早竹林拉步甲成虫种群动态和对金针虫的捕食作用

【目的】为了明确3种不同类型早竹Phyllostachys praecox林地拉步甲Carabus lafossei成虫的种群动态和对金针虫的捕食作用。【方法】采用陷阱法诱捕步甲成虫,采用形态学结合DNA条码法进行物种鉴定;分析拉步甲数量与土壤化学性质和林下植被盖度之间的相关性;质量测定法计算拉步甲对竹林金针虫的捕食量。【结果】3种类型早竹林中共捕捉到拉步甲成虫188头,其中撂荒地136头,中等强度经营样地34头,高强度经营样地18头。早竹林拉步甲成虫在4-10月份均有分布,其中以4-5月份种群数量最大。拉步甲个体数量与林下植被盖度极显著的正相关,与全磷和水解性氮极显著性的负相关,与有效磷显著的负相关。捕食量分析表明,单头的最大捕食量为0.734 g,最小捕食量为0.390 g,平均捕食量为0.540g。【结论】早竹林拉步甲成虫的种群数量大、存活时间长,其种群数量在不同经营方式样地之间存在极显著差异;拉步甲能够捕食竹林金针虫,是竹林金针虫的捕食性天敌昆虫。     

三种诱捕器对天牛科昆虫的诱集效率

【目的】不同诱捕器类型可以有效诱集不同昆虫物种,为了更准确的判断某地区的物种丰富度,更高效的进行不同物种的诱集,开展不同诱捕器类型对昆虫诱集效率的对比研究是至关重要的。【方法】研究了档板、漏斗和马氏3种不同类型诱捕器在吉林省松花湖库区蒙古栎林中对天牛科昆虫的诱集数量和种类。【结果】在相同地点和相同时间段内,漏斗诱捕器共诱集189头天牛科昆虫、分属于4亚科、11属、12种;挡板诱捕器共诱集134头天牛科昆虫,分属于5亚科、15属、17种;马氏诱捕器共诱集99头天牛科昆虫,分属于4亚科、16属18种。从诱集到的物种丰富度看,诱集效率顺序为:马氏诱捕器>挡板诱捕器>漏斗诱捕器;从诱集到的个体数量看,诱集效率顺序为:漏斗诱捕器>挡板诱捕器>马氏诱捕器;从诱集到的优势种数量看,诱集效率顺序为:漏斗诱捕器>挡板诱捕器>马氏诱捕器。【结论】从成本和效率的综合因素考虑,在一般性天牛科昆虫调查和种群监测时,可以选择以联合使用挡板和漏斗诱捕器为主,马氏诱捕器辅之的调查设计,可达到高效且经济的调查天牛科昆虫的目的。     

云南六库桔小实蝇成虫种群数量变动及其影响因子分析

应用诱蝇谜引诱剂诱捕法于2003-2005年调查了云南六库桔小实蝇成虫种群动态,系统分析了气候因子及寄主植物对该种群变动的影响。研究结果表明：云南六库桔小实蝇种群发生呈季节性,仅出现于3-12月,成虫消长基本为单峰型,高峰出现在7月。六库桔小实蝇种群数量与气温、降雨量和月雨日数等气象因子有密切关系。决定系数和通径分析结果显示,月降雨量是影响六库桔小实蝇种群动态的主要决策因素;月平均气温和月平均最低气温是影响种群数量变动的主要限制因素,其中,月平均最低温度是间接影响种群数量变动的重要指标。主成分分析筛选出低温条件主成分,其累积方差贡献率达77.65%。逐步回归分析也证实,影响六库桔小实蝇种群月变动的主要气象因子是月平均气温和月平均最低气温。综合分析认为,低温是导致六库桔小实蝇季节性发生的关键因素。     

野生大熊猫种群数量调查方法研究进展

大熊猫(Ailuropodamelanoleuca)是中国特有珍稀野生动物,被誉为野生动物保护领域的"旗舰物种"。大熊猫种群数量的变化可以实时反应大熊猫种群动态,提供大熊猫分布区域、栖息地质量等最直接的信息,是制定大熊猫保护方案的基础,也是有效实施大熊猫保护措施的前提。综述了几种传统野生大熊猫种群数量调查方法(包括直接计数法、数学模型法、距离-咬节分析法及分子生物学方法),以及近年来最新应用于野生动物种群数量调查的红外相机技术、足迹鉴定法,讨论了传统方法中可能存在的问题、分析新方法的应用前景,并针对今后的野生大熊猫种群数量调查提出了一些建议与展望。     

