利用RNA-seq技术分析棘腹蛙编码区微卫星特征

棘腹蛙Paa boulengeri的遗传研究和基因组信息比较匮乏,致使可有效利用的分子标记非常有限。以棘腹蛙RNA-seq高通量测序数据为基础进行微卫星分子标记的大规模发掘和特征分析,结果显示:在121.6 Mb的棘腹蛙转录组序列中发现微卫星位点3165个,包含于3034条Contig序列中。在筛选到的1~6碱基重复核心的微卫星中,单碱基重复核心的比例最高,之后为三碱基、二碱基、四碱基、六碱基和五碱基重复核心,分别占29.0%、25.2%、21.7%、10.0%、10.0%和3.0%。其中A/T、AC/GT、AGG/CCT、ACAT/ATCT、AAAAT/ATTTT和AAAAAG/CTTTTT分别是单碱基、二碱基、三碱基、四碱基、五碱基、六碱基重复类型中对应的优势重复单元。棘腹蛙编码区微卫星多为重复长度小于24 bp的短序列,长度大于24 bp的微卫星仅占总数的0.92%。对编码区微卫星的侧翼序列分析发现,微卫星侧翼序列的GC含量显著低于转录组整体GC含量,且在含有微卫星上下游侧翼序列的Contig中,71.9%的序列可以设计特异引物扩增出含有微卫星序列的位点。研究结果为棘腹蛙的遗传研究和分子系统地理学研究提供了丰富的序列信息和标记资源。     

鳞翅目昆虫基因组中微卫星DNA的特征以及对其分离的影响

本文根据我们对鳞翅目昆虫棉铃虫和松毛虫以及其它动物 (筏蜘蛛、朱、鳕鱼和飞蝗 )的微卫星富集性基因组DNA文库的筛选和分析结果 ,结合其它实验室已发表的资料 ,对鳞翅目昆虫基因组中微卫星DNA的丰度和结构特点进行了较为系统的分析。结果表明 :与其它类群相比 ,尽管鳞翅目昆虫物种间存在差异 ,但其基因组中存在明显偏多的侧翼序列重复的、以多拷贝形式存在的微卫星位点 ,且其中相当一部分以基因家族的形式存在。微卫星DNA家族通常可以在序列分析阶段被识别出来 ,但很多多拷贝位点只有通过一系列后续分析才能被检查出来。这应是鳞翅目昆虫中微卫星位点的优化率相对偏低的主要原因。棉铃虫和松毛虫基因组中三相重复微卫星丰度相对较高 ,从而从某种程度上补偿了这些物种微卫星分离过程中因丰度低、多拷贝位点比例高所带来的困难。棉铃虫微卫星DNA家族侧翼序列中多聚T/A序列的存在表明 ,逆转录转座或逆转录侵染可能是在基因组中形成多拷贝微卫星位点和微卫星DNA家族的重要机制之一     

勒氏笛鲷微卫星位点的筛选及特征分析

采用PCR法快速筛选勒氏笛鲷(Lutjanus russelli)基因组文库, 以获得(CA)_n微卫星位点。勒氏笛鲷基因组DNA经限制性内切酶HaeⅢ+ DraⅠ双酶切后, 连接T-载体克隆, 构建基因组文库。以通用引物M13+/-与重复序列引物(CA)15对基因组文库进行筛选, 二次筛选后得到121个可能含有微卫星位点的阳性克隆。进行序列测定, 共获得53个CA(n≥7)重复序列, 重复次数主要分布于7~15(80.77%)。在所得微卫星序列中, 重复单元除CA外, 还观察到单碱基、三碱基、四碱基、五碱基重复单元。根据侧翼序列设计48对引物, 通过优化PCR反应条件, 可获得清晰可重复的目的条带。研究旨在为勒氏笛鲷遗传多样性研究及遗传图谱的构建等奠定基础, 为勒氏笛鲷资源的合理开发利用提供参考。     

