Oviposition preference and larval performance and behavior of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trichoplusia ni</Emphasis> (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on host and nonhost plants

We investigated the female oviposition preference and larval performance and behavior of Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) on cabbage, tomato, soybean (host plants), and wormseed (nonhost plant) in laboratory experiments. In addition, we investigated the role of trichomes in the oviposition of females. Females oviposited more often on cabbage than on tomato, soybean, or wormseed plants. Tomato was the second most preferred plant, followed by soybean and wormseed. Neonate larvae gained more weight on cabbage and tomato than on soybean or wormseed, while second-instar larvae grew better on cabbage than on tomato, soybean, or wormseed. The least growth of neonate larvae occurred on wormseed plants. The orientation of neonate and second-instar larvae to cabbage, tomato, soybean, and wormseed did not differ significantly. Neonate larvae settled equally on leaf discs of cabbage, tomato, soybean, and wormseed, while most second-instar larvae settled on leaf discs of cabbage in comparison with the other plants after 24 h of release. The foliar area consumed by neonate larvae was quite similar among plants, but second-instar larvae consumed more cabbage than tomato, soybean, or wormseed. Comparing different types of leaves, females oviposited more often on mature than young leaves of tomato, soybean, and wormseed. In contrast, females did not show any preference for ovipositing on young or mature leaves of cabbage. In general, we found that the density or length of nonglandular and glandular trichomes of tomato, soybean, and wormseed plants negatively affected oviposition of T. ni females.     

不同食料植物对棉铃虫生长发育和繁殖的影响

报道了棉花、烟草、番茄和辣椒4种植物对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera生长发育和繁殖的影响。棉铃虫成虫喜欢在番茄上产卵,在辣椒上的着卵量最少。初孵幼虫喜选食嫩棉叶,选食辣椒嫩叶的虫数最少。4组幼虫取食嫩叶时的平均相对生长速率都有显著差异,顺序为棉叶组>烟叶组>番茄叶组>辣椒叶组。幼虫存活率以取食棉花时最高,取食番茄时最低。棉花组成虫的产卵量最高,烟草组的产卵量最低。取食棉花的棉铃虫种群增长的速度约为取食番茄时的14倍。6龄幼虫能有效利用和转化棉铃、烟草蒴果、辣椒果实,而对番茄果实的利用和转化效率较低。棉铃虫可分别以这4种植物的不同器官为食完成世代循环。其中,棉花是最适宜的寄主,辣椒和番茄是较不适宜的寄主。     

甜菜夜蛾对不同寄主植物的产卵和取食选择

为了探讨甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua对不同寄主植物的产卵选择及成虫产卵选择与幼虫取食选择间的关联度, 本研究选取玉米、豇豆、甘蓝、黄瓜、棉花、辣椒和番茄7种植物进行了选择性和非选择性实验研究, 并采用Y型嗅觉仪测定了成虫对其中3种寄主植物及其挥发物抽提物的趋性。结果表明：在田间非选择性实验中, 甜菜夜蛾在不同寄主植物上的落卵量依次为：玉米>辣椒>棉花>黄瓜、豇豆、番茄>甘蓝。Y型嗅觉仪的行为测定表明, 雌成虫对玉米及其挥发物抽提物的趋性最强, 黄瓜次之, 对甘蓝的趋性最弱, 这与雌虫的产卵选择性一致。不同龄期甜菜夜蛾幼虫对寄主植物的取食选择性有所不同, 且随观测时间的延长有所改变;低龄幼虫对豇豆、玉米和黄瓜的选择性较强, 对甘蓝、番茄、辣椒和棉花的取食选择性则较弱, 高龄幼虫对辣椒也具有较强的选择性;5龄幼虫对寄主植物的选择性不如低龄幼虫明显。结果显示, 甜菜夜蛾对不同寄主植物的产卵选择性显著不同, 植物抽提物在雌成虫的产卵选择中具有重要作用, 甜菜夜蛾对寄主植物的产卵选择性和幼虫取食选择性并不一致。     

Difference in feeding behaviors of two invasive whiteflies on host plants with different suitability: implication for competitive displacement