性信息素诱捕下害虫Logistic增长及经济阈值数学模型

为更准确地对性信息素监测下田间害虫的发生量进行测报并指导有效防治,建立了基于性信息诱捕下种群的Logistic增长模型,并与通常诱捕模式进行了比较分析。在性信息素诱捕环境下利用种群增长平衡点获得诱捕强度(E)与害虫的自然增长率(r)的数学关系,建立了诱捕量与田间害虫发生虫量的数学模型,明确了性信息素诱捕与害虫自然增长平衡时的各变量间的关系,同时根据害虫发生规律研究了性信息素诱捕时的防治害虫的经济阈值(Es)模型。以性信息素诱捕梨小食心虫为实例,通过田间调查梨小食心虫成虫的发生,拟合Logistic模型并测定3种性信息诱捕强度下梨小食心虫的自然增长率,据模型求解不同性信息素诱捕下的诱捕强度(E),确定了防控梨小食心虫的经济阈值(Es),明确达到经济阈值时的持续诱捕数量。本模型为有效测报和诱捕防治害虫提供了基础理论与依据。     

海南儋州地区橘小实蝇成虫数量动态

【背景】橘小实蝇是热带、亚热带水果的重要害虫,在海南发生严重。【方法】利用橘小实蝇性诱剂进行田间诱捕,以诱到的雄成虫为指标,通过定期调查,获得了海南儋州地区4种样地橘小实蝇成虫的种群动态,并进一步通过相关分析,研究了芒果园橘小实蝇种群动态与温度和降雨量的相关性。【结果】儋州地区橘小实蝇种群周年发生,冬季种群数量较低,夏季种群数量较高。橘小实蝇种群高峰期发生于6月,其中芒果园达327.6头,蔬菜地为182.8头,办公区为150.0头,植物园为209.6头。在芒果园中,随着温度的升高,橘小实蝇的种群数量呈指数增长,其相关系数R=0.799;而与降雨量的相关系数较低,为0.367。【结论与意义】本研究可为儋州地区制定橘小实蝇综合防治策略提供理论依据。     

巴基斯坦萨戈达地区危害桔园的桃实蝇时空分布（英文）

【目的】本研究旨在监测2009-2011年Tehsil Sargodha 7个地点(Sargodha-Ⅰ,Sargodha-Ⅱ,Bhagtanwala,Sakessar,Chak#75-SB,Chak#46-SB和Chak#104-NB)中桃实蝇Bactrocera zonata优势种的种群变化情况。【方法】通过甲基丁香酚信息素诱捕器诱捕桃实蝇,每周统计记录桃实蝇种群发生情况,诱捕器每两周加药一次。【结果】结果表明,在调查的3年(2009-2011)中,Sargodha-Ⅰ的桃实蝇种群多度最高(分别为53.67,45.82和45.47头/诱捕器),其次为Sakessar(分别为41.13,33.87和35.75头/诱捕器),而Chak#75-SB的种群多度最低(分别为15.78,19.18和19.15头/诱捕器)。每年桃实蝇发生最高峰出现在4月(分别为76.08,71.94和61.51头/诱捕器),其次为5月(分别为60.74,52.63和64.00头/诱捕器),而在2月和10月发生量最低。另外,桃实蝇种群多度与最高和最低气温呈较强的正相关,而与相对湿度和降雨量呈负相关。同样,回归系数表明,最高气温是影响桃实蝇种群发生的主要因素,而降雨量的影响最小。【结论】应当全年对桃实蝇进行定期监测,由于气象因子严重影响桃实蝇的种群发生情况,因此尤其应监测其在4-5月温度开始上升时的发生情况。     

不同生境中橘小实蝇种群动态及密度的差异

为揭示不同生境条件对橘小实蝇种群动态及密度的影响,通过设置橘小实蝇诱捕器,对2008-2009年福州地区不同生境条件下的橘小实蝇种群动态进行了监测。结果表明：（1）各寄主的转色成熟期是该果园橘小实蝇发生的高峰期。（2）在瓜果的成熟期,果园内橘小实蝇的种群数量要高于果园周边丛林的种群数量;成熟期过后,果园内部的种群数量小于果园周边丛林。（3）山谷生境橘小实蝇种群数量明显高于山脊生境,沿河生境则要明显高于非沿河生境。（4）城区的橘小实蝇的发生期早于乡村,且发生量要大于乡村。     

