原癌基因FOS蛋白、雌二醇及其受体在中国林蛙不同时期精巢中的表达

用免疫细胞化学方法检测了原癌基因FOS蛋白、17β-雌二醇(E2)和雌激素受体(ER)在中国林蛙生精周期中不同时期精巢内的表达定位。结果显示:在中国林蛙生精周期的Ⅰ—Ⅴ期,E2和ER在精原细胞、精母细胞、精子细胞、精子、支持细胞和间质细胞内均有表达。在不同时期的精巢中,E2和ER在生精细胞的定位具有一致性:在Ⅱ—Ⅲ期,精子细胞的E2和ER阳性表达最强;在Ⅲ期,精子中E2和ER阳性反应强度显著高于Ⅳ—Ⅴ期(P<0.01)。在生精周期的Ⅰ—Ⅴ期,支持细胞中,E2和ER表达强度经历由强减弱再增强的变化过程。在生精周期的Ⅲ期,间质细胞中E2和ER阳性反应强度高于其他各期。除精子外的生精细胞,支持细胞和间质细胞内均有FOS阳性反应,其表达强度呈现阶段性变化。     

秦岭北坡中国林蛙精巢显微结构的年周期变化

用光镜观察了秦岭北坡中国林蛙(Ranachensinensis)精巢显微结构的年周期变化,结合精巢系数的变化探讨其生殖规律。结果显示,秦岭北坡中国林蛙的生精周期属于非连续型。精巢系数的变化与精子发生的活动周期相一致。精子发生从每年5月开始,翌年4月结束,历时1年。生精周期可划分为5个时期。Ⅰ期,精原细胞增殖期,5～7月,精巢系数最小,精原细胞进行有丝分裂;Ⅱ期,精母细胞成熟分裂期,8～9月,精巢系数最大,精原细胞、精母细胞和精子细胞在生精小管内共存;Ⅲ期,精子形成期,9～1 0月,精子细胞变态形成精子;Ⅳ期,成熟精子贮存越冬期,1 1月至翌年2月,成熟精子贮存在生精小管中;V期,精子排放期,翌年3～5月,精巢系数显著下降,成熟精子从生精小管脱离,通过输精管道排出体外。     

成年日本新糠虾雄性生殖系统的组织学

对成年日本新糠虾(Neomysis japonica)雄性生殖系统的解剖特征和组织结构进行了观察,结果表明,日本新糠虾雄性生殖系统由精巢、输精管和交接器组成,整体似“n”形。精巢左右对称,由一条“n”形的精索和其外侧延伸形成的19～21个精母细胞囊及与之相连的19～21个精子细胞袋组成,精子细胞袋位于精母细胞囊背部偏外侧的位置,通过一个短窄的通道与输精管相连。输精管是一个“n”形的管子,位于精索的背面,其前段连着精巢,后段逐渐变细,直至第8胸节向腹部弯曲变得更细,随后膨大形成壶腹,壶腹向后通入交接器中并在末端膨大。交接器位于身体的腹中线附近,其壁由外层的角膜层和内层的上皮细胞层组成,具有防御和保护功能;其内的肌肉层加厚,外层为环肌层,内层为纵肌层。从精索,经精母细胞囊,到精子细胞袋依次分布着不同发育阶段的精细胞。成熟精子有头部和尾部两部分,头部较短,尾部相当长,且头尾之间有一个15°的转角。精子呈簇分布形成精子束,精子束通过精子细胞袋与输精管间的通道被输送到输精管中,并沿输精管向交接器运输。     

