO2的吸收速率最高。有光和无光条件下,低温或高温引起CO2吸收速率下降均为非气孔因素所致。晴天上午,铁皮石斛叶片的表观量子产额为0.035,光合补偿点为2.9μmol·m-2·s-1,饱和光强为500μmol·m-2·s-1,强光下出现光抑制现象。叶片受到强光预先照射后,即使光照减弱光抑制效应仍保持一段时间,致使光合补偿点升高,表观量子产额下降,相同光强下的CO2吸收效率降低。结果表明：铁皮石斛为兼性CAM植物,随着环境条件的变化,其光合作用在景天酸代谢途径(CAM)与C3途径间变化。     

Quantum yield of singlet oxygen production by monomeric and aggregated forms of hematoporphyrin derivative

Hematoporphyrin derivative (HpD) is a complex mixture of monoporphyrinic compounds, including hematoporphyrin, and oligomers containing up to eight porphyrin units. In methanol a sensitizer concentration-independent quantum yield of 0.64 is measured for the HpD-induced production of singlet molecular oxygen O2 (1Delta(g)). This finding is consistent with the dye components remaining unassociated in this solvent. In water pH 7.4 HpD consists of a complex mixture of non-aggregated and self- and cross-aggregated monoporphyrinic and oligomeric species, and the quantum yield of O2 (1Delta(g)) formation decreases significantly with increasing HpD concentration due to the lower quantum yield of aggregates. These variations can be quantitatively described in terms of a monomer-dimer equilibrium, with quantum yields of 0.64 and 0.11, respectively, for monomers and dimers. The yields of unassociated species are identical in methanol and water.     

CHROMATIC REGULATION OF QUANTUM YIELDS FOR PHOTOSYSTEM II CHARGE SEPARATION,OXYGEN EVOLUTION,AND CARBON FIXATION IN HETEROCAPSA PYGMAEA (PYRROPHYTA)1

Operational and maximum quantum yields for system (PSII) charge separation, oxygen evolution, and carbon fixation were quantified and compared for Heterocapsa pygmaea Loeblich, Schmidt et Sherley populations chromatically adapted to white, green, blue, and red light. Significant variability in quantum yields was induced by chromatic adaptation alone or when chromatically adapted cells were suddenly exposed to biased light fields (i.e. white light). Results indicated a close coupling between the variability in quantum yields for PSII charge separation and oxygen evolution, but not between quantum yields for oxygen evolution and carbon fixation. But not between quantum yields for oxygen evolution and carbon fixation. The ability to regrlate and optimize light energy distribution between PSII and photosystem I (PSI) appears to be the mechanism underlying chromatic adaptation for PSII charge separation and oxygen evolution. Conceptually, the resulting impacts on PSI cyclic electron transport rates could account for observed variability in quantum yields for oxygen evolution and some variability in quantum yields for carbon fixation. Similarly, enzymatic processes associated with organic carbon synthesis appeared to be variably dependent on spectral growth irradiances and contributing to the observed variability in quantum yields for carbon fixation. The relevance of these findings to the in situ primary production is discussed.     

The principles of analysis on multicomponent fluorescence spectra of proteins. Temperature and pH-induced transitions in tetrameric melittin

Structural transitions in the tetrameric melittin from bee venom in 2 M KCl induced by variations of pH (from 0.7 to 12.0) and temperature (from 2 to 95 degrees C) have been studied. The pH and temperature ranges of structural changes and the zones of emission quenching of discerning tryptophan classes were revealed. The analysis of the temperature dependence of monotonic changes of spectral maximum positions and relative fluorescence yields allowed one to discriminate the zone of structural transitions in the tetramer from that of temperature quenching due to the thermal activation of fluorophore collisions with neighboring quenching groups in protein. Based on the new and earlier published results, some advantages and modes of using the method of component analysis of protein tryptophan spectra were summarized to determine the main characteristics of physicochemical transitions in proteins.     

A fluorescence study of the temperature-dependent polymerization of bovine beta-casein A1.

