云南元江干热河谷桔小实蝇种群动态及其影响因子分析

分别于1992、1998、2003和2004年在云南元江干热河谷通过性诱剂诱捕,对桔小实蝇雄性成虫数量变化进行了全年监测,并就气候因子及寄主植物对数量变动的影响进行了综合分析。桔小实蝇在元江干热河谷常年发生,当年12月至次年2月,桔小实蝇种群较低,3月以后逐渐上升,于6～8月形成增长高峰,9～11月种群迅速下降。近两年桔小实蝇种群数量较上世纪90年代明显增大。月均温、月均降雨量和寄主植物是影响元江桔小实蝇种群变动的主要因子。元江干热河谷各月均温在桔小实蝇适温区内,为其常年发生提供了温度条件。但12～2月的月平均最低温度低于桔小实蝇的适温下限,而5月的月平均最高温超过桔小实蝇的适温上限,这两方面对桔小实蝇种群均有一定抑制作用。元江夏季6至8月的月降雨量为100～150 mm,有助于桔小实蝇种群增长。芒果和甜橙是元江桔小实蝇最喜好的寄主水果,其种面积、挂果期是影响桔小实蝇种群变动的重要因素。气温、降雨和寄主植物通过各自的作用方式和发生时间综合影响着元江干热河谷地区桔小实蝇种群变动。     

云南西双版纳桔小实蝇种群动态

于1997年、2000年和2003年在云南西双版纳通过性诱剂诱捕对桔小实蝇种群动态进行了全年监测,并就气候因子及寄主种类对该种群变动的影响进行了系统分析.结果表明,桔小实蝇在西双版纳常年发生.当年11月至次年2月,桔小实蝇种群处于较低水平,3月以后种群数量逐渐上升,至6～7月形成一个种群增长高峰,此后至10月种群数量迅速下降.分析表明,影响桔小实蝇种群变化的重要因子是温度、降雨量和寄主种类.西双版纳各月均温位于桔小实蝇适温范围内,但12～2月的月平均最低温度低于桔小实蝇的适温范围,对桔小实蝇种群数量有一定抑制作用.降雨量是影响桔小实蝇种群数量变动的另一重要因子.月降雨量低于50 mm以下对桔小实蝇种群不利,而100～200 mm的月降雨量有助于桔小实蝇种群的增长.月降雨量大于250 mm以上将导致桔小实蝇种群数量下降.6～7月强降雨过程被认为是桔小实蝇在该时期种群数量下降的主要原因.芒果、番石榴、桃、梨、柑桔、龙眼和荔枝是桔小实蝇在该地区的主要寄主水果.其中,芒果和龙眼是当地桔小实蝇最喜好的寄主水果,其种植面积、挂果期和产量对桔小实蝇种群数量变动影响较大,被认为是影响该地区桔小实蝇种群变动的又一主要因素.     

云南六库桔小实蝇成虫种群数量变动及其影响因子分析

应用诱蝇谜引诱剂诱捕法于2003-2005年调查了云南六库桔小实蝇成虫种群动态,系统分析了气候因子及寄主植物对该种群变动的影响。研究结果表明：云南六库桔小实蝇种群发生呈季节性,仅出现于3-12月,成虫消长基本为单峰型,高峰出现在7月。六库桔小实蝇种群数量与气温、降雨量和月雨日数等气象因子有密切关系。决定系数和通径分析结果显示,月降雨量是影响六库桔小实蝇种群动态的主要决策因素;月平均气温和月平均最低气温是影响种群数量变动的主要限制因素,其中,月平均最低温度是间接影响种群数量变动的重要指标。主成分分析筛选出低温条件主成分,其累积方差贡献率达77.65%。逐步回归分析也证实,影响六库桔小实蝇种群月变动的主要气象因子是月平均气温和月平均最低气温。综合分析认为,低温是导致六库桔小实蝇季节性发生的关键因素。     

广州桔小实蝇(Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel))发生动态及气象因子

2002～2005年期间,在广东广州利用性引诱剂对桔小实蝇进行了全年种群动态监测,调查可知桔小实蝇可在广州全年发生.该虫数量从5月开始迅速上升,6～9月份是发生盛期;10月份虫口密度逐渐下降,11月到翌年3月份种群数量很低.对桔小实蝇发生数量和气象因子进行主成分分析和相关分析,结果表明温雨因子作用最大,其中月平均降雨量是影响桔小实蝇种群变动的关键因子;日照因子作用次之,但月总日照时数对该虫的发生数量没有显著影响.     

