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1.
张亚立  韩宝龙  孙芳芳 《生态学报》2023,43(17):7023-7034
“两山”理念提升了我国各级各地政府对生态价值的认识和重视,自然资本核算在全球学界研究及应用已进入新的阶段。如何开展常态化的核算与应用,如何将科研分析转化为管理制度,成为该领域新的研究命题。深圳积极响应中央政府要求,开展生态系统服务价值核算,服务生态治理,在全国(乃至全球)率先制定了第一个政府生态系统生产总值(GEP)核算制度体系。介绍了深圳GEP核算制度体系的建设过程,描述了深圳GEP核算的主要特点,以及"十三五"期间(2016-2020年)深圳GEP试算的结果,讨论了深圳GEP在城市治理方面的应用路径。  相似文献   

2.
王晨旭  刘焱序  于超月  苏冲  张文新 《生态学报》2022,42(21):8650-8663
构建面向居民福祉的生态安全体系,统筹考虑生态安全格局中的生态系统要素连通关系和生态系统服务供需关系,是强化国土空间生态修复规划成果,提升居民生态福祉的重要途径。研究基于"源-汇"理论,构建景观生态安全维育网络与生态系统服务亲近网络。结果显示:(1)45%的生态系统服务保护目标是实现高生态系统服务供给和低机会成本的合理阈值,基于此识别的生态供给源地面积为1230.89km2,中心城区及部分主要街道的生态系统服务供需关系呈现高需求-低供给现象;(2)共识别景观生态安全维育廊道75条,其中重要廊道1054km,次重要廊道1154km,一般廊道1366km;(3)生态系统服务亲近廊道分为10个组团,网络化程度低,西北部主要由森林构成,中东部主要由沿河湿地提供服务;(4)构建临沂市"三区两带五廊多组团"的国土空间生态安全格局,在保障景观生态安全的同时有效协调区域生态系统服务供求关系,促进生态-社会协同可持续发展。  相似文献   

3.
国家重点生态功能区2010-2015年生态系统服务价值变化评估   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
国家重点生态功能区是国家重要的生态安全屏障,其生态保护价值对维护国家生态安全具有重要意义。基于单位面积价值当量因子的生态系统服务价值化方法,采用模型运算和地理信息空间分析,定量分析了25个国家重点生态功能区在实施转移支付后(2010-2015年)生态系统服务价值的时空分布格局及其变化特征。研究结果表明:(1)2015年,全国重点生态功能区生态系统服务价值呈现明显的"西北低,东南高"的分布格局。从25个重点生态功能区来看,中高值区的面积占比31.60%,个数占比60%。4类自然生态功能区的生态系统服务价值大小排序为水土保持型功能区 > 生物多样性维护型功能区 > 水源涵养型功能区 > 防风固沙型功能区。(2)2010-2015年,全国重点生态功能区的生态系统服务价值整体呈明显增加趋势,增幅为16.46%。从空间分布来看,80.14%面积的生态系统服务价值基本持衡;从分级变化特征来看,高值区、较高值区的面积增加,中值区面积减少,较低值区面积增加,低值区面积减少。(3)近5年来,25个重点生态功能区的生态系统服务价值呈增加的有21个,占比84%,而生态系统服务价值出现减少区域的变化幅度均小于1%;4类自然生态功能区生态系统服务价值均呈增加趋势,其变化幅度从高到低依次为水土保持生态功能区(1.44%) > 水源涵养生态功能区(0.22%) > 防风固沙生态功能区(0.21%) > 生物多样性生态功能区(0.08%)。生态系统服务价值整体呈上升趋势,反映出生态保护与工程建设成效明显。本文研究成果可为分类分区开展生态系统保护、改善及其效果的定量综合评估提供科学依据,为重点生态功能区管理和国家生态安全格局的构建提供有效参考依据。  相似文献   

4.
包妲  李杰  刘锋  胡金明 《生态学报》2021,41(17):6960-6969
缅甸土地利用变化对其生态系统服务的影响与中缅绿色"一带一路"、中缅经济走廊建设等重大战略的长期合作息息相关。利用缅甸1995年和2015年的土地利用数据,结合Costanza生态系统服务价值系数表,分析缅甸土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响。结果表明:(1)1995-2015年,缅甸土地利用类型以林地(71%)和耕地(26%)为主,林地和草地面积减少,而其他地类增加;林地和耕地之间的转化显著。(2)缅甸生态系统服务价值约4600-4700亿美元,林地贡献最大;调节(48%)和支持(29%)服务价值比重较大;(3)生态系统服务总价值增加了66.26亿美元,调节、供给和支持服务价值增加,而文化服务价值减少;生态系统服务二级类型中:废物处理、食物供给、生境/避难所等增加,气候调节、遗传资源、水土保持功能等减少;(4)缅甸土地利用变化对生态系统服务总价值和生态系统服务一级类型总价值影响较小,但生态系统服务二级类型价值的"此消彼长"会影响缅甸生态安全和生物多样性,在未来中缅"一带一路"建设中需要重点关注。  相似文献   