贺兰山白尾海雕的越冬种群数量和分布研究简报

2009年10月²012年12月,采用样线调查法和问卷调查法对贺兰山国家级自然保护区内分布的白尾海雕Haliaeetus albicilla的越冬种群数量及时间、分布范围及生境类型进行了调查。根据最小种群数量评估法分析结果表明,在贺兰山地区的白尾海雕种群数量为92012年12月,采用样线调查法和问卷调查法对贺兰山国家级自然保护区内分布的白尾海雕Haliaeetus albicilla的越冬种群数量及时间、分布范围及生境类型进行了调查。根据最小种群数量评估法分析结果表明,在贺兰山地区的白尾海雕种群数量为9¹4只,越冬时间为11月至次年2月,主要活动于悬崖峭壁或沟谷开阔地。     

云南西双版纳桔小实蝇种群动态

于1997年、2000年和2003年在云南西双版纳通过性诱剂诱捕对桔小实蝇种群动态进行了全年监测,并就气候因子及寄主种类对该种群变动的影响进行了系统分析.结果表明,桔小实蝇在西双版纳常年发生.当年11月至次年2月,桔小实蝇种群处于较低水平,3月以后种群数量逐渐上升,至6～7月形成一个种群增长高峰,此后至10月种群数量迅速下降.分析表明,影响桔小实蝇种群变化的重要因子是温度、降雨量和寄主种类.西双版纳各月均温位于桔小实蝇适温范围内,但12～2月的月平均最低温度低于桔小实蝇的适温范围,对桔小实蝇种群数量有一定抑制作用.降雨量是影响桔小实蝇种群数量变动的另一重要因子.月降雨量低于50 mm以下对桔小实蝇种群不利,而100～200 mm的月降雨量有助于桔小实蝇种群的增长.月降雨量大于250 mm以上将导致桔小实蝇种群数量下降.6～7月强降雨过程被认为是桔小实蝇在该时期种群数量下降的主要原因.芒果、番石榴、桃、梨、柑桔、龙眼和荔枝是桔小实蝇在该地区的主要寄主水果.其中,芒果和龙眼是当地桔小实蝇最喜好的寄主水果,其种植面积、挂果期和产量对桔小实蝇种群数量变动影响较大,被认为是影响该地区桔小实蝇种群变动的又一主要因素.     

Hay-bait traps are a useful tool for sampling of soil dwelling millipedes and centipedes

Some species of centipedes and millipedes inhabit upper soil layers exclusively and are not recorded by pitfall trapping. Because of their sensitivity to soil conditions, they can be sampled quantitatively for evaluation of soil conditions. Soil samples are heavy to transport and their processing is time consuming, and such sampling leads to disturbance of the soil surface which land-owners do not like. We evaluated the use of hay-bait traps to sample soil dwelling millipedes and centipedes. The effectiveness of this method was found to be similar to the effectiveness of soil sampling. Hay-bait traps installed for 8–10 weeks can substitute for direct soil sampling in ecological and inventory studies.     

陷阱法和Winkler法调查土壤节肢动物多样性比较:以千岛湖岛屿封闭生境研究为例

陷阱法和Winkler法是调查土壤动物的两种常规方法,然而这两种方法的调查效率各有优劣。本研究于2010年秋季,在千岛湖中心湖区选取了15个面积不同的岛屿,同时采用Winkler法和陷阱法采集岛屿上的土壤节肢动物,在岛屿这一封闭生境中比较两种方法收集土壤节肢动物的效率。结果表明,两种方法捕获土壤动物类群丰富度差异不显著,但多样性指数差异极显著。Winkler法对常规土壤节肢动物类群的采集效率优于陷阱法,尤其对运动较缓慢、活动范围较小的土壤节肢动物类群的采集具有优势;陷阱法则更优于采集运动能力较强、活动范围较大的类群。基于样方的稀疏曲线结果说明,Winkler法能用少量样方快速获取研究区域的土壤节肢动物群落基本组成,推荐在面积较小的岛屿上使用;而在面积较大的岛屿上使用陷阱法能够获取更多的类群。ChaoJaccard相似性系数比较则显示两种方法所取的土壤节肢动物相似性在大型岛屿上差异较大,说明大样本数据的采集需要两种方法同时使用能够提高数据的完整性和可靠性。本研究的结果为土壤节肢动物研究的方法选择提供了数据支持,具有一定的实际应用性。     

Spatial sampling to detect slug abundance in an arable field

Overuse of molluscicides by farmers in arable systems can lead to environmental and product contamination. Here we assess a simple and inexpensive surface trapping method for monitoring populations of slugs (Deroceras reticulatum and Arion intermedius). This method was biased against small slugs, and against A. intermedius, when compared to direct soil sampling. Regression was used to model the relationship between the results of surface trapping and soil sampling methods. Spatial Analysis by Distance IndicEs (SADIE) algorithms were used to describe the spatial relationships between the two sets of samples. Using both traditional statistical methods and spatial statistics, the spatial information collected from surface traps was sufficient to identify patches and gaps in slug numbers and possibly to allow the spot application of slug control, and thus provide land managers who experience slug damage with a way of reducing molluscicides use, whilst maintaining slug control. Further improvements and applications of the model are discussed.     

