香薷叶表皮腺毛及其分泌黄酮类物质的组织化学研究

利用光学显微技术和扫描电镜技术,研究了香薷营养生长期和生殖生长期的枝条上部、中部、下部叶片的腺毛种类、分布及数量;采用组织化学染色和荧光显微技术,观察香薷腺毛分泌黄酮类物质的过程,探讨香薷叶表皮腺毛的泌香机理,为生产中确定提取香薷黄酮类物质的最佳取材时期提供依据。结果表明:(1)香薷叶表皮有头状腺毛和盾状腺毛,成熟的头状腺毛包括基细胞、柄细胞和头部,头部较小,呈半圆球型,直径为(20±2)μm;发育近成熟的盾状腺毛头部较大,呈盾状,直径为(60±5)μm。(2)香薷叶片远轴面和近轴面均有腺毛的分布,远轴面分布较多,近轴面分布较少;盾状腺毛主要分布在叶的远轴面,头状腺毛在叶的两面均有分布;腺毛密度随节位的降低而减少,节位相同时,营养生长期叶片上的腺毛密度(283.9个/mm2)高于生殖生长期(194.4个/mm2)。(3)香薷头状腺毛和盾状腺毛均能分泌黄酮类物质,且随着腺毛的发育成熟,黄酮类物质逐渐积累于腺毛的头部。     

番荔枝科10种植物叶表皮结构的研究

利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜,对番荔枝科10种植物的叶表皮结构进行了观察,结果如下：表皮细胞近等径多角形或不规则形,垂周壁直,弧形,浅波状,波状或深波状,瓜馥木和香港瓜馥木叶片远轴面表皮细胞平周壁形成乳突,有的植物表皮细胞内具棱晶或晶簇,气孔器全部为平列型,具2－6个副卫细胞,除鹰爪花近轴面,远轴面均具气孔器外,其它9种植物的气孔器仅分布在远轴面,有的植物还具有双气孔器或败育的气孔器类型。除圆滑番荔枝外,其它9种的表皮均具表皮毛,表皮毛有单细胞毛,单列多细胞毛,2列多细胞毛,棍棒状毛和星状毛等类型,研究结果表明,10种植物的表皮细胞形状,垂周壁的式样,平周壁是否乳突,表皮细胞内晶体的有无及其类型,近轴面是否具气孔器,表皮毛的类型等方面存在着种间差异,这些特征可以作为种间甚至属间分类和系统关系探讨的依据。     

中国东北植物叶毛状体的发育形态学研究:Ⅰ·连钱草毛状体的发育形态学

利用连钱草成熟叶和茎尖为材料,在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下观察了三种不同种类的毛状体形态和发生。这三种毛状体是①８—细胞盾状腺毛,②２—细胞头状腺毛,③多细胞单毛     

9种榆科植物叶表皮结构特征研究

利用叶表皮离析法观察了榆科6属9种植物叶片的表皮结构。结果表明,榆科植物叶片气孔器仅分布在远轴面,不规则型,不具副卫细胞;叶片毛状体主要有腺毛和非腺毛两种类型,腺毛由基细胞、柄细胞和膨大的顶细胞构成,非腺毛均由单细胞发育而来,基部具或不具钟乳体,多数非腺毛顶部发育成长锥状,少数非腺毛顶部极短呈喙状。根据气孔器的类型和分布位置,尤其是表皮毛的基本结构和发育类型等特征,不支持将广义榆科分为两个独立科的观点。但榆科这9种植物叶表皮特征具有属间或种间差异,有一定的分类学价值。     

中国东北植物叶毛状体的发育形态学研究：Ⅰ.连钱草毛状体的发育形…

利用连钱草成熟叶和茎尖为材料,在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下观察了三种不同种类的毛状体形态和发生。这三种毛状体是（１）８－细胞盾状腺毛,（２）２－细胞头状腺毛;（３）多细胞单毛。     