5.
韩逸  赵文武  郑博福 《生态学报》2021,41(3):1259-1265
中国生态文明与可持续发展2020年学术论坛于2020年11月11日至15日在江西省南昌市举行,论坛吸引了来自国内70余所高校和科研院所的近360名专家学者参与。本次论坛的主题是"推进生态文明建设,促进区域可持续发展"。论坛围绕9个专题展开,分别是:(1)流域生态环境保护与可持续发展;(2)生态文明建设与乡村可持续发展;(3)高原生态保护与可持续发展;(4)生态经济与区域发展;(5)生态文明与国土空间规划;(6)生态文明背景下的国土综合整治与生态修复;(7)喀斯特地区生态文明建设与可持续发展;(8)湿地监测评估与规划管理;(9)生态系统服务与生态产品供给。对我国生态文明建设与区域可持续发展研究的启示有:(1)加强生态文明建设,深化生态系统服务与可持续发展之间的动态连接;(2)注重社会-生态系统的耦合;(3)关注区域间的平衡,协同促进区域可持续发展;(4)开展国土空间生态修复、推动生态文明建设与可持续发展。  相似文献   

6.
自然资本流变及其对生态系统服务价值的演变路径   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
刘颂  戴常文 《生态学报》2021,41(3):1189-1198
生态系统服务价值化是将生态系统惠益于人类社会的价值进行量化,以评估生态系统服务状态,便于生态系统监测和管理。自然资本是生态系统服务的来源,结合自然资本视角进行生态系统服务价值化,其成果有利于提高生态系统保护政策制定的精准性和统筹力,有利于创新生态系统服务评估方法。通过梳理自然资本概念的缘起与发展过程,认为自然资本经历了"同义指代"、"边界明晰"、"多领域交汇"和"隐喻多义"四个阶段逐步丰富的过程。当今针对自然资本研究的三种主流视角,即将自然资本视为"产生经济价值的资产"、"产生服务流的存量"和"金融资本"为生态系统服务的价值化提供了多种途径。生态系统服务价值化的过程要体现可持续发展的基本目标,保证自然资本的稳定,维持人类社会代际公平。以此为前提,鼓励生态系统价值化视角的多样性。价值化途径应关注生态系统服务的时空动态变化、多种服务协同作用和供需权衡。生态系统服务价值化是自然资本金融杠杆化的推手,应警惕有可能带来的金融风险和生态风险。  相似文献   

7.
主体功能区视角下的生态补偿研究——以湖北省为例   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
王雯雯  叶菁  张利国  魏超  张红伟  刘寒寒 《生态学报》2020,40(21):7816-7825
合理界定区域生态补偿主客体,确定生态补偿优先级是构建区域生态补偿机制的核心内容。从主体功能区视角出发,在测算湖北省生态系统服务价值的基础上,界定生态受偿与补偿支付主体,确定生态受偿与补偿支付等级与次序。结果表明:(1)湖北省生态系统服务总价值、市场价值和非市场价值在空间分布上具有相似性,总体呈现出"西部高,东中低"的格局,高值区多集中于重点生态功能区和农产品主产区,低值区多集中于重点开发区;(2)30个重点生态功能区的生态受偿等级总体分为五级,呈现出"西高东低"的空间分布格局,房县为第一生态受偿区;(3)29个农产品主产区生态受偿优先级总体分为五级,随县为生态受偿一级区域;(4)30个重点开发区的补偿支付等级总体分为五级,呈现出"东先西后"的空间分布格局,在生态补偿支付实践中,国家层面重点开发区应先于省级层面重点开发区。  相似文献   

