三江平原沼泽湿地生态承载能力综合评价

从湿地水资源、土地资源、水环境、生物资源等多方面入手,研究湿地生态系统的承载能力,采用分级评价方法,建立分级评价指标和承载模式,评价了沼泽湿地生态系统的生态弹性度、资源与环境承载力和承载压力度。利用基于加速遗传算法的层次分析技术确定承载模型的权重,计算得出的排序权值具有结果稳定、计算精度高的特点。应用到三江平原沼泽湿地生态承载力的综合评价中,结果表明整个三江平原大部分生态系统处于中稳、较高承载、中低压区。这说明三江平原生态承载能力比较高,人口压力不大,但要进一步提高生态承载能力,则需改善沼泽湿地生态环境,提高水资源利用效率。     

滨海湿地是国家的战略资源

环太平洋经济带更是当今世界上最重要、最有活力的经济圈,究其原因是其所在的海岸带自然条件优越,不但提供交通便利和海洋性气候,而且其核心部分—滨海湿地具有强大的生态系统服务功能,维系着海岸带经济带的可持续发展与生态安全。滨海湿地的生态服务功能包括调节水文过程、改善水质、支持植被、提供动物栖息场所等生态服务功能。滨海湿地对全球生物多样性的维持也起重要作用,以我国     

湿地及其利用与保护（上）

湿地是当今国际上十分重视的生态系统。我国湿地面积达６３００×１０４ｈｍ２,其中有天然湿地,包括浅海（低潮时水深６ｍ以内）、沼泽、草甸、湖泊及河流为２５００×１０４ｈｍ２;人工湿地包括水田、水库、灌渠为３８００×１０４ｈｍ２。湿地是与国民经济息息相关的生态系统,它具有特殊的蓄水、供水为特征的环境,丰富的生物多样性和很高的生物生产力,它的水、土、生物资源,是国民经济持续发展的基础,水体回游鱼类与湿地候鸟的保护,还具有重要的国际意义。湿地的保护和研究,已被列为我国２１世纪议程。     

海岛生态服务功能保护初探

生态系统是人类经济社会生存和发展的基础。海岛作为人类通向海洋的桥头堡,保护海岛及其周边海域生态系统,对于维护国家海洋权益,保障海防安全,发展海洋经济、保护海洋生态、构建和谐社会等具有重要战略意义。本文从介绍海岛生态系统功能特征及服务价值入手,分析了海岛生态系统服务功能受损的深层原因及对其带来的负面影响,并在此基础上,提出了摸清海岛生态资源状况、规范海岛开发秩序、实施海岛生态修复与整治工程,推进海岛保护区建设,加强海岛生态环境保护的科学研究与国际合作,以及多渠道获取海岛生态保护资金等方面策略,初步探讨了海岛生态服务功能的保护。     

无居民海岛开发生态损害评估——以象山县大羊屿岛为例

无居民海岛独特的生态系统和地理位置决定了受损后的修复成本极高、开发难度极大,其保护与开发已经成为国内外学界关注的重点。基于海岛生态系统服务价值理论构建了无居民海岛开发的生态损害评估模型,以我国首个公开拍卖使用权的大羊屿岛为例验证模型的科学性和可行性,并与2018年调整后的无居民海岛使用金征收标准中生态损害成本额度进行对比分析。研究结果表明：（1）大羊屿岛开发的生态损害补偿金为1644.82万元。其中,陆域开发行为所需的生态损害补偿金为890.19万元,高于海洋开发行为所造成的生态损害补偿金;（2）通过本文计算的海岛陆域生态损害补偿金高出现行海岛使用金标准中的生态损害成本371.90万元,2018年旅游用岛使用金征收标准仍有上调空间。对无居民海岛开发的生态损害评估可以增强政府和企业对于海岛资源的保护意识,重新权衡无居民海岛开发的利弊,避免对海岛资源过度和盲目的开发。     