池塘养殖三疣梭子蟹雄体生长和性腺发育规律

池塘养殖是三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)的主要养殖方式,但关于池塘养殖三疣梭子蟹雄体的生长和性腺发育规律尚不清楚。本研究通过定点连续采样,首先系统研究池塘养殖过程中三疣梭子蟹雄体的生长和成熟雄体生殖系统的外观及组成的变化,其次研究池塘养殖三疣梭子蟹雄体性腺发育过程中性腺各部分组织学特征及其指数的变化,以及不同月份雄体性腺发育的情况和比例。结果表明:(1)三疣梭子蟹雄体的体重和壳宽增长率及特定增长率均在8月份最高,且体重与壳宽呈显著正相关关系。(2)三疣梭子蟹成熟雄体的生殖系统由体外(阴茎、交接器)和体内(精巢、输精管)两部分构成。(3)根据精巢和输精管的外观、组织学特征及其指数的变化,可将三疣梭子蟹雄体性腺发育分为3期。精子发生期,即精巢内主要细胞类型是精原细胞和初级精母细胞,精巢指数为0.07%～0.16%,此时输精管呈透明状,肉眼很难发现;精荚形成期,精巢内主要细胞类型为次级精母细胞和精子细胞,精巢指数为0.10%～0.51%,输精管内有大量精荚和分泌物,输精管指数为0.01%～0.41%;成熟期,精巢内主要细胞类型是精子细胞和成熟精子,精巢指数为0.10%～0.41%,输精管进一步膨大,输精管指数为0.20%～0.65%。(4)在雄体性腺发育期间,性腺指数和输精管指数呈显著上升趋势,而精巢指数呈现先上升后下降的趋势,且统计分析发现性腺指数与肝胰腺指数无明显的相关性。(5)池塘养殖雄体性腺发育不同步,7月份主要处于精子发生期,8月底,有76%的雄体性腺发育达到精荚形成期,至9月底,达到成熟期雄体的比例为47%,此后雄体性腺发育趋于成熟,10月中下旬至12月份池塘养殖雄体均主要处于成熟期。     

原癌基因FOS蛋白、雌二醇及其受体在中国林蛙不同时期精巢中的表达

用免疫细胞化学方法检测了原癌基因FOS蛋白、17β-雌二醇（E₂）和雌激素受体（ER）在中国林蛙生精周期中不同时期精巢内的表达定位。结果显示：在中国林蛙生精周期的Ⅰ—Ⅴ期，E₂和ER在精原细胞、精母细胞、精子细胞、精子、支持细胞和间质细胞内均有表达。在不同时期的精巢中，E₂和ER在生精细胞的定位具有一致性：在Ⅱ—Ⅲ期，精子细胞的E₂和ER阳性表达最强；在Ⅲ期，精子中E₂和ER阳性反应强度显著高于Ⅳ—Ⅴ期（P＜0.01)。在生精周期的Ⅰ—Ⅴ期，支持细胞中，E₂和ER表达强度经历由强减弱再增强的变化过程。在生精周期的Ⅲ期，间质细胞中E₂和ER阳性反应强度高于其他各期。除精子外的生精细胞，支持细胞和间质细胞内均有FOS阳性反应，其表达强度呈现阶段性变化。     

棕色田鼠睾丸和附睾雌激素α受体表达的增龄变化

应用免疫组织化学方法系统研究了初生（1日龄）到成体（60日龄）5个发育阶段各6只棕色田鼠睾丸和附睾内雌激素受体α（ERα）的表达。结果发现：①在生殖细胞中,1日龄组幼鼠的生殖母细胞和支持细胞有微弱的ERa阳性表达,10日龄组精原细胞中ERa有弱表达,25日龄组精子细胞出现了较强ERα阳性表达,发育到45日龄时精子细胞ERα阳性表达最强,成体组中各级生精细胞中均有ERα阳性表达。②在间质细胞中,1日龄组间质前体细胞有ERα阳性表达,10日龄表达减弱,而到25日龄增强,至45日龄达到峰值,而成体又减弱。③附睾中,1日龄附睾上皮细胞有ERα阳性表达,10和25日龄附睾管类肌细胞出现ERα阳性表达,45日龄和成体附睾管上皮细胞和类肌细胞中均有ERα阳性表达。上述结果表明,ERα可能作为一种特异性受体在棕色田鼠睾丸发育过程中影响睾丸间质细胞雄激素的分泌,进而调节生精过程和精子的发育成熟。     