In China, Bemisia tabaci Q (commonly known as biotype Q) has rapidly displaced B (commonly known as biotype B) in the past 6 years. The mechanisms underlying such phenomenon have been studied extensively in recent years; however, we have not come to a definitive conclusion yet. In the present study, the differences in host suitability between B and Q whitefly adults to five host plants (cabbage, cotton, cucumber, poinsettia, and tomato) were evaluated based on their respective feeding behaviors using a direct-current electrical penetration graph (DC-EPG) system. Pair-wise comparisons of B. tabaci B and Q feeding on each of the five host plants clearly indicate that Q feeds better than B on tomato, cotton and poinsettia, while B feeds better than Q on cabbage and cucumber. The EPG parameters related to both phloem and non-phloem phases confirm that cabbage and cucumber are best suited to B, while tomato, cotton, and poinsettia are best suited to Q. Our present results support the contention that host suitability and adult feeding behavior contribute to the competitive displacement of biotype B by biotype Q. The discrepancy between field (previous studies) and laboratory results (this study), however, suggests that 1) whitefly displacement is apparently contributed by multiple factors; and 2) factor(s) other than the host plant suitability may play a vital role in dictating the whitefly biotypes in the field.     

斜纹夜蛾NPV对取食不同蔬菜的斜纹夜蛾幼虫的毒力差异

采用生物测定法,比较了斜纹夜蛾ＮＰＶ对取食芋叶等７科８种蔬菜的斜纹夜蛾幼虫的毒力反应差异性。结果表明ＮＰＶ对取食番茄叶的幼虫毒力最高,比取食芋叶的毒力高６．８２倍;但再经菜心饲养一代后,ＮＰＶ的毒力差异消失。     

寄主挥发物、叶色在B型烟粉虱寄主选择中的作用

在室温条件下,研究B型烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)对不同寄主植物和颜色的行为趋性。笼罩实验的结果显示,烟粉虱雌虫对共存的5种寄主植物偏好存在显著差异,总体上表现为对番茄的趋性最强(35·0%),甘蓝次之(27·7%),烟草和棉花再次之,辣椒最低(7·1%);且随着时间的延长,烟粉虱数量在番茄上逐渐增加,在甘蓝上呈下降趋势,在烟草、棉花和辣椒上变动幅度不大,但数量总体上仍是番茄(48·8%)>甘蓝(18·4%)>烟草、棉花>辣椒(3·4%)。但烟粉虱在不同寄主植物上的产卵量则表现为:甘蓝>番茄>棉花、烟草>辣椒;其中甘蓝和番茄上卵量分别占总卵量的56·8%和28·2%;而烟草、棉花和辣椒上的卵量均不到总卵量的6·0%。"Y"型嗅觉仪进一步测定表明:寄主植物番茄和甘蓝气味对烟粉虱具有显著引诱作用,且表现为番茄>甘蓝,辣椒不具引诱作用;烟粉虱对3种植物(番茄、甘蓝、辣椒)的叶片颜色均有显著趋性,选择率在75%左右,但在三者之间的趋性差异不明显;烟粉虱雌虫对黄色和绿色均具有显著趋性,且对黄色的趋性显著大于对绿色的趋性,但对红色无趋性。综合分析表明,在对寄主定向和定位过程中,B型烟粉虱的视觉和嗅觉均起作用,但在对同种颜色(绿色)的寄主进行选择和定位的过程中,嗅觉起主要作用,而对不同种颜色(红、黄、绿)的选择和定位时,其视觉起决定作用。     

Differentiation of roles of chemosensory organs in food discrimination among host and non-host plants by larvae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta

ABSTRACT. The contributions of olfactory and gustatory organs in food plant discrimination were examined in larvae of Manduca sexta (Johan.) (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae). Larvae, from which various chemosensory organs had been removed surgically, were tested for feeding preferences for a host, tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum ); a weakly acceptable non-host, rape ( Brassica napus ); and an unacceptable non-host canna ( Canna generalis ), using a two-choice disc bioassay.
Removal of all known chemosensory organs resulted in failure to show discriminatory behaviour in a strictly chemosensory bioassay, indicating that all external chemosensory organs have been accounted for. The involvement of non-chemosensory organs results in residual discrimination for leaves by individuals with total chemosensory ablations.
Larvae possessing either olfactory or gustatory organs still exhibit normal preferences for tomato over rape. Gustatory (but not olfactory) organs are required for larvae to show normal preferences for tomato over canna; in fact, olfactory organs do not appear to participate in this decision.
To examine which if any of the plant species is being selected in two-choice tests, larvae were given a choice between each leaf species and a 'neutral' substance (wet filter paper). Both olfactory and gustatory organs are required for normal preferences for tomato, but either alone will suffice for rape. Only gustation is needed to select canna, and participation of either the epipharyngeal sensilla or a single medial sensillum styloconicum is sufficient to elicit complete rejection behaviour.
We conclude that, in larvae of M. sexta , the complement of chemosensory organs needed for food plant discrimination varies with the plant species sampled. Evidence is presented exposing a potential artefact of ablation experiments; extirpation of one sensory organ may affect the functioning of others nearby, even though they may appear normal by visual inspection.     