杭州湾南岸滨海湿地生态服务功能价值评估

杭州湾湿地位于我国南北滨海湿地分界线上, 具有多种重要的生态系统服务功能。通过野外调查和功能模拟实验, 结合杭州湾湿地10 年定位观测数据, 使用市场价值法、碳税法、影子工程法、旅行费用法等生态系统服务功能评估方法, 对杭州湾南岸滨海湿地生态系统服务功能进行了价值估算。结果表明, 杭州湾南岸滨海湿地生态系统服务功能总价值约为1127.83×10⁸ 元, 主要的生态服务功能为气候调节功能、水质净化功能以及固碳功能。杭州湾湿地不同土地利用类型的生态服务功能价值由高到低依次为: 浅海水域、淤泥质海滩、人工湿地、草本沼泽、潮间盐水沼泽、林地。研究结果有助于人们更加直观地认识杭州湾湿地生态系统服务功能的重要性, 同时也为湿地生态系统的保护和管理以及合理的开发利用提供科学的依据。     

太湖渔业发展及区域设置与功能定位

渔业是太湖的重要功能之一.太湖渔业主要以自然捕捞和围网养殖为主.目前太湖自然渔业捕捞强度及东太湖湾围网养殖的超常规发展,给湖泊生物资源带来巨大影响.依据太湖生物资源现状和分布,借助太湖遥感解译图像,定位设置太湖各类生物资源恢复与保护的功能区域,包括东部的资源保护核心区、缓冲区（湿地生态景观带）和西部的生态恢复区等.其管理目标是太湖水环境、渔业资源和生物多样性及环湖湿地、自然景观的保护,加快太湖生态恢复进程,促进旅游业和渔业的健康发展,实现太湖渔业资源的有序利用和可持续发展.     

广东内伶仃岛的生物资源及自然保护规划

广东省内伶仃岛生物资源较为丰富,共有野生维管植物133科379属569种,其中广东新记录种10种;苔藓植物19科34属61种,广东新记录种10种,各类动物有兽类数十种,包括国家珍稀濒危保护动物猕猴（Macac mulatta)等,两栖爬行类30多种,鸟类近110处,昆虫超过447种。 此外,内伶钉岛也是一个较为封闭的生态系统,根据该岛各类生物资源和生态环境特点,宜划分为核心区,旅游－科普区和实验－缓冲区3部分,对各区的特点、性质,以及全岛的发展规划进行了初步探讨。     

天津北大港湿地冬季野生鸟类影像观察

<正>天津北大港湿地是国家重要生态湿地,具有多类型的湿地特征,生态系统保存完整,有着良好的生物多样性特征,也是天津市最大的湿地。北大港湿地有着丰富的生态系统和生物资源。其中有国家一级保护鸟类6种,二级17种,涉禽每年途径的频率近800万只,水鸟种类达140余种,占全国鸟类资源的三分之一。     

海洋大型底栖动物对海岛开发的生态响应——以宁波大榭岛为例

以开发时间长,产业密集的国家海岛开发试点大榭岛为例分析、评价了海岛开发的潮间带和近岸海域大型底栖动物生态响应。通过对大榭岛岩礁相、泥沙相潮间带以及近岸海域大型底栖动物的物种组成、群落结构和数量分布的分析,同时与该岛周围开发程度较弱的几大海岛的类似生境中大型底栖动物状况进行比较。结果发现:(1)大榭岛岩相潮间带断面牡蛎科(Ostre idae)和藤壶科(Balan idae)等科的物种栖息密度较高,生物多样性较低;(2)泥沙相潮间带底栖动物状况与其他海岛差别不显著;(3)大榭岛近岸海域底栖动物种数少于其他海岛近岸海域,且前者不倒翁虫(Sternaspis scutata)和小头虫(Capitellacapitata)等多毛类物种栖息密度较高,生物多样性较低,群落结构与其他区域相差较大;(4)环境质量的生物评价结果显示,大榭岛近岸海域扰动程度高于其他海岛近岸海域。此外,从海岛开发的规划与功能定位、工程设计与施工工艺、相关人员意识形态三方面提出了一些保护和恢复海洋生物多样性的对策。     