基于Roche 454 GS FLX高通量测序的叶城沙蜥基因组微卫星特征分析

叶城沙蜥Phrynocephalus axillaris是我国特有的一种小型爬行动物,广泛分布于新疆塔里木盆地、吐鲁番-哈密盆地和甘肃敦煌盆地。本研究利用Roche 454 GS FLX高通量测序技术进行叶城沙蜥微卫星位点筛选,获得了91 190条高质量序列。用Krait搜索微卫星位点,共得到1～6个碱基重复类型的完美型微卫星序列29 890个。不同类型微卫星中,单碱基重复类型数目最多,有14 630个,占总数的48. 95%,其次是二碱基,约占28. 60%,四碱基、三碱基、五碱基和六碱基分别占10. 73%、10. 48%、0. 92%和0. 32%。二碱基微卫星中AC重复类型数量最多,三碱基、四碱基、五碱基和六碱基中分别是ATC、AAAT、AAAAT和AATCCC。叶城沙蜥完美型微卫星中数量最多的11种重复拷贝类型分别为C、A、AC、AG、AAAT、ATC、AT、AAT、ATAG、AGG和AAC。本研究深化了对叶城沙蜥基因组的了解,并为以后开发和筛选大量高质量微卫星标记提供了数据支持,也为利用微卫星标记研究叶城沙蜥种群遗传结构和谱系地理模式奠定了基础。     

中国明对虾基因组微卫星重复单元类型与其多态性关系

利用超声波粉碎中国明对虾Fenneropenaeus chinensis基因组后建立随机基因组文库,对其测序后获得了1996个克隆序列,经SeqmanⅡ（DNAstar）拼装后获得独立克隆数目为1900个,每个序列长度从400－700bp不等。利用重复序列分析软件对这些序列中含有微卫星重复序列的序列进行分析,共找到136个包含完整侧翼序列的重复序列。利用引物设计软件从以上重复序列中设计出34对引物,合成引物后,通过PCR扩增和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的方法获得了各个微卫星位点的等位基因数目。34对引物中,除4个没有扩增出产物外,其他都有较好的扩增结果,可以分辨出多态性信息情况,并据此分析了不同微卫星重复序列类型与其对应的位点多态性之间的关系。结果表明,两碱基重复类型具有较高的遗传多态性,而三碱基和四碱基以及复合型重复类型的平均多态性不高;两碱基重复序列类型各拷贝类别间的多态性信息没有明显的差异。进一步对两碱基的重复拷贝数目与多态性信息（等位基因数目）的相关关系进行分析,以考察拷贝数多少与等位基因数目之间的关系。利用SPSS软件进行相关分析,结果表明重复拷贝数目和等位基因数目呈一定相关（相关系数0.121）,但相关性不显著（P＝0.621）。     

基于锚定PCR技术对10种重要农业害虫微卫星DNA位点的筛选及其特征分析

微卫星DNA广泛存在于真核和原核生物的基因组中,具有多态性丰富、易于检测等特点,在遗传图谱的构建、动植物遗传学育种等方面被广泛应用。利用5′锚定PCR技术对桃小食心虫、桃蛀螟、玉米螟、二点委夜蛾、花蓟马、黄胸蓟马、棕榈蓟马、斑翅果蝇、稻水象甲、扶桑绵粉蚧10种重要农业害虫进行微卫星DNA筛选,并分析各个物种的微卫星DNA的特点。不同物种的阳性克隆率、微卫星比率、克隆效率和冗余率存在不同程度的差异;在核苷酸碱基数目上,主要为二核苷酸重复序列,占重复位点总数的93．2％～100％,三、四核苷酸重复位点较少。在二核苷酸重复位点中, CA/TG重复位点最为丰富,占重复位点总数的89．2％～100％。这与使用的锚定引物密切相关;10种害虫的微卫星DNA平均重复次数为6．7～8．9次,其中玉米螟具有最高的微卫星DNA重复次数（34次）;在序列类型上,完全型序列占上述害虫序列总数的91．0％～100％。5′锚定PCR技术能够快速挖掘害虫的微卫星DNA位点,本研究结果为这些害虫微卫星位点的进一步利用奠定了基础。     

采用高通量技术开发花鲈二碱基重复微卫星标记

花鲈是中国重要的捕捞和养殖对象之一。本研究利用高通量测序法开发花鲈微卫星标记,共获得60632个二至六碱基重复微卫星序列,从52747个二碱基重复序列中随机挑选150个位点进行引物合成及多态性检测,最终开发出27个具有多态性的微卫星标记。群体遗传学检测结果显示,27个微卫星标记的等位基因数为6~22(均值12.667),观测杂合度(Ho)为0.323~1.000(均值0.614),期望杂合度(He)为0.723~0.934(均值0.861),多态信息含量(PIC)为0.665~0.915(均值0.830),各位点PIC值均大于0.500,表明所开发的二碱基重复微卫星标记均具有较高的多态性。哈迪-温伯格平衡(HWE)检测结果显示,14个标记符合HWE,其中LM2-11与LM2-2、LM2-16之间存在连锁不平衡(p<0.050),其他符合HWE的标记间不存在连锁不平衡。Wilcoxon检验结果显示,花鲈群体并未偏离L-shaped分布,表明其经历过近期的遗传瓶颈效应。本研究开发的27个微卫星位点可为花鲈的分子标记辅助育种、增殖放流遗传效应评估、群体遗传学等研究提供有效的分子标记。     