The intrinsic fluorescence properties of bovine beta-casein A1 solutions have been studied under a variety of conditions. The protein shows both tyrosine and tryptophan fluorescence emission, the former being more pronounced at low temperature (5 degrees C) and in the presence of urea. Approximate relative quantum yields for the tyrosine and tryptophan residues were determined using free tyrosine and free tryptophan respectively as standards. The tryptophan emission intensity of beta-casein shows an increase with temperature indicating a temperature-dependent transition of the protein. Two-state analysis of the emission-intensity--temperature data yielded positive enthalpy and entropy values for the transition over a range of protein concentrations (0.018--0.18%). A marked protein concentration effect was apparent which indicated that the transition was a consequence of polymerization rather than a prerequisite for polymerization. The size of the polymers appeared to be concentration-dependent. Decreased ionic strength and increased pH both caused a reduction in the increase in emission intensity when the temperature was increased. At higher pH both the enthalpy and the entropy for the transition were reduced. Experimental precision was insufficient to allow the effect of decreased ionic strength on these parameters to be determined. Many of the properties of the temperature-dependent transition can be explained if the transition is considered to be one of micelle formation.     

A possible origin of chemiluminsecence in phagocytosing neutrophils. Myeloperoxidase-mediated chlorination of proteins and tryptophan

Chlorination of proteins by the myeloperoxidase-H2O2-Cl- system results in light emission. Out of all amino acids present in proteins only tryptophan delivers light during chlorination. Chlorination of tryptophan by the myeloperoxidase-H2O2-Cl- system, as well as by HOCl or taurine chloramine is associated with chemiluminescence. pH dependence and time pattern of light emission is similar for chlorination of tryptophan by the myeloperoxidase system and taurine, but appears to be different for chlorination by HOCl. Aerobic conditions are necessary for chemiluminescence of chlorinated tryptophan.     

Conformational heterogeneity of the copper binding site in azurin. A time-resolved fluorescence study.

Comparison of the fluorescence spectra and the effect of temperature on the quantum yields of fluorescence of Azurin (from Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC-13525-2) and 3-methylindole (in methylcyclohexane solution) provides substantive evidence that the tryptophan residue in azurin is completely inaccessible to solvent molecules. The quantum yields of azurin (CuII), azurin (CuI), and apoazurin (lambda ex = 291 nm) were 0.052, 0.054, and 0.31, respectively. Other evidence indicates that there is no energy transfer from tyrosine to tryptophan in any of these proteins. The fluorescence decay behavior of each of the azurin samples was found to be invariant with emission wavelength. The fluorescences of azurin (CuII) and azurin (CuI) decay with dual exponential kinetics (tau 1 = 4.80 ns, tau 2 = 0.18 ns) while that of apoazurin obeys single exponential decay kinetics (tau = 4.90). The ratio of pre-exponentials of azurin (CuII), alpha 1/alpha 2, is found to be 0.25, and this ratio increases to 0.36 on reduction to azurin (CuI). The results are interpreted as originating from different interactions of the tryptophan with two conformers of the copper-ligand complex in azurin.     

Time-resolved fluorescence of the single tryptophan of Bacillus stearothermophilus phosphofructokinase.

The fluorescence of the single tryptophan in Bacillus stearothermophilus phosphofructokinase was characterized by steady-state and time-resolved techniques. The enzyme is a tetramer of identical subunits, which undergo a concerted allosteric transition. Time-resolved emission spectral data were fitted to discrete and distributed lifetime models. The fluorescence decay is a double exponential with lifetimes of 1.6 and 4.4 ns and relative amplitudes of 40 and 60%. The emission spectra of both components are identical with maxima at 327 nm. The quantum yield is 0.31 +/- 0.01. The shorter lifetime is independent of temperature; the longer lifetime has weak temperature dependence with activation energy of 1 kcal/mol. The fluorescence intensity and decay are the same in H2O and D2O solutions, indicating that the indole ring is not accessible to bulk aqueous solution. The fluorescence is not quenched significantly by iodide, but it is quenched by acrylamide with bimolecular rate constant of 5 x 10(8) M-1 s-1. Static and dynamic light scattering measurements show that the enzyme is a tetramer in solution with hydrodynamic radius of 40 A. Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence anisotropies indicate that the tryptophan is immobile. The allosteric transition has little effect on the fluorescence properties. The fluorescence results are related to the x-ray structure.