云南蒙自桔小实蝇寄主种类和枇杷园内桔小实蝇成虫种群动态及其影响因子

桔小实蝇(Bactrocera dorsalis)是水果和蔬菜上的重要害虫。2014年1—12月对云南蒙自市不同果园和菜地桔小实蝇进行调查并室内饲养观察,结果表明,桔小实蝇在蒙自市为害8科19属20种的瓜果蔬菜,且对枇杷、桃、枣、番石榴、杧果和洋蒲桃等水果为害较为严重;从田间采集受害寄主果实进行单果培养,收集到实蝇共计4种,分别为桔小实蝇、瓜实蝇(Bactrocera cucuribitae)、南亚实蝇(Bactrocera tau)和辣椒实蝇(Bactrocera latifrons)。桔小实蝇在蒙自全年均可为害,且世代重叠。枇杷园内,进入5月后,桔小实蝇种群数量逐渐增加,至8月份达到高峰期,最大诱捕量为(362.27±16.68)头·瓶-1,10月以后其种群数量迅速下降,至12月种群数量最低(6.14±3.06)头·瓶-1。多种气象因子互相作用影响桔小实蝇种群数量变动,其中月平均气温、月极端最低温度、月雨日数和平均日照时数是影响桔小实蝇种群数量变动的主要因素。     

石榴园西花蓟马种群动态及其与气象因素的关系

2007-2008年,对云南省建水石榴园西花蓟马种群动态进行了系统调查,并采用回归分析(逐步回归分析、通径分析)、主成分分析及灰色系统分析就气象因子对该虫种群动态的影响进行了系统分析。结果表明,西花蓟马在建水石榴园常年发生,冬季较低,夏季最高,成虫全年种群消长呈单峰型,高峰期为5月份。相关性分析结果表明,西花蓟马种群数量与月相对湿度间呈极显著正相关性(P<0.01),与月均气温和月最低气温间呈显著正相关性(P<0.05),与月最高气温、月均降雨量和月均蒸发量间无相关性(P>0.05)。回归分析结果表明,石榴园西花蓟马种群动态的决定因子中影响最大的气象因素是月最低气温,而月均气温和月相对湿度是影响种群数量变动的主要因素。主成分分析表明,月最低气温是主要成分,其累积方差贡献率达73.03%。灰色系统分析结果表明,影响石榴园6种蓟马种群动态最关键的因子是月相对湿度;年度间影响最大的是年总降雨量;石榴花期各蓟马的种群数量与气象因素间关联度最大的是月最低温;果期各种蓟马的种群数量与气象因素间关联度最大的是月均降雨量。     

青藏高原生态气候因子的空间格局

基于1966—2005年间青藏高原及其周边113个气象站的观测资料,对研究区最热月均温、最冷月均温、≥10 ℃日数、潜在蒸散、年降水量和干燥度指数的空间格局进行了分析.结果表明：青藏高原最热月均温在7 ℃～20 ℃,由东部周边地区向中部呈逐渐减小趋势;最冷月均温在-18.4 ℃～8 ℃,由南向北逐渐减小;青藏高原≥10 ℃日数由东部周边向中部地区逐渐减小,研究区东南部的≥10 ℃日数最大（150 d以上）,中部地区最少（<50 d）;研究区年均降水量由东南部向西北地区呈减少趋势;青藏高原的潜在蒸散（由Thornthwaite模型计算）由东南向西北逐渐减小,大部分地区在330～750 mm;青藏高原干旱地区所占比例较大,主要位于研究区西北部,湿润地区面积小,主要位于东部和东南部.青藏高原的植被分布与其生态气候限制因子有较好的一致性,生态气候因子可较好地刻画植被分布状况.     

珠江三角洲黄毛鼠种群数量动态的研究

本文研究农田黄毛鼠种群年度和季节数量动态。稻田区数量最高的季节为7～11月,冬春季12月～翌年6月相对来说密度较低,只是在3月份有一较小幅度增长。蕉田区黄毛鼠种群数量变化4～10月较低,11月～翌年3月数量相对较高,全年可以为呈马鞍形,即冬春较高密度,夏秋密度较低。山坡果园地小家鼠种群密度季节变化比较明显,也呈现冬春密度较高,夏秋密度较低的马鞍形曲线。     

蒜头果地理分布与水热关系分析

利用温度指数(WI)、湿润指数(HI)等气候因子,研究了蒜头果(Malana oleifera Chun et S.Lee)地理分布与气候因子的关系.结果表明,极端最高温、7月均温、年均温、≥10℃年积温和年均降水量是蒜头果分布的主要限制因子;由半峰宽(PWH)计算法确定蒜头果生长的最适温度为18.0～22.0℃,年降水量为1106.5～1 585.1 mm;水热组合较好的乐业地区是蒜头果的主要分布区.极端高温和干燥的气候可能是蒜头果分布区逐渐缩小并濒危的重要因素.     