冬凌草腺毛的形态学及组织化学研究

利用光学显微镜对药用植物冬凌草地上部分腺毛的形态、分布和组织化学进行了研究。结果表明:(1)冬凌草的叶表皮有3种形态显著不同的毛,即非腺毛、盾状腺毛和头状腺毛;盾状腺毛和头状腺毛均具1个基细胞、1个柄细胞和头部;成熟的盾状腺毛的头部一般由4个分泌细胞组成,而头状腺毛头部由2个分泌细胞组成。(2)组织化学鉴定结果显示:2种腺毛中均含有黄酮类成分,盾状腺毛中还含有单萜、倍半萜等萜类成分;冬凌草甲素可能只存在于盾状腺毛中,但需要更直接的证据证明。研究认为,高密度的盾状腺毛可以作为筛选冬凌草高甲素含量品种的一项重要依据。     

木香薷腺毛形态结构发生发育规律的研究

采用常规石蜡切片法及扫描电镜技术对木香薷(Elsholtzia stauntoni Benth)腺毛发生发育及其规律进行了研究。结果表明：木香薷表皮上主要有两种表皮毛：无分泌细胞的表皮毛与有分泌细胞的腺毛。前者包括单细胞乳头状毛、2~3细胞管状毛、分枝状毛及多细胞管状毛;后者包括头状腺毛与盾状腺毛。成熟头状腺毛头部由1、2或4个分泌细胞构成,头部呈圆球形或半圆球形;成熟盾状腺毛头部由8~12个分泌细胞构成,分泌细胞横向扩展形成盾状头部。木香薷腺毛主要在茎端幼叶处大量发生,从茎端第一对幼叶处开始产生;从幼叶期到成熟期均有腺毛发生,大部分腺毛在幼叶期发生发育,只有极少部分在叶的成熟期进行发生发育。     

线纹香茶菜叶上腺毛发育的细胞学研究

为进行中药溪黄草基原植物的品种鉴定,采用光镜和电镜对线纹香茶菜(原变种)[Isodon lophanthoides var.lophanthoides]叶上腺毛的发育进行细胞学研究。结果表明,线纹香茶菜具有头状腺毛和盾状腺毛2种类型。头状腺毛无色透明,由1个基细胞、1个柄细胞和1或2个头部分泌细胞构成;盾状腺毛为红色,由1或2个基细胞、1个柄细胞和4~8个分泌细胞构成头部。2种腺毛均由原表皮细胞经两次平周分裂形成,后因柄细胞和头部细胞所处的分化状态不同而形成两类腺毛。2种腺毛超微结构表明,质体、高尔基体和粗面内质网为主要分泌物产生和运输的细胞器。当盾状腺毛成熟时,角质层下间隙充满了分泌物,其分泌物的性质很可能决定了线纹香茶菜腺毛的颜色。     

中国西南地区独活属植物叶表皮微形态特征及其系统学意义

利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对中国西南地区独活属16种1变种植物(分隶于中国独活属的全部4个组)的叶表皮微形态进行了观察,测量并统计气孔器大小、密度和气孔指数,并用统计学方法对远轴面气孔器长轴进行显著差异性分析.结果显示:无规则型气孔器普遍存在于所有研究类群的叶远轴面及个别类群叶近轴面,气孔器的分布和密度具有种间特异性.表皮毛普遍存在于远轴面及大部分类群近轴面,长短和覆盖密度因种而异.近轴面表皮细胞为多边形或者不规则形,垂周壁平直、浅波状或波状;远轴面表皮细胞形态多不规则形,表皮细胞垂周壁浅波状或波状.在扫描电镜下,叶表皮气孔器外拱盖内缘为近平滑、浅波状或波状;角质膜条纹状,有的附有颗粒状、鳞片状蜡质等结构.气孔器外拱盖形态以及蜡质类型是稳定的鉴别特征.研究表明独活属植物叶表皮特征存在较大的种间差异,对独活属的系统分类及进化研究具有重要意义,文中对叶表皮特征在独活属植物分类处理中的应用及系统进化问题等进行了讨论,并建立了以叶表皮微形态特征为依据的分类检索表.     