桉树EST序列中微卫星含量及相关特征

通过对桉树属（Eucalyptus）的10000条EST序列进行分析,在其中的1499条序列上共发现1775个微卫星重复序列。含有微卫星的EST序列约占序列总数的15%。此外,还发现桉树EST序列所含微卫星长度的变异速率与重复单元长度呈负相关;微卫星的丰度与重复单元长度也呈负相关（三碱基重复微卫星除外）。在桉树EST序列中,重复单元长度为三碱基的微卫星最为丰富。三碱基重复单元微卫星的过度富集可能是由于遗传密码选择所致。在微卫星的丰度及长度变异方面,桉树EST序列与杨树（Populus trichocarpa）基因组注释的转录序列随重复单元长度的变化呈现出相同的规律,但桉树EST序列中微卫星频率及三碱基重复微卫星的含量显著偏低,推测含微卫星的基因表达丰度极有可能低于不含微卫星的基因。通过对发现的所有微卫星位点进行引物设计,并对设计的引物进行PCR检测,结果表明所设计的引物具有极高的扩增成功率。     

桉树EST序列中微卫星含量及相关特征

通过对桉树属(Eucalyptus)的10 000条EST序列进行分析, 在其中的1 499条序列上共发现1 775个微卫星重复序列。含有微卫星的EST序列约占序列总数的15%。此外, 还发现桉树EST序列所含微卫星长度的变异速率与重复单元长度呈负相关; 微卫星的丰度与重复单元长度也呈负相关(三碱基重复微卫星除外)。在桉树EST序列中, 重复单元长度为三碱基的微卫星最为丰富。三碱基重复单元微卫星的过度富集可能是由于遗传密码选择所致。在微卫星的丰度及长度变异方面, 桉树EST序列与杨树(Populus trichocarpa)基因组注释的转录序列随重复单元长度的变化呈现出相同的规律, 但桉树EST序列中微卫星频率及三碱基重复微卫星的含量显著偏低, 推测含微卫星的基因表达丰度极有可能低于不含微卫星的基因。通过对发现的所有微卫星位点进行引物设计, 并对设计的引物进行PCR检测, 结果表明所设计的引物具有极高的扩增成功率。     

基于454 GS FLX高通量测序的四川山鹧鸪基因组微卫星特征分析

为了有效地保护四川山鹧鸪Arborophila rufipectus这一中国特有珍稀濒危鸟类,本研究采用454 GS FLX对该物种基因组测序,首次利用微卫星搜索软件搜索并初步统计和分析基因组微卫星序列,共搜索到l~6个碱基重复类型的完美型微卫星335 263个。不同类型微卫星中,单碱基重复类型数目最多,为197 913个,约占总数的59.03%,其次是四碱基、三碱基、六碱基、二碱基和五碱基,分别约占微卫星总数的13.59%、8.39%、7.55%、6.49%和4.95%。单碱基微卫星中A重复类型数量最多,两碱基中AC最多,三碱基中AAC,四碱基中AAAC最多,五碱基中AAACA最多,六碱基中AGGGTT最多。A、AGGGTT、AAAC、AC、AAAT、AAC、C、AG、AAAG、AAACA、AAT、AGG、AT、AGC、AAGG、CCG是在所搜索到的四川山鹧鸪微卫星中数量最多的16种重复拷贝类型。本研究深化了对四川山鹧鸪基因组的认识和了解,并为以后开发和筛选大量高质量微卫星标记提供数据支持,也为利用微卫星标记研究更加有效地保护和管理四川山鹧鸪这一珍稀濒危动物奠定了基础。     