杀虫剂及不同地区寄主植物对棉蚜酯酶的影响

通过滤纸酯酶反应法比较 4种有机磷杀虫剂对北京和山东高密地区取食不同寄主植物的棉蚜β-乙酸萘酯 (β -NA)酯酶的抑制作用。结果表明高密地区不同寄主植物上的棉蚜 β -NA酯酶活力高的个体多于北京地区 ,同时辛硫磷对高密地区不同寄主植物上的棉蚜 β -NA酯酶的抑制作用亦高于北京地区 ,而久效磷和DDVP对两地区不同寄主植物上的棉蚜种群中 β-NA酯酶的抑制作用相似。     

四种食料植物对斜纹夜蛾生长发育及营养指标的影响

在室内平均温度28.1℃,平均相对湿度84.0%的条件下研究了蓖麻、豇豆、番木瓜和香蕉等4种食料植物对斜纹夜蛾Prodenia litura(Fabricius)生长发育及营养效应的影响。结果表明:不同食料植物对斜纹夜蛾的幼虫发育历期、蛹重及营养效应等均有显著差异。幼虫发育历期以蓖麻组最短(9.93 d),香蕉组的最长(15.84 d);蛹重以蓖麻组最重(377.8 mg),香蕉组最轻(245.6 mg);幼虫存活率蓖麻组最高(98%),香蕉组最低(66.0%);斜纹夜蛾幼虫的相对取食量、近似消化率和相对生长率等以蓖麻组最高(分别为5.46,68.49,0.53),而以香蕉组最低(分别为0.86,16.30,0.26)。斜纹夜蛾嗜食蓖麻等,而不喜食香蕉。     

The effect of host plant species on performance and movement behaviour of the cabbage looper Trichoplusia ni and their potential influences on infection by Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus

• 1 Cabbage loopers Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) are serious pests in greenhouses growing tomatoes, cucumbers and bell peppers. A potential microbial control, now in development, is the broad host‐range virus Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV).
• 2 The relationships between the three host plants and the feeding behaviour, larval movement and performance of cabbage looper larvae that might relate to their interaction with AcMNPV applications were investigated.
• 3 Larvae reared on cucumber plants consumed approximately ten‐fold more leaf area than larvae reared on pepper plants and almost five‐fold more than larvae reared on tomato plants. This could influence the amount of AcMNPV consumed if it were used as a microbial spray because increased consumption can be associated with increased probability of infection. Survival from neonate to pupa also varied, with the greatest being on cucumber, followed by tomato and pepper plants. Larvae fed cucumber were approximately four‐fold heavier than larvae fed tomato and over 15‐fold heavier than larvae fed pepper plants.
• 4 The distribution of larvae on plants in commercial greenhouses where a single crop was being grown also varied with food plant with 73% being found on the bottom and middle portions of tomato plants and 87% occurring in the top portions of pepper plants. Larvae tended to be distributed on the middle portion of cucumber plants, the lower portion of tomato plants and the top portion of pepper plants. Larval movement did not vary between AcMNPV‐infected and uninfected controls.
• 5 It is predicted that the higher leaf area consumption and location of larvae in the middle portion of cucumber plants may make them more susceptible to viral sprays. Furthermore, given their greater survival than larvae fed tomato and pepper, there may be a greater need for virus applications.

     

Interrelated responses of tomato plants and the leaf miner Tuta absoluta to nitrogen supply

Plant–insect interactions are strongly modified by environmental factors. This study evaluates the influence of nitrogen fertilisation on the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cv. Santa clara and the leafminer (Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Greenhouse‐grown tomato plants were fed hydroponically on a complete nutrient solution containing either a high nitrogen concentration (HN) sustaining maximum growth or a low nitrogen concentration (LN) limiting plant growth. Insect‐free plants were compared with plants attacked by T. absoluta. Seven and 14 days after artificial oviposition leading to efficacious hatching and larvae development, we measured total carbon, nitrogen and soluble protein as well as defence compounds (phenolics, glycoalkaloids, polyphenol oxidase activity) in the HN versus LN plants. Only in the HN treatment did T. absoluta infestation slightly impair leaf growth and induce polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity in the foliage. Neither the concentration of phenolic compounds and proteins nor the distribution of nitrogen within the plant was affected by T. absoluta infestation. In contrast, LN nutrition impaired T. absoluta‐induced PPO activity. It decreased protein and total nitrogen concentration of plant organs and enhanced the accumulation of constitutive phenolics and tomatine. Moreover, LN nutrition impaired T. absoluta development by notably decreasing pupal weight and lengthening the development period from egg to adult. Adjusting the level of nitrogen nutrition may thus be a means of altering the life cycle of T. absoluta. This study provides a comprehensive dataset concerning interrelated responses of tomato plants and T. absoluta to nitrogen nutrition.     