Changes in grape phylloxera abundance in ungrafted vineyards

To examine seasonal changes in the abundance of grape phylloxera Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch), several sampling methods were tested at vineyards in Victoria, Australia. At a recently infested site, changes detected by root assessment, trunk trapping, and emergence trapping were closely correlated, although the largest numbers of grape phylloxera were obtained using traps that collected phylloxera emerging from soil. This trapping technique was further used to investigate changes in grape phylloxera numbers across three different sites from southeastern Australia as well as in three consecutive seasons at the same vineyard. Grape phylloxera numbers decreased as vines deteriorated; a single peak of emergence occurred in every summer. Size and timing of emergence peaks varied between sites and also between vine blocks within a site. The number of grape phylloxera trapped was correlated with degree-days. Monitoring soil temperature may provide a way of timing control options against grape phylloxera and a way of identifying peak periods when phylloxera detection surveys should be completed or when grape phylloxera are at the highest risk of spreading among vineyards.     

Hand searching versus pitfall trapping: how to assess biodiversity of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in high altitude equatorial Andes?

The use of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) as bioindicators of environmental change depends on the reliability and the effectiveness of the sampling methods. Those that have been tested in the temperate zone and in tropical forests still await experimentation in tropical high-altitude environments. For the first time, pitfall trapping and hand searching have been compared in Ecuadorian páramo above 4000 m a.s.l., in terms of practical effectiveness. The study was performed on six volcanoes and was based on the comparison of 28 sampling sessions (pitfall trapping and hand searching) performed along two different elevational belts [lower superpáramo (LSP) and upper superpáramo (USP)]. Analyses of sampling sessions showed that detected species richness is slightly higher with hand searching than with pitfall trapping, regardless of the elevation. Additionally, hand searching is more time-effective than pitfall trapping. The performance of the sampling method slightly varies when species assemblage composition is analysed in relation to elevational belts. In the LSP, hand searching and pitfall trapping should be simultaneously used to obtain exhaustive inventories of carabid biodiversity, since different species are likely to be collected by each method. In the USP, hand searching and pitfall trapping efficiency is very similar, but hand searching allows to collect a slightly larger number of species. Lastly, the sample-based rarefaction curves showed that four temporal replicates are mandatory to obtain a robust dataset and an exhaustive inventory of the true species richness and species assemblages composition. Our findings suggest a combined use of hand searching and pitfall trapping in the LSP, while both methods can be used alone for surveying carabids in the USP. Furthermore, hand searching is recommended if the aim is to obtain an inventory of species diversity, whereas pitfall trapping seems more convenient for fine grain ecological and comparative studies.     

The beetle fauna of remnant eucalypt woodlands from the Northern Plains Victoria Australia

The abundance, richness and trophic structure of beetle assemblages (Insecta: Coleoptera) from remnant eucalypt woodlands of the Northern Plains, Victoria, is documented. Three sampling methods (pitfall trapping, direct searching, sweep netting) were used to sample beetles in four seasons over a year. A total of 4487 beetles were sorted into 342 morphospecies from 46 families. Pitfall trapping alone caught the greatest number of families (72%), morphospecies (56%) and specimens (50%). However, direct searching and sweep netting yielded a large number of morphospecies not caught by pitfall trapping. Sampling in summer yielded the greatest number of families (78%) and morphospecies (55%) but the most specimens (31%) were caught during winter. The proportions of different trophic groups varied little across different seasons but greatly for sampling methods. Pitfall trapping caught a higher proportion of predators and a lower proportion of herbivores than other sampling methods. Direct searching caught mostly herbivores, whilst sweep netting captured a large number of fungivores. The results have implications for the design of sampling sets for inventory surveys of invertebrate groups.     