基于高通量测序的怒江红山茶微卫星位点特征分析

以怒江红山茶叶片为材料,采用Illumina Hiseq 2000平台测序,共获得140 996条无冗余的序列,进行SSR位点搜索后,得到32 696个SSR位点,出现频率为23.2%。所搜索的SSR以二核苷酸重复类型最多,三核苷酸和单核苷酸次之,四、五、六核苷酸重复类型较少（<1%）。单核苷酸重复类型中以A/T基元较丰富（10.92%）;二核苷酸中AG/CT基元出现频率最大,达到49.72%,AT/AT基元和AC/GT基元所占比例相差不多,而CG/CG基元所占比例最少,为0.07%;三核苷酸重复类型中AAG/CTT最多,ACC/GGT、ATC/ATG和AGG/CCT基元次之,CCG/GGC、ACT/AGT和ACG/CGT基元较低,都小于1%;四、五、六核苷酸类型中各重复基元均较少。在怒江红山茶转录组中,微卫星的数量随着对应的重复类型、重复次数的增加而降低,也随重复区段碱基长度的增加而降低。     

Silene tatarica microsatellites are frequently located in repetitive DNA

The genomic distribution of microsatellites can be explained by DNA slippage, slippage like processes and base substitutions. Nevertheless, microsatellites are also frequently associated with repetitive DNA, raising the question of the relative contributions of these processes to microsatellite genesis. We show that in Silene tatarica about 50% of the microsatellites isolated by an enrichment cloning protocol are associated with repetitive DNA. Based on the flanking sequences, we distinguished seven different classes of repetitive DNA. PCR primers designed for the flanking sequences of an individual clone amplified a heterogeneous family of repetitive DNA. Despite considerable variation in the flanking sequence (pi = 0.108), the microsatellite repeats did not show any evidence for decay. Rather, we observed the emergence of a new repeat type that probably arose by mutation and was spread by replication slippage. In fact, a complete repeat type switch could be observed among the analysed clones. We propose that the analysis of microsatellite sequences embedded in repetitive DNA provides a hitherto largely unexplored tool to study microsatellite evolution.     

Isolation, characterization and cross-species testing of microsatellites obtained from a sand smelt (Atherina boyeri) genomic library

This study reports the isolation and characterization of 11 polymorphic microsatellites from a sand smelt (Atherina boyeri) genomic library. Enrichment was performed with di-, tri- and tetranucleotide motifs following the FIASCO procedure (fast isolation by AFLP of sequences containing repeats). All loci were found to be in linkage and in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. This represents the first microsatellite isolation for the family Atherinidae and the isolated loci were accordingly tested on four additional species of the family: two recognized (A. presbyter and A. hepsetus) and two proposed ('punctata' and 'non-punctata' forms). Moreover their cross-species suitability on Menidia menidia, belonging to the same order but to the family Atherinopsidae, was also tested.     

Bioinformatic mining of EST-SSR loci in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas

A set of expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) markers of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, was developed through bioinformatic mining of the GenBank public database. As of June 30, 2007, a total of 5132 EST sequences from GenBank were downloaded and screened for di-, tri- and tetra-nucleotide repeats, with criteria set at a minimum of 5, 4 and 4 repeats for the three categories of SSRs respectively. Seventeen polymorphic microsatellite markers were characterized. Allele numbers ranged from 3 to 10, and the observed and expected heterozygosity values varied from 0.125 to 0.770 and from 0.113 to 0.732 respectively. Eleven loci were at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE); the other six loci showed significant departure from HWE (P < 0.01), suggesting possible presence of null alleles. Pairwise check of linkage disequilibrium (LD) indicated that 11 of 136 pairs of loci showed significant LD (P < 0.01), likely due to HWE present in single markers. Cross-species amplification was examined for five other Crassostrea species and reasonable results were obtained, promising usefulness of these markers in oyster genetics.     

花鲈微卫星标记分离及其多态性分析

该文利用FIASCO法(fast isolation by AFLP of sequences containing repeats)和GenBank数据库搜索法开发花鲈微卫星标记,并对筛选的标记进行多态性检测.两种方法共获得54条能够设计引物的序列,扩增结果显示15对引物具有多态性,多态性微卫星位点的等位基因数为2～10个.15个多态性位点中,4个位点偏离了Hardy-Weinberg平衡;各位点间没有连锁不平衡现象;仅位点SP52可能存在无效等位基因;除SP17和SP468外,其余引物的P1C值均在0.5以上,可用于花鲈群体遗传分析等研究.     