长江口崇明岛周缘盐沼湿地土壤碳储量的空间格局

盐沼湿地在缓解温室效应和应对气候变化方面发挥着重要作用,是重要的"蓝碳"生态系统。储存在盐沼湿地土壤中的有机碳(SOC)是盐沼湿地碳汇的主要成分,但受植被覆盖、土壤环境等生境要素变化的显著影响。以长江口崇明岛周缘的盐沼湿地为典型研究区域,分别测量了环岛不同样线和不同植被区SOC含量及环境因子(盐度、容重、碳氮比(C/N)等),在此基础上分析了盐沼湿地SOC储量的空间分布格局及其影响因素。结果表明:(1)崇明岛周缘盐沼湿地SOC含量和储量均存在明显的空间异质性,北侧的土壤SOC含量高于南侧,东北侧的SOC储量高于西南侧区域;(2)垂直各层上,SOC含量呈现随土层深度增加逐渐减少的趋势,表层0-50 cm深度的单位面积SOC储量大于50-100 cm深度;(3)植物类型和土壤理化因素(土壤C/N、土壤盐度、土壤容重等)在一定程度上影响了崇明岛周缘盐沼湿地土壤碳储量的空间格局。研究表明,受河口区植被和土壤理化性质等多种因素空间异质性的共同影响,盐沼湿地土壤SOC储量格局也易呈现空间差异,因此在开展盐沼湿地储碳机制研究、科学评估盐沼湿地储碳能力及实现盐沼"蓝碳"固碳增汇时应充分考虑区域间的环境和生态的空间异质性特征。     

Seasonal dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in differing wetland habitats

The dynamics and role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been well described in terrestrial ecosystems; however, little is known about how the dynamics of AMF are related to the ecology of wetland ecosystems. The seasonal dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization within different wetland habitats were examined in this study to determine the factors that influence AM associations and to further assess the ecological role of AMF in wetlands. Fen and marsh habitats of four wetlands in west central Ohio were sampled monthly from March to September. AMF were found at all four sites for each month sampled and were present in all of the dominant plant species. A significant effect of month (P<0.001) on AM colonization did occur and was attributable to maximum colonization levels in the spring and minimum levels in late summer. This trend existed in all four wetlands in both fen and marsh habitats, regardless of variation in water levels, percent soil moisture, or available phosphorus levels. Because abiotic factors had minimal influence on AM colonization variation and the level of AM colonization paralleled plant growth patterns, we conclude that the AM seasonal dynamic was in response to plant phenology. Our data suggest that AM associations in temperate fen and marsh habitats are prevalent in the spring during new root and vegetative growth, even for plants experiencing flooded conditions. Evidence of an overriding AM seasonal trend indicates that future studies should include a seasonal component to better assess the role and distribution of AMF in wetland ecosystems.     

Water source utilization and foliar nutrient status differs between upland and flooded plant communities in wetland tree islands

Tree islands in the Everglades wetlands are centers of biodiversity and targets of restoration, yet little is known about the pattern of water source utilization by the constituent woody plant communities: upland hammocks and flooded swamp forests. Two potential water sources exist: (1) entrapped rainwater in the vadose zone of the organic soil (referred to as upland soil water), that becomes enriched in phosphorus, and (2) phosphorus-poor groundwater/surface water (referred to as regional water). Using natural stable isotope abundance as a tracer, we observed that hammock plants used upland soil water in the wet season and shifted to regional water uptake in the dry season, while swamp forest plants used regional water throughout the year. Consistent with the previously observed phosphorus concentrations of the two water sources, hammock plants had a greater annual mean foliar phosphorus concentration over swamp forest plants, thereby supporting the idea that tree island hammocks are islands of high phosphorus concentrations in the oligotrophic Everglades. Foliar nitrogen levels in swamp forest plants were higher than those of hammock plants. Linking water sources with foliar nutrient concentrations can indicate nutrient sources and periods of nutrient uptake, thereby linking hydrology with the nutrient regimes of different plant communities in wetland ecosystems. Our results are consistent with the hypotheses that (1) over long periods, upland tree island communities incrementally increase their nutrient concentration by incorporating marsh nutrients through transpiration seasonally, and (2) small differences in micro-topography in a wetland ecosystem can lead to large differences in water and nutrient cycles.     

互花米草入侵对滨海湿地生态系统的影响研究进展

滨海湿地受海、陆生态系统的交互影响,是典型的生态脆弱带和敏感区。互花米草是全球海岸带最为成功的外来入侵物种,对滨海湿地生态系统已经产生了重要的影响。本文对已有相关研究进行了系统梳理,揭示了互花米草入侵对滨海湿地生态系统生物地球化学循环(碳循环、氮循环、磷循环及土壤重金属迁移)和入侵地生物群落(微生物、植物和动物)的影响。并在此基础上对今后研究的重点提出了展望: 加强互花米草入侵对滨海湿地生态系统健康影响机制研究;重点关注全球变化背景下互花米草群落与湿地环境互馈耦合;开展长时序定位监测,厘清滨海湿地生态系统对互米草不同入侵阶段的响应差异,以期对互花米草的生态利用和治理提供指导。     