Feeding of fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda,on Bt transgenic cotton and its isoline

Studies on insect food intake and utilization are important for determining the degree of insect/plant association and host species’ resistance, and also for helping design pest management programs by providing estimates of potential economic losses, techniques for mass breeding of insects, and identifying physiological differences between species. We studied the feeding and development of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), on transgenic (Bt) and non‐transgenic (non‐Bt) cotton. The larvae of S. frugiperda fed on Bt cotton had a longer development period (23.0 days) than those fed on non‐Bt cotton (20.2 days). Survivorship of S. frugiperda larvae fed on Bt cotton (74.1%) was lower than that of larvae fed on non‐Bt cotton (96.7%). Pupal weight of larvae fed on Bt cotton (0.042 g) was lower than that of larvae fed on non‐Bt cotton (0.061 g). The cotton cultivar significantly affected food intake, feces production, metabolization, and food assimilation by S. frugiperda larvae. However, it did not affect their weight gain. Intake of Bt‐cotton leaf (0.53 g dry weight) per S. frugiperda larva was lower than the intake of non‐Bt‐cotton leaf (0.61 g dry weight). Larvae fed on Bt‐cotton leaves produced less feces (0.25 g dry weight) than those fed on non‐Bt‐cotton leaves (0.37 g dry weight). Weight gain per S. frugiperda larva fed on Bt‐cotton leaves (0.058 g dry weight) was similar to the weight gain for larvae fed on non‐Bt‐cotton leaves (0.056 g dry weight). The cotton cultivar significantly affected the relative growth, consumption, and metabolic rates, as well as other nutritional indices: the figures were lower for larvae fed on Bt‐cotton leaves than for larvae fed on non‐transgenic cotton leaves.     

Oviposition preference,larval performance and adaptation of Trichoplusia ni on cabbage and cotton

Most female herbivores ensure to lay eggs where their offspring can develop successfully. The oviposition preferences of females affect strategies in pest management. In this study, the performance of two cohorts of Trichoplusia ni larvae on cabbage and cotton (after they had been transferred from their original host plants) were investigated. The preferences of female moth ovipositing and larval feeding on these two host plants were observed. The results indicated that plants significantly affected oviposition preference of the female adults and development and survival of larvae of T. ni. All females preferred to lay eggs on cabbage than cotton regardless from which host they originated. The detrimental effects of cotton on the development and survival of T. ni larvae originated from cabbage (CaTn) increased with the increase of the larval age when they were transferred. In addition, the host plant change did not significantly affect the development and survival of larvae of T. ni originating from cotton (CoTn). Larvae of CaTn preferred cabbage plants as compared to cotton plants, whereas larvae of CoTn did not show a significant choice. Although the adult females preferred laying eggs on cabbage, they did not show preferences between cotton and cabbage in a Y‐tube olfactometer test. The hypothesis of oviposition preference and performance of larvae was supported by the results of CaTn, whereas they not supported by those from CoTn. Based on these results, the strategy to manage this serious pest was discussed.     

Differential parasitism of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) larvae by the parasitoid Cotesia plutellae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on two host plant species

Laboratory experiments were conducted to examine host selection by Cotesia plutellae Kurdjumov when larvae of its host, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus), fed on Chinese cabbage, Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis and those fed on common cabbage, Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata were provided simultaneously, and to investigate the roles of plant and host volatiles in mediating host selection. When C. plutellae were provided with equal numbers of host larvae on plants of the two species in one arena, the parasitoid parasitized 4- to 15-fold more host larvae on Chinese cabbage than on common cabbage. This preference changed little with host density. However, an experience of searching coupled with an oviposition in a host larva on a leaf of the less-preferred plant, common cabbage, significantly increased the preference for parasitizing host larvae on this plant and resulted in twice as many host larvae parasitized on this plant than on Chinese cabbage. Dual choice tests with a Y-tube olfactometer showed that plant volatiles from Chinese cabbage were more attractive to female C. plutellae than those from common cabbage when plants of both species were either intact or infested. In parallel to the increased parasitism on common cabbage following experience, oviposition in a host larva on this less-preferred plant significantly increased the response to volatiles emanating from that plant. These results indicate that host plants may strongly influence the foraging behaviour of C. plutellae, but their differential attractiveness to the parasitoid may be altered by experience of the parasitoid.     