慈菇下胚轴毛的形态发育研究

慈菇种子萌发前,下胚轴基部的表皮细胞分化成生毛细胞。当下胚轴穿出种皮约1—2毫米时,生毛细胞的外壁向外突出,形成下胚轴毛。开始时,其顶端膨大,呈分泌毛状,后呈根毛状。下胚轴毛的主要功能是起固着作用。下胚轴毛发育后期,在其保留细胞核的膨大的基部和突起的毛状体之间形成一细胞壁,此时毛状体便开始萎缩脱落。下胚轴毛的基部重新形成完整的表皮细胞。     

黑龙江椴树属植物叶表皮形态学观察

利用扫描电子显微镜对紫椴（Tilia amurensis Rupr.）及糠椴（T. mandshurica Rupr.et Maxim.）叶片的微观形态结构特征进行观察,并进行微观形态结构的比较研究。研究结果表明紫椴与糠椴叶片上表皮微观形态相同,而下表皮气孔器的形态类型、蜡质纹饰和角质膜的形态特征、单位面积上星状毛的数量均表现出很大的差异。这些微观形态差异可作为区分紫椴和糠椴的分类学依据。     

Comparative analysis of ultrastructure of glandular trichomes in two Nepeta cataria chemotypes (N. cataria and N. catena var. citriodora)

Glandular trichomes from the leaf surface of Nepeta cataria and N. cataria vai.citriodora have been examined using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Peltate glands and capitate hairs type I were found on leaves of N. cataria. Both types had single stalk cells. Leaves of N. cataria var. citriodora bore peltate glands with unicellular or bicellular stalk, capitate hairs type I (with unicellular stalk) and capitate hairs type II (with unicellular or bicellular stalk). Peltate glands of N. cataria and of N. cataria var. citriodora were characterized by numerous leucoplasts sheathed by smooth reticular tubules and smooth endoplasmic reticulum; they are proposed to synthesize terpenes. The secretory cells of capitate hairs type I of N. cataria and those of N. cataria var. citriodora had well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and dictyosomes. They had plastids with protein inclusions. These glands are supposed to produce slime. Capitate hairs type II of N. cataria var. citriodora had no analogs in N. cataria. Their secretory cells exhibited abundance of tubular endoplasmic reticulum and had unsheathed plastids with starch grains. Probably, these glands synthesize terpenes. The results of the study indicate that there is an obvious difference both in morphology and in ultrastructure of glandular trichomes in different chemotypes of N. cataria.     

Glandular Trichomes on Vegetative and Reproductive Organs of Leonotis leonurus (Lamiaceae)

The types of glandular trichomes, their ontogeny and patternof distribution on the vegetative and reproductive organs ofLeonotis leonurus at different stages of development, are studiedby light and scanning electron microscopy. Two morphologicallydistinct types of glandular trichomes (peltate and capitate)are described. Peltate trichomes, at the time of secretion,are characterized by a short stalk, which is connected witha large spherical head composed of eight cells in a single layer.Capitate trichomes can be divided into various types. Generally,they consist of a four-celled head supported by one or threestalk cells. The two kinds of trichomes differ in the secretionprocess. In the peltate trichomes, the secretory product seemsto remain accumulated in a subcuticular space, unless an externalfactor damages it. In the capitate trichomes, this product probablybecomes released through micropores. On the leaves peltate andcapitate trichomes are abundant, while on the flowers only thepeltate trichomes are numerous and the capitate are rare orabsent.Copyright 1995, 1999 Academic Press Leonotis leonurus R. Br., lion's ear, lion's tail, Lamiaceæ, glandular trichomes, morphology, ontogeny     

紫苏腺毛的形态结构和发育的研究

紫苏（Perillafrutescens（L．）Britton）叶上腺毛的研究表明：叶上腺毛主要有两种类型,一是头状腺毛,二是后状腺毛。两类腺毛都是由1个基细胞、1个柄细胞和由分泌细胞组成的头部构成。头状腺毛的头部由1个、2个或4个分泌细胞构成,其头部呈圆球形或半圆球形。盾状腺毛的头部也由1个、2个、4个或8个分泌细胞构成,其分泌细胞横向扩展使头部呈盾状。分泌盛期,大量分泌物充满角质层下间隙。两类腺毛的原始细胞均起源于叶原基或幼叶的原表皮层细胞,它通过两次平周分裂形成1个基细胞、1个柄细胞和1个头细胞,头细胞不分裂或依次进行1—3次垂周分裂,分别形成单细胞、2细胞、4细胞或8细胞的头部。     