Reduction of avian diversity in created versus natural and restored wetlands

Natural wetland ecosystems continue to suffer widespread destruction and degradation. Many recent studies argue that artificial or restored wetlands compensate for wetland loss and are valuable for waterbird conservation. However, detailed comparisons of the value of natural, artificial and restored wetlands are lacking. Our aim was to assess if the restoration or creation of wetlands can fully compensate for the loss of natural wetlands for waterbirds. We compared the waterbird communities in a set of 20 natural, restored and artificial wetlands, all of which are considered important for waterbirds and are located within the same protected area (Doñana Natural Space, south‐west Spain). We used different measures of diversity, including phylogenetic relatedness, and the proportion of threatened species at national, European and international levels. We found that artificial wetlands have consistently lower value than restored and natural wetlands, with little difference between the latter two. Natural wetlands are essential for conserving diversity across the tree of life and for threatened species, but restored wetlands can be of similar value and can assure maintenance of key ecological processes. Thus, when economic costs per unit area are similar, resources for wetland conservation are better invested in restoration projects than in wetland creation, and caution is required when suggesting that artificial wetlands compensate for the loss of natural wetlands.     

RS和GIS支持的洪河地区湿地生态健康评价

洪泛平原淡水自然湿地对于生态多样性保护具有重要意义。当前自然湿地普遍面临气候变化与人类活动干扰和影响,其生态健康的状况令人担忧,结合新的地学信息技术探索自然湿地生态健康评价分析方法具有重要意义。本研究选择位于三江平原东北部的洪河国家级自然保护区湿地及其周边农场湿地为研究区,依据遥感和地理信息系统技术支持,结合野外生态调查与水文气象监测数据,从水文地貌特征、景观特征和人类扰动3方面选取一系列评价指标因子,利用层次分析法和综合指数方法,对研究区湿地进行了定量生态健康分析评价。研究结果表明：（1）洪河自然保护区的湿地生态健康状况是最好的,其周边农场从鸭绿河农场、前锋农场到洪河农场的湿地生态健康状况依次递减。（2）洪河自然保护区功能分区生态健康状况由好到差的顺序为：核心区>缓冲区>实验区,与实际野外调查情况一致。（3）本研究建立的评价指标体系和相应分析方法能够科学的评价湿地生态健康。评价分析结果显示水文地貌要素是影响湿地生态健康的关键性因素。本研究利用RS和GIS技术与传统生态学评价分析方法结合,以栅格为单位基于区域生境特征进行湿地生态健康综合评价具有一定的方法先进性。     

Long-term GIS-based records of habitat changes in a Lake Erie coastal marsh

Great Lakes wetlands have lost much of their historical extent, structure and function. Their transformation was influenced by a number of factors acting over a period of decades including modifications in the basin's hydrology (watershed drainage, dikes, lake levels), biology (exotic species), geology (sediment transport and composition), and chemistry (water quality). The relative importance of each of these catalysts likely varied from region to region and depended on pre-settlement conditions and natural variability in the marshes, both generally unknown. We applied Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology to a 120-year record (1872–1991) of images of a 2000-ha marsh system along the southwestern shore of Lake Erie, Ohio, USA. Long-term variability in aggregate characteristics of wetland vegetation was linked with environmental changes and human impact in three regions representing (1) a naturally existing open marsh with the lowest relative topograhical elevation, (2) an open marsh with a protected exposure to the lake and higher elevation, and (3) a diked marsh with manipulated water levels. The deep, open marsh lost half of its emergents, and a third of its patchiness and edge habitat in the early 1900s, when severe watershed degradations accompanied relatively low Lake Erie water levels. Nearly all remaining emergents were eliminated between 1940 and 1991 in this open marsh, following progressively higher lake levels. In the protected open marsh, the extent of emergents fluctuated with lake levels until 1977, and declined severely since then during sustained high lake levels. Habitat parameters varied little until recent decades, but declined markedly thereafter. The diked marsh maintained pre-1900 conditions for emergent plants, patchiness, and habitat edge; variability was linked to breached dikes and the presence/absence of marsh management. No landward re-establishment of the entire marsh complex since 1873 was evident on the 10 images studied. We propose the interaction of three forcing functions as the principal mechanism controlling the historical and current distribution of aquatic plants in southwestern Lake Erie marshes. These factors, collectively referred to as the Landward Advance Paradigm (LAP), include (1) the restricted ability of the marshes to advance landward, (2) sustained above-average lake levels, and (3) the presence of carp ( Cyprinus carpio) in wetlands with silt and clay sediments. Management focused on enhancing the role of Lake Erie wetlands should consider these landscape-level alterations and attempt to maximize wetland functions within the context of the LAP.     