Impact of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) and Agrotis ipsilon (Hufn.) larval frass on oviposition of conspecific insects

Ethanolic extracts of larval frass of the cotton leaf worm and the black cutworm were prepared and tested to deter the eggs lay of the adults of the same insects. Two different types of food were used for larval feeding. Extracts fractions were identified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. High concentrations were more deterrent to oviposition than low. Extracted frass of fed larvae on semi-artificial diet was more effective than others fed on natural host. Sensitivity of the black cutworm adult females to the cotton leaf worm frass extract was clearly observed at high tested concentration of L_1–3 and L₄ frass extracts which resulted completely oviposition deterrent. Several fatty acids were identified qualitatively and quantitatively in frass extracts of different larval instars of both target insects. Type and quantity of fatty acid depends mainly on larval food source and larval instar, except palmitic acid which recorded at all larval instars and food sources. Oleic acid and ethyl 9-hexadecaenoic acid were found when semi-artificial diet used as a food source while myrisitic acid was observed only in extracted frass of fed larvae on castor oil leaves.     

Effects of larval host plants on over-wintering preparedness and survival of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Laboratory colonies of cotton bollworm larvae, Helicoverpa armigera, kept at 20 degrees C under a photoperiod of L:D=10:14 were fed on five host plants (cotton, corn, kidney bean, tobacco and tomato) and an artificial diet (control) to determine the effects of larval host quality on survival and pupal over-wintering preparedness. A separate experiment showed that diapausing pupae weighed more and contained greater nutrient stores than did non-diapausing pupae. Diapausing pupae reared on different host plants showed significant differences in terms of over-wintering reserve storage, and degree of cold-hardiness (extent of low-molecular-weight substances and SCPs), and survivorship. The more nutrients the host plant had, the more the pupae weighed and the higher the levels of total lipids and glycogen. Body water content was also significantly affected by larval food quality. The mean pupal super-cooling capacities varied significantly from -16.7 to -18.9 degrees C according to host plants the larvae feed on, and these significantly related to water content, pupal weight, lipid and glycogen content, and the levels of glycerol. Levels of trehalose, glycerol, and inositol, which were mainly low-molecular-weight substances, showed no significant differences among different host plants, except for trehalose. Pupal mortality varied from 39.7% on corn to 3.3% on the artificial diet, which was significantly related to pupal weight, total lipid content, trehalose levels, and super-cooling points. These results suggest that larval food quality can affect survival and influence the over-wintering preparedness of the cotton bollworm.     

B型烟粉虱对三种寄主植物及其挥发物的行为反应

利用Y型嗅觉仪,测定了B型烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci（Gennadius）雌虫对3种寄主植物、挥发物提取液、挥发物标样以及寄主植物挥发物模拟样的行为反应,并比较鉴定寄主植物挥发物的组分和含量,以期明确植物挥发物在B型烟粉虱寄主定向行为中的作用。结果表明：1）番茄植株和甘蓝植株及其相应的挥发物提取物对烟粉虱雌成虫均具有显著的引诱作用,而辣椒植株和挥发物提取物的引诱作用不明显;3种寄主植物和挥发物提取物分别两两之间比较时,烟粉虱的选择行为均极显著地表现为番茄 > 甘蓝 > 辣椒。2）番茄、甘蓝和辣椒具有不同的挥发物化学图谱,且挥发物组分的相对百分含量差异很大;番茄挥发物总量远远大于甘蓝和辣椒;从组分来看,番茄挥发物中主要为萜烯类（89.8%）,甘蓝挥发物中主要为烷烃类（53.0%）。3）8种寄主植物挥发物标样（10-¹～10^-6 μL/μL）中,除1,8-桉树脑始终对烟粉虱具有引诱作用外,丁子香酚、苎烯、里那醇和月桂烯则是分别在10^-4～10^-6,10^-1～10^-4,10^-1～10^-4和10^-1～10^-4μL/μL时,才具有引诱作用;α-蒎烯、顺-3-已烯-1醇则在高浓度下（10^-1和10^-2 μL/μL）对烟粉虱具有排斥作用,低浓度下对烟粉虱没有任何影响;正十二烷在任何浓度下对烟粉虱均没有任何作用。4）在辣椒上分别喷施番茄挥发物模拟样和甘蓝挥发物模拟样,均显著增加对烟粉虱的引诱作用,而在番茄上喷施辣椒挥发物模拟样则无明显增效作用。综合分析认为,挥发性物质在B型烟粉虱对不同寄主植物的选择偏好时具有重要的行为导向作用。     