长江三峡工程对柑桔生产的影响及其对策研究

为了弄清长江三峡建大坝对柑桔生产的影响,开发长江三峡柑桔业,促进三峡地区经济发展,我们承担了由国家科委等部委下达的科研任务,现将研究结果报告如下。一、三峡区柑桔生产的条件1.气候资源极宜发展柑桔生产,无国内检疫性病害本地区地处中亚热带,年均温17—19℃,最冷月均温5.9—7.2℃,极端最低温-2.5—-5.6℃,≥10℃年积温5400—6000℃,年雨—5.6℃,≥10℃年积温5400—6000℃,年雨     

Population dynamics of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) and analysis of the factors influencing the population in Ruili, Yunnan Province, China

Annual monitoring of the population dynamics of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) using methyl eugenol-baited traps was conducted throughout the year during 1997, 2000, 2003 and 2004 in Ruili, Yunnan Province, China. Temperature, rainfall and host-plant species were analyzed with respect to population fluctuation of the fly. During the study periods the fruit fly occurred throughout the year. Its population remained low from November to January and increased steadily from February until it reached a peak in June. Afterwards, the population declined until October. The results of stepwise regression analysis indicated that monthly mean temperature, monthly mean maximum temperature, monthly mean minimum temperature, monthly extreme maximum temperature, monthly extreme minimum temperature, and monthly raining days were the major climatic factors influencing populations. Path and decision coefficient analyses indicated that the monthly mean temperature was the crucial factor influencing population fluctuation, the monthly mean minimum temperature was the crucial limiting factor indirectly influencing increase in population, and the comprehensive factors influencing fly population dynamics, namely, the monthly raining days were the strongest of all the other factors. Generally, the monthly mean temperatures fell within the ranges of temperatures suitable for development and reproduction of the fly. But the monthly mean minimum temperatures from November to January seemed to be lower and were suggested to be responsible for the low populations in this period. Monthly rainfall and rainy days steadily increased from February through June, and this explained the increase in population observed during this period. During periods of continuous heavy rain from July through August, the fruit fly population showed a remarkable decrease. Host plant species was another essential factor influencing the population fluctuations. Abundant fruit and melon species formed the food and breeding materials for the fly during the study periods.     

Population dynamics of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) and analysis of the factors influencing the population in Ruili, Yunnan Province, China

Annual monitoring of the population dynamics of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) using methyl eugenol-baited traps was conducted throughout the year during 1997, 2000, 2003 and 2004 in Ruili, Yunnan Province, China. Temperature, rainfall and host-plant species were analyzed with respect to population fluctuation of the fly. During the study periods the fruit fly occurred throughout the year. Its population remained low from November to January and increased steadily from February until it reached a peak in June. Afterwards, the population declined until October. The results of stepwise regression analysis indicated that monthly mean temperature, monthly mean maximum temperature, monthly mean minimum temperature, monthly extreme maximum temperature, monthly extreme minimum temperature, and monthly raining days were the major climatic factors influencing populations. Path and decision coefficient analyses indicated that the monthly mean temperature was the crucial factor influencing population fluctuation, the monthly mean minimum temperature was the crucial limiting factor indirectly influencing increase in population, and the comprehensive factors influencing fly population dynamics, namely, the monthly raining days were the strongest of all the other factors. Generally, the monthly mean temperatures fell within the ranges of temperatures suitable for development and reproduction of the fly. But the monthly mean minimum temperatures from November to January seemed to be lower and were suggested to be responsible for the low populations in this period. Monthly rainfall and rainy days steadily increased from February through June, and this explained the increase in population observed during this period. During periods of continuous heavy rain from July through August, the fruit fly population showed a remarkable decrease. Host plant species was another essential factor influencing the population fluctuations. Abundant fruit and melon species formed the food and breeding materials for the fly during the study periods.     

Population dynamics of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) and analysis of factors influencing populations in Baoshanba, Yunnan, China

Population dynamics of the Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), were monitored year‐round using methyl eugenol‐baited traps in 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006 in Baoshanba, Yunnan Province, China. Environmental factors including air temperature, rainfall and host‐plant species were analyzed with respect to the population dynamics. This species occurred only during April–November, with one yearly peak in August. The population fluctuation patterns with respect to season were identical in all study years. Correlation analysis and stepwise regression analysis indicated that air temperature, rainfall, sunlight hours and relative humidity were the major climatic factors that correlated with changes in the size of the fly population, and that monthly mean temperature, monthly sunlight hours and monthly relative humidity were most important. The seasonal increase in population size coincided with the fruiting period of the fly's host plants, but host fruit availability influenced the population size only when temperatures were sufficiently high. Cold temperatures may explain why there was no trap capture in the winter months. We believe that air temperature is the key factor explaining the seasonal occurrence of the fly population at Baoshanba.     