性类固醇激素受体ER、AR和PR在牛蛙胃肠胰的定位

本文用免疫组织化学技术检测及光密度定量分析,研究4种性类固醇激素受体在牛蛙(Rana catesbeiana)胃肠胰内的定位及表达的强弱,探讨4种性类固醇激素在牛蛙胃肠胰中的功能。染色结果显示,4种性类固醇激素受体在牛蛙胃肠胰内都有分布,雌雄之间分布差异较小。雌激素受体α(ERα)主要分布在牛蛙胃腺、直肠固有层和胰腺中;雌激素受体β(ERβ)主要分布在食道上皮、直肠固有层和胰腺中;雄激素受体(AR)主要分布在食道上皮、直肠固有层和胰腺中;孕激素受体(PR)主要分布在空肠、食道上皮和胰腺中。光密度检测结果显示,雌激素受体α(ERα)在牛蛙胃和直肠中阳性反应最强,在胰腺中相对较弱。雌激素受体β(ERβ)在牛蛙直肠中阳性反应最强,胰腺和食道次之。雄激素受体(AR)在食道中阳性反应相对较强,其他部位都较弱。孕激素受体(PR)在空肠中的阳性反应较强,其他部位都较弱。雌激素受体α(ERα)在胃中以及雄激素受体(AR)在食道和直肠中的免疫阳性反应均是雌性牛蛙强于雄性牛蛙,雌激素受体β(ERβ)在胰腺中的免疫阳性反应是雄性牛蛙强于雌性牛蛙。4种性类固醇激素受体中,雌激素受体α(ERα)和雌激素受体β(ERβ)在牛蛙胃肠胰中的分布最多,雄激素受体(AR)、孕激素受体(PR)的分布相对较少。性类固醇激素受体主要分布在食道、胃、直肠和胰腺中,其中,分布最多的部位是胃和直肠。4种性类固醇激素受体在牛蛙胃肠胰内的分布表明,性类固醇激素对牛蛙消化功能特别是胃和直肠的功能具有多方面的调节作用。     

隆线溞精子发生及成熟精子的超微结构

用透射电镜和扫描电镜观察隆线精子的发生过程及成熟精子的超微结构。隆线精子发生经历精原细胞、精母细胞、精子细胞和成熟精子四个时期。精原细胞核染色质凝集成团,细胞质内有线粒体、粗面内质网分布。精母细胞核染色质分散,不均匀地分布于核中,细胞质内粗面内质网聚集。在精子细胞分化形成精子的早期,细胞纵向拉伸,核物质开始浓缩;中期精子细胞呈明显的长条形,精子细胞逐渐移入精巢管腔中央,外围包裹一厚层精子鞘;后期精子细胞已进入管腔中,核物质呈高度浓缩状,细胞质层较少,精子细胞间通过外围精子鞘相互粘连成片。成熟精子分散在精巢管腔中央,外形呈棒状,一端稍钝,一端稍尖,无鞭毛、棘突等附属物;核内染色质解聚,均匀分布在核中,具双层核膜,细胞质层很少,精子鞘为单层,无法确认顶体端。隆线雄性生殖细胞的结构及其发生过程均较高等甲壳动物简单和原始,但在功能上表现出相对的适应性,使以隆线为代表的枝角类能适应复杂多变的生活环境     

血管内皮生长因子蛋白在大鼠睾丸和附睾的表达和定位研究

为探讨血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)在雄性生殖系精子发生发育和成熟过程中的调控作用,应用免疫组化、Periodic acid-Schiff(PAS)染色及蛋白质免疫印迹技术,检测VEGF蛋白在成年大鼠睾丸和附睾的表达和定位情况。Western-blots显示,在大鼠睾丸和附睾内均有VEGF蛋白(约45kD)的表达;免疫组化显示,睾丸内VEGF见于圆形和长形精子细胞、Sertoli细胞和Leydig细胞,免疫阳性产物位于细胞质内。精子细胞的VEGF表达伴随精子细胞顶体发育的全过程,精子残余体呈强阳性。附睾内VEGF表达于附睾管上皮,且有区域和细胞特异性。附睾起始段的所有上皮主细胞内都有VEGF阳性颗粒;头、体、尾各段的VEGF阳性细胞多数与含PAS阳性颗粒的细胞重合,证明为亮细胞;近端附睾的管腔内可见精子头部呈VEGF阳性染色。睾丸、附睾间质血管内皮为VEGF阴性。上述结果表明,VEGF蛋白可由生殖细胞和附睾管上皮细胞直接产生,它可能以自分泌和/或旁分泌的形式共同作用于睾丸和附睾的生殖细胞和血管内皮,直接或间接影响精子的发生、发育和成熟过程,特别是精子顶体的形成过程,并可能与精子在附睾内的成熟有关。     

卵胎生硬骨鱼褐菖(鱼良)鲉精巢的周期发育

研究了卵胎生硬骨鱼褐菖(鱼良)鲉(Sebastiscus marmoratus)的精巢结构和生殖周期.褐菖(鱼良)鲉精巢属于小叶型.每年8～9月,精巢处于精原细胞增殖期.初级精原细胞分裂增殖,产生次级精原细胞.后者和支持细胞组成精小囊.10月～翌年1月进入精子发生期.精小囊中的生殖细胞进一步发育,逐渐形成精子.2～7月是精子退化吸收期,精巢中仅有初级精原细胞和残余的精子.在生殖季节,精子经由输出管和输精管运至尿殖突,通过体内受精方式送入雌鱼生殖道.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.