基于系统保护规划的三江平原湿地保护网络体系优化

综合三江平原湿地不同层次、不同维度的生物多样性特征,在系统保护规划方法(Systematic Conservation Planning,SCP)框架下,以集水区为规划单元,计算研究区域不可替代性指数,确定高保护价值网络体系,通过保护空缺分析对现有保护网络进行优化,并评估优化体系的有效性。结果表明:三江平原湿地高保护价值区域的分布呈现沿河流分布的特点;现有保护区中湖泊和目标物种的保护状态比较好;保护网络体系优化后,沼泽湿地在保护网络中的比重由22.88%重增加到50%以上;河流湿地由16.20%增加到33.92%;地下水资源在现有保护网络中的比重非常低,仅为2.01%,优化后保护网络中保护比重增加到12.05%,因此在今后的保护区规划中,应该重视对地下水资源的保护和管理。另外本研究结合生态脆弱性对高保护价值的空缺设计3个情景方案,并根据生态威胁的种类和强度提出各优先保护方案的保护建议,为保护管理决策提供依据。     

Phytoremediation in Wetland Ecosystems: Progress,Problems, and Potential

Assessing the phytoremediation potential of wetlands is complex due to variable conditions of hydrology, soil/sediment types, plant species diversity, growing season, and water chemistry. Conclusions about long-term phytoremediation potential are further complicated by the process of ecological succession in wetlands. This review of wetlands phytoremediation addresses the role of wetland plants in reducing contaminant loads in water and sediments, including metals; volatile organic compounds (VOC), pesticides, and other organohalogens; TNT and other explosives; and petroleum hydrocarbons and additives. The review focuses on natural wetland conditions and does not attempt to review constructed wetland technologies. Physico-chemical properties of wetlands provide many positive attributes for remediating contaminants. The expansive rhizosphere of wetland herbaceous shrub and tree species provides an enriched culture zone for microbes involved in degradation. Redox conditions in most wetland soil/sediment zones enhance degradation pathways requiring reducing conditions. However, heterogeneity complicates generalizations within and between systems. Wetland phytoremediation studies have mainly involved laboratory microcosm and mesocosm technologies, with the exception of planted poplar communities. Fewer large-scale field studies have addressed remediation actions by natural wetland communities. Laboratory findings are encouraging with regards to phytoextraction and degradation by rhizosphere and plant tissue enzymes. However, the next phase in advancing the acceptance of phytoremediation as a regulatory alternative must demonstrate sustained contaminant removal by intact natural wetland ecosystems.     

Classifying habitat characteristics of wetlands using a self-organizing map

Wetlands are nutrient-rich and biodiverse ecosystems that provide habitats for various animals and plants and protect against flooding. Classification of wetlands provides information to conservation planners and resource managers for ecosystem service determination. Many ecological case studies illuminate the self-organizing map (SOM) as a robust and powerful data classification and visualization tool. In this study, we use the SOM to analyze the habitat characteristics of inland wetlands in South Korea. We surveyed the plants, benthic macroinvertebrates, and bird species inhabiting 530 nationwide wetlands for four years from 2016 to 2019. Nine environmental features, including the proportion of urban area, farmland, grassland, a forest within a 1 km buffer zone, distance from the river and nearest wetland, area, perimeter, and average slope of wetland polygons, were used to train the SOM and examine the habitat characteristics of the surveyed living components. A map size of 10 × 11 pixels was considered for SOM training, and the output data were classified into eight clusters. Based on the occurrence frequency of the surveyed species group, most species were distributed in all clusters, whereas some dominated in specific clusters. We believe that our study contributes significantly to the literature because it highlights the significance of the SOM approach to cluster wetlands with dependent habitats and provides ecological information to build sustainable wetland conservation policies.