红火蚁觅食活动的气象因子相关性及其等级划分

[背景]气象因子是制约害虫种群动态的重要因素,也是昆虫觅食活动的影响因子。【方法】通过系统的田间调查分析了红火蚁在华南地区的觅食活动年变动规律及其与气象因子的关系。[结果]红火蚁在12和1月份时觅食活动最弱,3—6月出现一个觅食高峰,在下半年的9—11月出现另一个高峰,7、8月份受高温的影响觅食活动有一定程度的回落现象。红火蚁工蚁觅食活动的年变化规律又因不同生境类型呈现一定的差异。相关分析结果表明,红火蚁觅食工蚁数与降水量、月平均气温、月最低气温、月最高气温、月最小相对湿度呈正相关,而与月平均气压呈负相关,且各相关性均达显著水平。逐步回归分析表明,月平均气温、日照时数、月最低气温综合影响红火蚁觅食活动的变化。其中,月平均气温可以作为一个非常重要的直接影响红火蚁觅食活动的参数。对荔枝园内全年红火蚁觅食活动进行分级,对方程进行求导得到红火蚁在荔枝园中觅食活动的5个活动级别所对应的月平均温度、日照时数和月平均最低气温实际临界值。[结论与意义]气象因子与红火蚁的觅食活动存在密切的相关性,研究结果可为红火蚁的监测与控制提供依据。     

临海柑橘园橘小实蝇种群数量消长规律

【背景】近年来,随着种植结构的改变以及南方携虫水果的频繁调运,橘小实蝇逐渐向北扩散危害,对水果生产造成严重威胁。【方法】2008～2010年应用性诱剂的监测方法对柑橘园橘小实蝇种群数量进行了定点、系统的跟踪监测;并结合气象资料和田间调查情况,通过对当旬成虫数量与当旬及其前延逐句气象要素的筛选来建模,进而确定影响橘小实蝇种群数量的主要气象因子。【结果】临海柑橘园橘小实蝇种群数量时序变化呈单峰型曲线,其性诱成虫初见期在6月下旬至8月初,高峰期在9月上旬至11月上旬,11月中旬后成虫数量逐渐下降,到12月下旬未诱集到成虫。气象因子筛选和建模结果表明,柑橘园橘小实蝇成虫种群数量年度变动以旬平均温度为决定要素,季节性变化以旬降雨量为决定要素。【结论与意义】临海柑橘园橘小实蝇种群数量随温度和土壤湿度的增大而增长。本研究对提高橘小实蝇监测预警水平、有效控制橘小实蝇危害具有重要意义。     

Ecology of sandflies (Diptera:Psychodidae) in a restricted focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in northern Venezuela. III. Seasonal fluctuation

A one year-long study (March 1979-March 1980) was carried out at San Esteban, an endemic focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Northern Venezuela, with the aim of observing the seasonal fluctuation of the local phlebotomine sandflies species. The influence of climatic factors (temperature, relative humidity and rainfall) on population dynamics was analyzed in three collecting sites--a house, a peridomestic area and a sylvatic region. Among anthropophilic species, L. panamensis behaved as a wetseason species, the mean minimum relative humidity being the critical factor influencing the total number of individuals. When the population density of this fly decreased, it was successfully replaced by L. ovallesi, a dry-season species. On the other hand, seasonal variations of L. gomezi were more strongly affected by the temperature.     

Cassava shoot infestation by larvae of Neosilba perezi (Romero & Ruppell) (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) in São Paulo State, Brazil

Among the pests of cassava, the shoot fly, Neosilba perezi (Romero & Ruppell), is one of the most prevalent. It attacks mainly the terminal shoots and causes infested plants to produce lateral shoots. Reports on this species are rare or inexistent; thus, the purpose of this study was to assess three different areas for N. perezi infestation. The survey began in March 2008 and finished in February 2009. Fortnightly analyses were performed starting 45 days after planting, calculating the rate of infestation by N. perezi larvae in each study area. The areas were correlated separately for each parameter: fortnightly mean temperature, fortnightly mean rainfall, and plant age. The N. perezi larvae occurrence rate was higher in area 1 - which presented the highest population peaks in autumn and winter. There was only a single population peak in area 2, in winter; and area 3 presented the weakest population peak among the three, in November. The shoot fly population dynamics in the studied region is separately correlated to temperature, rainfall and plant age: temperatures above 23oC, relatively high rainfall and older plants seem to have a negative effect on populations of this insect.