捕获网法及其参数估计

介绍了一种采用标记-重捕获技术估计动物种群密度的捕获网抽样方法。在回顾该方法国内外研究进展的基础上,分析了由于该法参数估算过程复杂和缺乏相关的处理计算软件对其应用的限制,提出了捕获网抽样方法参数估计的表格化处理技术。并以美国New Mexico附近白脚鼠的种群密度调查数据分析为例,介绍了嵌入DPS电子工作表的捕获网抽样参数估计表格化处理过程;最后就捕获网抽样参数估计的研究重点提出一些看法和展望。     

Comparing invasive and noninvasive faecal sampling in wildlife microbiome studies: A case study on wild common cranes

In ecological and conservation studies, responsible researchers strive to obtain rich data while minimizing disturbance to wildlife and ecosystems. We assessed if samples collected noninvasively can be used for faecal microbiome research, comparing microbiota of noninvasively collected faecal samples to those collected from trapped common cranes at the same sites over the same periods. We found significant differences in faecal microbial composition (alpha and beta diversity), which likely did not result from noninvasive sample exposure to soil contaminants, as assessed by comparing bacterial oxygen use profiles. Differences might result from trapped birds' exposure to sedatives or stress. We conclude that if all samples are collected in the same manner, comparative analyses are valid, and noninvasive sampling may better represent host faecal microbiota because there are no trapping effects. Experiments with fresh and delayed sample collection can elucidate effects of environmental exposures on microbiota. Further, controlled tests of stressing or sedation may unravel how trapping affects wildlife microbiota.     

相机陷阱法在潮间带底栖蟹类群落生态学中的应用研究

潮间带大型底栖动物调查是滨海湿地生物多样性监测的重要环节。目前普遍应用的传统侵入性调查方法（挖掘法、手捕法和陷阱诱捕法）存在干扰强、耗时久和劳动密集等问题,无法客观反映活动性较强的蟹类等重要功能类群的群落结构和物种多样性。对陆地野生动物研究中常用的相机陷阱法进行了符合潮间带应用条件的便携式设计,并以红树林蟹类为例,通过与3种传统侵入性调查方法进行对比,探讨相机陷阱法在潮间带底栖蟹类群落生态学研究中的应用。结果表明：（1）相机陷阱法在种群密度测定方面比挖掘法提高2.1倍,比手捕法提高10.3倍,比陷阱诱捕法提高16.3倍;（2）相机陷阱法在调查物种数方面均高于3种传统侵入性调查方法,适用于沙蟹科（Ocypodidae）和方蟹科（Grapsidae）蟹类调查;（3）相机陷阱法对个体大小选择性弱,采样更加全面;（4）相机陷阱法在群落alpha多样性（Shannon-Wiener指数）、beta多样性（样方-多度矩阵总方差Var （Y））和功能多样性（Rao二次熵和功能离散度）调查方面整体不弱于侵入性调查方法。此外,相较于侵入性调查方法,相机陷阱法对沉积物结构破坏小、不干扰蟹类群落结构,在兼顾数据丰富性的同时又具有高效性。然而,由于相机陷阱法基于蟹类底表活动性,无法适用于冬季调查、夜行性蟹类和游泳型蟹类调查。未来,相机陷阱法的发展将与基于深度学习的图像处理技术结合以满足数据处理需求。研究揭示了相机陷阱法在潮间带底栖蟹类群落中的应用优越性与局限性,为潮间带大型底栖动物群落生态学的研究提供技术支撑。     

Toward an optimal sampling protocol for Hemiptera on understorey plants

There are no standardised sampling protocols for inventorying Hemiptera from understorey or canopy plants. This paper proposes an optimal protocol for the understorey, after evaluating the efficiency of seven methods to maximise the richness of Hemiptera collected from plants with minimal field and laboratory time. The methods evaluated were beating, chemical knockdown, sweeping, branch clipping, hand collecting, vacuum sampling and sticky trapping. These techniques were tested at two spatial scales: 1 ha sites and individual plants. In addition, because efficiency may differ with vegetation structure, sampling of sites was conducted in three disparate understorey habitats, and sampling of individual plants was conducted across 33 plant species. No single method sampled the majority of hemipteran species in the understorey. Chemical knockdown, vacuum sampling and beating yielded speciose samples (61, 61 and 30 species, respectively, representing 53, 53 and 26% of total species collected). The four remaining methods provided species-poor samples (<18 species or <16% of total species collected). These methods also had biases towards particular taxa (e.g., branch clipping and hand collecting targeted sessile Hemiptera, and sticky trapping were dominated by five species of Psyllidae). The most time-efficient methods were beating, sweeping and hand collecting (200 minutes of field and laboratory time yielded >7 species for each technique). By comparison, vacuum sampling, sticky trapping, branch clipping and chemical knockdown yielded <5 species for the same period. Chemical knockdown had further disadvantages; high financial cost and potential spray drift. The most effective methods for a standardised sampling protocol to inventory Hemiptera from the understorey are beating and vacuum sampling. If used in combination, these methods optimise the catch of understorey hemipteran species, as their samples have high complementarity.