Influence of the food plants on the degree of parasitism of larvae ofHeliothis armigera byCotesia kazak

Influence of the food plants ofHeliothis armigera (Hb.) on the degree of parasitism by exotic parasiteCotesia kazak Telenga (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was studied in cages in the laboratory on 7 food plants such as cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill), okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench], Dolichos (dolichos lablab L.), pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.], Cowpea (Vigna unquiculata (L.) and chickpea (Cicer arietium L.). To determine the preference of the parasite 2 test methods were employed. In single plant choice test cotton was most preferred. Next in order of preference were tomato and okra. Dolichos, pigeonpea, cowpea and chickpea were least preferred. In multiple choice test, however, cotton and okra were preferred followed by tomato. Parasites were seen visiting these plants very frequently and high parasitism was recorded on these plants. Chick pea, pigeon pea, cowpea and Dolichos were the least preferred food plants. There appears to be some difference in fecundity as affected by some food plants. Exposure on okra, cotton and tomato resulted in higher cocoon production as compared to pigeonpea, Dolichos, cowpea and chickpea. There was, however, no difference in sex-ratio and longevity of the progeny as affected by food plants. This exotic parasite should be released first in crops such as cotton, okra and tomato on whichH. armigera is a very serious pest in India and elsewhere. Contribution No. 140/86 of the Indian institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore-560 089     

不同寄主植物对B型烟粉虱发育适合度的影响

为探明寄主植物对B型烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)种群发育适合度的影响,采用室内实验比较了B型烟粉虱在番茄、棉花、菜豆和辣椒上的生存曲线、发育进度和成虫性比等生物学指标。结果表明,B型烟粉虱种群在不同寄主植物上的生存曲线差异显著,由卵发育至成虫的存活率由高到低依次为:番茄=棉花>菜豆>辣椒。B型烟粉虱在辣椒、棉花、菜豆和番茄上50%成虫羽化期依次为25.5、23.0、22.8和22.5d,在辣椒上的发育进度显著慢于其他植物。在不同寄主植物上B型烟粉虱的雌成虫比例差异显著,由高到低依次为:辣椒(63.0%)>棉花(58.3%)>菜豆(52.0%)>番茄(49.7%)。在番茄上B型烟粉虱第二代的生存率显著高于第一代,发育速率较第一代加快,雌成虫比例(63.3%)也显著高于第一代(49.7%)。在棉花上,第一代和第二代间的生存曲线、发育进度和雌成虫比例则差异不显著。可见,不同寄主植物对B型烟粉虱的发育适合度不同,在番茄上的发育适合度则以第二代较第一代显著提高。此外,B型烟粉虱在不适寄主植物辣椒上的存活率较低,但后代雌成虫比例增加,推测B型烟粉虱可通过调整后代性比增加其在不适寄主植物上的种群。     

Phenolics,rather than glucosinolates,mediate host choice of Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 and MED on five cabbage genotypes

Worldwide, the most two important cryptic species of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) are MEAM1 (Middle East–Asia Minor 1, “B” biotype) and MED (Mediterranean, “Q” biotype). Although both B. tabaci MEAM1 and MED are polyphagous, they differ greatly in host choice and performance on various host plants. MEAM1 prefer to settle and perform better than MED on cabbage (Brassica oleracea), for example, but the underlying mechanism is largely unexplored. In the present study, we first measured the contents of the main secondary insect-resistant substances (glucosinolates and phenolics) and main nutrients (soluble proteins, total amino acids and total nitrogen) in five cabbage genotypes. We then examined the settling and oviposition choices of MEAM1 and MED on the five cabbage genotypes, respectively. The settling and oviposition preferences of both MEAM1 and MED were negatively related to the content of total phenolics rather than to the content of glucosinolates or main nutrients. Furthermore, our results showed that MEAM1 ranked the host quality of the cabbage genotypes more accurately than MED. The results at least in part indicate that total phenolics rather than glucosinolates mediate the host choice of B. tabaci MEAM1 and MED on the five cabbage genotypes.