基于转录组数据高通量发掘沙葱萤叶甲微卫星引物

【目的】沙葱萤叶甲Galeruca daurica(Joannis)是近年来在内蒙古草原上猖獗发生为害的一种新害虫。本研究从其高通量转录组数据中查找微卫星序列,并进行微卫星位点的信息分析和微卫星引物的发掘,将为进一步研究沙葱萤叶甲遗传多样性及遗传分化奠定必要的基础。【方法】应用软件MISA对沙葱萤叶甲转录组中72 352条unigenes的数据进行搜索。【结果】共找到3 880个微卫星位点,分布于3 277条unigenes中,其主要重复类型为单核苷酸重复(80.85%),其次为三核苷酸重复(11.08%),再次为二核苷酸重复(7.37%)。单核苷酸重复中主要是A/T基序,占总量的77.76%。从1 814条unigenes中成功设计出2 160对引物,从中随机选取10对引物对沙葱萤叶甲DNA进行扩增,结果全部扩增出目的 DNA片段。【结论】利用沙葱萤叶甲转录组数据开发微卫星引物是可行的,本研究开发的微卫星引物为研究沙葱萤叶甲种群遗传学和功能基因组学奠定了必要的基础。     

草鱼Ⅰ型微卫星标记的发掘及其多态性检测

表达序列标签(EST)是发掘Ⅰ型微卫星标记的重要资源。研究运用生物信息学方法,从草鱼头肾组织3027条EST序列中搜索到322个微卫星位点,占整个EST数据库的10.6%。其中,二核苷酸重复位点151个(46.9%),三核苷酸重复位点137个(42.5%),四、五、六核苷酸重复位点较少;在二核苷酸重复位点中,AC/GT重复位点最为丰富,占二核苷酸重复位点总数的50.3%,AG/CT重复次之,占二核苷酸重复位点总数的40.4%,AT和GC重复较少。10个微卫星位点的多态性检测结果显示,4个位点在草鱼测试群体中呈多态性,多态性位点的平均多态信息含量(PIC)和平均遗传杂合度(H)分别为0.5236和0.5441,其中,2个多态性位点的PIC值大于0.5,呈现高度多态性特征。Ⅰ型微卫星标记将为草鱼遗传连锁图谱构建和QTL分析提供有效的基因分子标记。       

Characterisation and analysis of microsatellite loci in a mangrove species, Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. (Avicenniaceae)

An enriched microsatellite library of the mangrove species Avicennia marina was constructed, in which 85.8% of the clones contained microsatellite sequences. Of the microsatellite repeat sequences isolated, 55.0% were di-nucleotides, 34.2% were tri-nucleotides, 50.0% were perfect, 24.2% were imperfect, and 15.0% were compound. Four different di-nucleotide repeats were isolated with repeat lengths ranging from 5 to 33; ten different tri-nucleotide repeats were isolated with repeat lengths ranging from 3 to 25. The most common di-nucleotide was the AC/TG repeat; the most common tri-nucleotide was the CCG/GGC repeat. Sixteen microsatellite sequences were selected for primer design, and 6 primers were selected to investigate the polymorphism detected among 15 individuals of A. marina from three natural populations in Australia. A total of 40 alleles were detected at 6 microsatellite loci. The number of alleles per microsatellite locus ranged from 5 to 13. On average, 7 alleles were detected per locus. All microsatellite loci showed high levels of gene diversity (heterozygosity), with values ranging from 0.53 to 0.88; the mean value of gene diversity was 0.70. Microsatellite loci were also tested for conservation across Avicennia species. There was a decline in amplification success with increasing divergence between Avicennia species. The results indicate that microsatellites are abundant in the Avicennia genome and can be valuable genetic markers for assessing the effects of deforestation and forest fragmentation in mangrove communities, which is an important issue for mangrove conservation and afforestation schemes. Received: 8 June 1999 / Accepted: 21 September 1999     

Isolation and characterization of microsatellites loci in the lemon (Citrus limon)

This study reports the isolation and characterization of seven polymorphic microsatellite loci in Citrus. The loci were isolated from two libraries constructed from genomic DNA nonenriched for TC and AC repeats and enriched for AC repeats. These markers yielded four to nine alleles per locus (mean 6.14) in a survey of 32 Citrus cultivars. Average observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.43 to 0.72. The levels of polymorphism found in this study suggest that these microsatellite loci can become an important tool for genetic studies in Citrus.