8.
湟水流域生态系统服务供需匹配关系   总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2  
占湉  于洋  吴秀芹 《生态学报》2021,41(18):7260-7272
生态系统服务供需可以反映出区域生态经济发展协调水平,在空间上量化生态系统服务的供给和需求,识别生态系统服务的供需匹配关系,对区域生态系统可持续管理具有重要意义。湟水流域是西北生态屏障建设的重要组成部分,其生态系统服务供需平衡直接关系到青海东部地区的生态安全,为了识别流域生态系统服务供需匹配状况,综合集成多源数据,运用多种生物物理模型定量评估湟水流域食物生产、产水、土壤保持和碳固定服务,刻画流域内生态系统服务供需格局的空间特征,揭示各项生态系统服务供需的空间聚集模式,生成具有高度连通性的区域,为生态优先保护区划分提供参考。研究表明:(1)湟水流域生态系统服务供给和需求在空间分布上具有高度异质性,除去产水服务,其他三项生态系统服务整体上能够满足流域内部需求,但局部区域仍然呈现明显的赤字特征;(2)不同生态系统服务的供需比差异明显,由高到低依次为是碳固存(0.188)、食物生产(0.114)、土壤保持(0.026)和产水服务(-0.021),各项服务的供需比都具有显著的空间差异;(3)流域内生态系统服务供需的空间错配现象突出,除产水服务外,各项生态系统服务都有"高供给低需求"地区和"低供给高需求"地区,"高供给低需求"区主要分布在流域上游生态基底条件好的区域,"低供给高需求"区集中在流域中下游的河湟谷地;(4)土地利用类型影响生态系统服务供需平衡,流域实现供需平衡需要适度增加林草地比例,控制耕地和城市用地的扩张。研究系统分析了湟水流域生态系统服务供需盈亏状况,可为流域生态系统可持续管理与土地资源配置决策提供科学支撑。  相似文献   

9.
韩晓佳  王继军  赵晓翠  王超远  夏雨 《生态学报》2021,41(12):4720-4731
生态脆弱区抗干扰能力弱,明确其系统的生态潜力,在潜力的基础上开发利用资源对区域的可持续发展具有重要的意义。研究基于生态系统服务价值视角,尝试测度农业生态经济系统生态潜力,同时以三产融合典型代表乡镇为研究对象,对其农业生态经济系统生态潜力和主导产业进行时空分析,最后对生态系统加以功能分区。结果显示:(1)气体调节、气候调节、水源涵养和土壤形成与保护是生态系统提供的主要服务功能。随退耕还林工程实施,林地面积的增加使生态系统服务价值量随之上升,在空间上呈现"中间低两翼高"的格局。(2)农业生态经济系统生态潜力受服务价值与资源开发过程影响,与生态系统服务价值在空间上相对一致,呈现出"两翼高中间低,北高南低"的分布格局,其中,退耕还林工程的推进直接导致林地的生态潜力增加,耕地的生态潜力减少。(3)研究区在退耕过程中形成以大棚种植为主的设施农业、以农林特色销售为主的商品型种植农业,以山地苹果为主的林果产业以及以酒店商贸为主的服务行业。并随城镇一体化的推进,主导产业呈现出由传统粗放型大田种植向集约型设施农业方向发展。在空间上形成了以镇区分布为主的第三产业、依托拐沟坡地的林果产业和沿川道展开的设施农业的产业布局。(4)基于生态系统服务价值,研究区农业生态经济系统功能区划分为城镇生态环境维护区(第Ⅰ类型区)、农业生态保护区(第Ⅱ类型区)、生态安全屏障区(第Ⅲ类区)3个区域。  相似文献   

10.
楚智  徐长春  罗映雪  孙琪 《生态学报》2021,41(18):7380-7392
以《生态保护红线划定指南》为依据,在开展区域生态系统服务功能重要性和生态环境敏感性评价的基础上,对塔里木河流域的生态保护红线区域进行划定,并基于FLUS情景模拟、生态系统服务价值(ESV)估算、景观格局指数计算和空间自相关分析等方法,评估生态保护红线政策在塔里木河流域实施后的生态效益。研究结果表明:(1)划定生态保护红线区域总面积133721 km2,占流域总面积的13.01%,植被净初级生产力(NPP)比红线之外的研究区平均值高3.61倍,划定结果符合"以较小面积获取较大服务"的原则。(2)生态保护红线区域提供了全流域44.55%的ESV,调节服务和供给服务是生态系统的最主要功能,其中冰川湖泊贡献了生态保护红线区域52.28%的ESV。(3)生态保护红线政策情景在2030年的ESV比2015年增加了11.96%,且ESV高值面积增加了5.95%,高ESV低风险区域面积增加了6.37%,流域生态系统内部稳定,拥有较高的抵抗风险能力,生态系统结构配置最优。生态保护红线政策能够为塔里木河流域的生态系统稳定和"既要金山银山,又要绿水青山"的可持续发展提供理论支持。  相似文献   