Insight into the structure and chemistry of glandular trichomes of Labiatae, with emphasis on subfamily Lamioideae

Glandular trichomes of Labiatae are among the most investigated secretory structures. Most species studied belong to subfamily Nepetoidae, including plants with aromatic properties, while so far a few species of subfamily Lamioideae were examined. In this work, we studied the micromorphology, ultrastructure, type and release of secretion of the glandular trichomes present on leaves and flowers of several species belonging to subfamily Lamioideae, (Stachys alopecuros (L.) Bentham subsp. alopecuros, S. officinalis (L.) Trevisan subsp. officinalis, S. germanica L. subsp. germanica, S. germanica L. subsp. salviifolia (Ten.) Gams, S. sylvatica L., S. heraclea All., S. plumosa Griseb., S. annua L., Prasium majus L., Sideritis romana L.) and one to the sister group Scutellarioideae (Scutellaria galericulata L.). Besides the well-known peltate and small capitate trichomes, widely described in the literature, other types of glandular trichomes were encountered; stalked peltate hairs and large capitate hairs. In particular, a new type of capitate trichome, exclusive of calices and corollas, which presents a mode and release of secretion never described before, is reported.     

Glandular trichomes of Humulus lupulus var. Brewer's Gold: Ontogeny and histochemical characterization of the secretion

Leaves of Humulus lupulus possess two types of glandular trichomes: - peltate (lupulin) and bulbous.
Peltate trichomes are formed from a protodermal cell by two anticlinal divisions in perpendicular planes, followed by two periclinal ones that give rise to the initials of the head cells, the basal and the stalk cells. Head cells divide successively in radial and irregular planes. Fully developed peltate trichomes are built of a glandular head consisting of 30 to 72 cells, four stalk cells and four basal cells.
Bulbous trichomes are also formed from a protodermal cell by an anticlinal division followed by two periclinal ones that produce the initials of the glandular head cells, and the basal and stalk cells. Fully developed bulbous trichomes consist of four (occasionally eight) head glandular cells, two stalk cells and two basal cells.
The density of peltate trichomes decreases with the expansion of the leaves.
Both peltate and bulbous trichomes secrete essential oils. Peltate trichomes are the preferential site for the synthesis of bitter resins. Tannic acids could not be detected histochemically either in peltate or in bulbous trichomes. Both types of trichomes produce secretion that accumulates in the subcuticular space, being released, in the case of bulbous trichomes, by rupture of the cuticle.     

黑龙江悬钩子属植物叶表皮形态结构的研究

利用扫描电子显微镜对黑龙江悬钩子属植物的叶表皮形态结构进行比较研究。结果显示:(1)悬钩子属植物叶的上表皮细胞呈多边形,垂周壁平直,或无规则形,垂周壁浅波纹;下表皮细胞无规则形,垂周壁浅波纹或深波纹。(2)表皮毛类型有单细胞直立不分支、卷曲不分支,头状腺毛和盾状腺毛四种类型。(3)气孔器均分布于下表皮,且气孔器类型为无规则形;气孔外拱盖单层、内缘平滑或不规则波状。研究表明,黑龙江悬钩子属植物的叶表皮微形态学特征表现出一定差异性,对种间的划分和鉴定具有一定的分类学意义。     

核桃楸叶片中总黄酮的最佳提取工艺研究

利用超声波法对核桃楸叶片中总黄酮的提取工艺进行了研究,在单因素试验的基础上,采用正交试验法,确立最佳提取条件,考察乙醇浓度、提取温度、液料比和提取时间对核桃楸叶片总黄酮提取率的影响。结果表明：超声波法辅助提取核桃楸叶片总黄酮的最适工艺参数是浸提剂乙醇浓度为70%,提取温度为50℃,液料比为20：1,提取时间为20 min,且总黄酮提取率可达4.458%。