11.
Ecosystem services provide an instinctive way to understand the trade-offs associated with natural resource management. However, despite their apparent usefulness, several hurdles have prevented ecosystem services from becoming deeply embedded in environmental decision-making. Ecosystem service studies vary widely in focal services, geographic extent, and in methods for defining and measuring services. Dissent among scientists on basic terminology and approaches to evaluating ecosystem services create difficulties for those trying to incorporate ecosystem services into decision-making. To facilitate clearer comparison among recent studies, we provide a synthesis of common terminology and explain a rationale and framework for distinguishing among the components of ecosystem service delivery, including: an ecosystem's capacity to produce services; ecological pressures that interfere with an ecosystem's ability to provide the service; societal demand for the service; and flow of the service to people. We discuss how interpretation and measurement of these four components can differ among provisioning, regulating, and cultural services. Our flexible framework treats service capacity, ecological pressure, demand, and flow as separate but interactive entities to improve our ability to evaluate the sustainability of service provision and to help guide management decisions. We consider ecosystem service provision to be sustainable when demand is met without decreasing capacity for future provision of that service or causing undesirable declines in other services. When ecosystem service demand exceeds ecosystem capacity to provide services, society can choose to enhance natural capacity, decrease demand and/or ecological pressure, or invest in a technological substitute. Because regulating services are frequently overlooked in environmental assessments, we provide a more detailed examination of regulating services and propose a novel method for quantifying the flow of regulating services based on estimates of ecological work. We anticipate that our synthesis and framework will reduce inconsistency and facilitate coherence across analyses of ecosystem services, thereby increasing their utility in environmental decision-making.  相似文献   

12.
Indicating ecosystem and landscape organisation   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
This paper presents a brief outline of the theoretical and conceptual fundamentals for the derivation of an ecosystem oriented indicator system to demonstrate the state of ecological entities on a holistic basis. There are two branches of argumentation: on a normative level, the sustainability principle is interpreted from an anthropocentric point-of-view; sustainability in this context means to provide ecosystem services on a broad scale and a long-term basis, including the attempt to avoid unspecific ecological risks. A second line-of-argumentation bases on the principles of ecosystem analysis and the theory of ecological orientation. Consequently, the aspired indicandum is the self-organising capacity of ecosystems, and the indicator sets represents an aggregate of structural and functional ecosystem features in a developing environment. The indicator set is demonstrated by one case study from the Bornhoeved Lakes ecosystem research project.  相似文献   

13.
14.
生态系统原理与可持续农业   总被引:15,自引:2,他引:13  
论述了农业生态系统的能量流动物质循环原理、系统相关原理、相生相克原理、忍耐极限原理、结构功能原理、系统开放原理、限制因子原理、非加和原理、生物竞争原理和竞争排斥原理 ;认为中国生态农业是一种较为典型的可持续发展的农业系统类型 ,建议在国家持续农业发展进程中要积极推行生态农业 .  相似文献   

15.
Following the advances in the field of the thermodynamics of far-from-equilibrium systems, several ecological orientors (indicators able to describe the stage and orientation of ecosystem development) incorporating entropy terms have been proposed. Although most of the proposed functions have a good theoretical basis and have proved to perform adequately as ecological indicators, their suitability as ecological orientors has yet to receive a full confirmation in real case studies. The aim of the present contribution is to examine how several entropy-based indicators (exergy, structural information, entropy production, specific entropy production and the Eco-exergy index) perform as orientors when applied to a special case of ecological succession, i.e. eutrophication, in a homogeneous set of shallow lakes lying along a trophic gradient, from oligotrophy to hyper-eutrophy. The results show that a coherent pattern of response emerge, which is also consistent with the classical ecological theory. In particular, the maximisation of storage and the minimisation of specific entropy production are confirmed as the most reliable principles of ecosystem development, whereas the maximisation of dissipation (as entropy production) appears as a debatable criterion of development.  相似文献   

16.
生态系统模拟模型的研究进展   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
从四个方面概述了生态系统模拟模型的发展现状:1)个体及种群,种群动态模型主要模拟在一个生境中单个种的动、植物个体出生或发芽、成长及其死亡过程,还有种内竞争和种间相互作用,主要分析生境中生物之间的相互作用。主要概述了林窗模型和土壤一植物一大气系统模型。2)群落与生态系统,概述了生态系统生产力模型、生物地球化学循环模型及演替模型。主要模拟植物种类在整个生态系统发展过程中的变化,以及植被类型的转变和相关的生物地球化学循环过程的改变,从而反映生物群落对气候变化的响应。3)景观生态系统,景观动态研究包含了时空两个方面的动态变化,一般可分为随机景观模型和基于过程的景观模型。随机模型用于模拟群落格局在演替过程中的动态变化等,基于过程的景观模型深入研究组成景观的各生态系统的空间结构。4)生物圈与地球生态系统,基于过程的陆地生物地球化学模式被用来研究自然生态系统中碳和其它矿物营养物质的潜在通量和蓄积量,较为流行的模式有陆地生态系统模式TEM、CENTURY、法兰克福生物圈模式FBM、Biome-BGC、卡内基-埃姆斯-斯坦福方法CASA等。这些模式己被用于估算自然生态系统对大气CO2加倍及相关气候变化在区域和全球尺度的平衡响应。最后,结合实际工作展望了生态系统模拟模型在各方面的发展方向。  相似文献   

17.
论生态安全的基本概念和研究内容   总被引:388,自引:18,他引:370  
安全是风险的反函数,通常指评价对象对于期望值状态的保障程度,或防止非理想的不确定性事件发生的可靠性。生态安全可定义为人类在生产、生活与健康等方面不受生态破坏与环境污染等影响的保障程度,包括饮用水与食物安全、空气质量与绿色环境等基本要素。生态安全研究的主要内容包括生态系统健康诊断、区域生态风险分析、景观安全格局、生态安全监测与预警以及生态安全管理、保障等方面。区域生态安全研究具有宏观性和针对性的特点,评价标准则具有相对性和发展性,生态安全预警与设计要针对某一生态问题体现人类活动的能动性。最后,以干旱内流区为例,对绿洲景观的生态安全分析和内陆河流域的生态安全保障措施进行了讨论。  相似文献   

18.
Ecosystem services research faces several challenges stemming from the plurality of interpretations of classifications and terminologies. In this paper we identify two main challenges with current ecosystem services classification systems: i) the inconsistency across concepts, terminology and definitions, and; ii) the mix up of processes and end-state benefits, or flows and assets. Although different ecosystem service definitions and interpretations can be valuable for enriching the research landscape, it is necessary to address the existing ambiguity to improve comparability among ecosystem-service-based approaches. Using the cascade framework as a reference, and Systems Ecology as a theoretical underpinning, we aim to address the ambiguity across typologies. The cascade framework links ecological processes with elements of human well-being following a pattern similar to a production chain. Systems Ecology is a long-established discipline which provides insight into complex relationships between people and the environment. We present a refreshed conceptualization of ecosystem services which can support ecosystem service assessment techniques and measurement. We combine the notions of biomass, information and interaction from system ecology, with the ecosystem services conceptualization to improve definitions and clarify terminology. We argue that ecosystem services should be defined as the interactions (i.e. processes) of the ecosystem that produce a change in human well-being, while ecosystem components or goods, i.e. countable as biomass units, are only proxies in the assessment of such changes. Furthermore, Systems Ecology can support a re-interpretation of the ecosystem services conceptualization and related applied research, where more emphasis is needed on the underpinning complexity of the ecological system.  相似文献   

19.
Three dimensions (natural, social and economic factors) in tradeoff analysis have not been focused in ecology. It is necessary to consider the multi-dimensions through a tradeoff analysis of disturbances to find their positive and negative effects (referred to as two-sidedness). We proposed an 11-step approach to integrate the concepts, methods and examples to understand ecological two-sidedness. We recommend that: (1) ecological complexity and large-scale systematic perspectives need to be integrated; (2) disparate disciplines should be integrated to classify the two-sidedness indicators; (3) models should be adopted to define the characteristic metrics of disturbed ecosystems; (4) researchers need to reconsider evaluation standards and for each indicator with marginal changes; and (5) initial decision-making should refer to the two-sidedness value and that final decision-making should be subject to debate. This approach has great significance for ecosystem management because decision-makers can obtain the superiority and inferiority of disturbance strategies and select optimal strategy.  相似文献   

20.
Ecological Footprint accounting is used to track human demand on the Earth's biological resource flows, and compares that demand with the Earth's capacity to generate these flows. It is an evolving tool which has undergone many improvements alongside advancements in science and in response to critical review. Here we respond to van den Bergh and Grazi's recent points of criticism toward Ecological Footprint accounting. While the authors suggest that new criticism is accumulating, the main issues appear to be the same. We suggest that the majority of the criticism is derived from the misconception that the Ecological Footprint measures land “use,” which cannot exceed land availability. In response to these criticisms, we aim here to summarize and further clarify the major points of debate and confusion and allow readers to determine the relevance of these issues. We conclude that much of the prior discussion and many of the points repeated here reflect a divergence in general philosophical or semantic perspectives.  相似文献   

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