精确重建古大气CO2浓度的气孔方法

为了更好地理解大气CO2浓度与气候之间的耦合关系,维护自然与人类社会的可持续发展,精确重建古大气CO2浓度的变化尤为重要。在众多研究古大气CO2浓度的方法中,化石植物叶片气孔方法已被证明是一种比较精确和理想的方法。文章介绍了气孔方法恢复古大气CO2浓度的概念、方法以及最新应用,用气孔比率法恢复了中国西北地区早、中侏罗世的大气CO2浓度变化。其趋势为：从早侏罗世普林斯巴赫期一中侏罗世阿林期一巴柔期,大气CO2浓度先是下降,而后持续上升,整个时期的大气CO2浓度在1000—1500ppmv之间,这种趋势与Bernet的碳平衡模型基本一致,并指出恢复的古大气CO2浓度低于碳平衡模型值可能是由于海拔引起的。最后提出了几个方面的研究前景。     

南极维多利亚地南部Carapace Nunatak中侏罗世孢粉植物群

南极维多利亚地的费拉群孢粉植物时代一直被认为是早株罗世、从维多利亚地南部Ｃａｒａｐａｃｅ Ｎｕｎａｔａｋ费拉群火山岩夹杂中发现的数量丰富,类型多样的孢粉化石。可与澳大利亚西部、阿根廷、印度及巴基斯孢粉植物群比较,推断费拉群时代应为中侏罗世,并很可能为中侏罗世早期。这一结论得到从相同地点获得的叶肢介化石的佐证。根据孢子花粉化石的可能植物亲缘关系,推断中侏罗世早期维多利亚地南部以掌鳞杉科植物较繁盛,并     

甘肃窑街中侏罗统煤系沉积的孢粉记录及其古气候意义

窑街组是我国西北地区一套典型的中侏罗统含煤沉积序列。本文对其展开孢粉分析研究,结果显示总体以裸子植物松柏类Pseudopinus、Pinuspollenites、Pseudopicea、Protopicea和Podocarpidites为主,其次为以桫椤科/蚌壳蕨科Cyathidites/Deltoidospora为主的蕨类植被,其他零星出现有紫萁科Osmundacidites,杉科Perinopollenites和Taxodiaceaepollenites,掌鳞杉科Classopollis等。孢粉植物群总体指示相对温暖湿润的气候环境。而自下而上,孢粉植物群组成则显示显著变化,大致可划分为三个组合,分别为以两气囊、原始囊型花粉以及Chasmatosporites为主的松柏-银杏植物群,以Cyathidites/Deltoidospora为主的蕨类植物群以及以两气囊、原始囊型花粉为主的松柏类植物群。蕨类和松柏类植被反映截然不同的气候环境,因此植物群的纵向变化,进一步反映出中侏罗世窑街地区可能存在较大幅度气候变化。     

水杉属和红杉属化石叶表皮鉴定参照系的特殊性

杉科植物的许多属种在小枝的形态和叶片排列上相似,而杉科植物的化石标本多保存为枝叶形式。表皮的特征作为压型化石枝叶标本细胞信息的重要来源,甚至是惟一来源。一直作为杉科植物化石分类鉴定的主要依据。水杉和北美红杉分别是水杉属和红杉属植物化石的惟一现存最近亲缘种,以往关于北美红杉的气孔分布和排列等方面的报道存在分歧,根据作者的研究,北美红杉的表皮特征变异幅度非常广。水杉的气孔分布也与以往报道有差异。利用表皮的特征鉴定杉科植物化石时;不同的处理方法和处理时间,角质层的完整程度和观察数量等均可以影响植物表皮特征的正确获取。     

吐鲁番拗陷北部中侏罗世孢粉植物群

报道了新疆吐鲁番拗陷北部勒1、米1、山1和墩1井中侏罗世孢粉化石52属81种。建立了本区中侏罗世孢粉组合：Cyathidites-Psophyosphaera-Cycadopite组合、Cyathidites-Quadraeculina-Classopollis组合和Cyathidites-Callialas-porites-Classopollis组合。它们分别产自西山窑组、三间房组和七克台组。根据孢粉组合特征及其对比,认为3个组合的地质时代属阿林－巴通期。经研究表明,中侏罗世早期的植被是以银杏、苏铁类和松柏类等乔木为主体,并伴有桫椤科树蕨及紫萁科和卷柏科等草本植物。古气候应属温暖潮湿的亚热带气候。至中侏罗世中晚期,掌鳞杉科植物在植被中占主导地位,指示当时的气候趋于干旱。     

吐鲁番拗陷北部中侏罗世孢粉植物群

报道了新疆吐鲁番拗陷北部勒1、米1 、山1和墩1井中侏罗世孢粉化石52属81种.建立了本区中侏罗世孢粉组合: Cyathidites-Psophosphaera-Cycadopite 组合、 Cyathidites-Quadraeculina-Classopollis 组合和 Cyathidites-Callialasporites-Classopollis 组合.它们分别产自西山窑组、三间房组和七克台组.根据孢粉组合特征及其对比, 认为3个组合的地质时代属阿林-巴通期.经研究表明, 中侏罗世早期的植被是以银杏、苏铁类和松柏类等乔木为主体, 并伴有桫椤科树蕨及紫萁科和卷柏科等草本植物.古气候应属温暖潮湿的亚热带气候.至中侏罗世中晚期, 掌鳞杉科植物在植被中占主导地位, 指示当时的气候趋于干旱.     

湖北秭归盆地中侏罗世陈家湾组孢粉组合的发现及其意义

本文首次报道了湖北秭归盆地陈家湾组孢粉组合,该组合可归入Cyathidites minor-Classopollis Callialasporites为代表的组合,时代属中侏罗世。陈家湾组孢粉组合的特征反映了秭归盆地中侏罗世泄滩组、陈家湾组和沙溪庙组三个组的孢粉组合的面貌基本一致,仅早期组合与中、晚期组合略有差别。建议以Gyathidites minor-classopollis-callialasportes组合代表湖北西部——重庆地区中侏罗世孢粉组合,早期为Lunzisporites pallidus亚组合,中晚期为Converrrcosisporites venitus亚组合。根据孢粉植物群在本区侏罗纪垂直分布情况,提出早侏罗世时期属亚热带一热带炎热潮湿气候环境,植物生长茂盛;早侏罗世之后,潮湿的气候仍占主导地位,但出现了干旱的先兆;中侏罗世早期进入了半干旱阶段,随后即为炎热干旱的气候所笼罩;至晚侏罗世达到非常干旱的程度,植物种类十份单调,唯有掌鳞杉科植物占据着统治地位。     

英国约克郡海相下白垩统完整保存的假拟节柏枝条(英文)

首次描述英格兰北部东约克郡海相下白垩统斯匹敦泥岩组欧特里夫阶岩段所产出已灭绝的掌鳞杉科松柏稀枝假拟节柏保存特别完好的营养枝。由于很高程度的黄铁矿化,这些枝条几乎没有受到挤压而是呈三维立体形状,并且其内部解剖构造很大程度上得到保存,尤其是木质组织。这些枝条为原来的角质层所包裹,因而其表皮构造的解剖细节,包括气孔器的特征也完好保存着。本文是对斯匹敦泥岩组中可资鉴定植物化石的首次详尽的报道。此研究拓展和补充了先前局限于对英格兰南方和其它地区主要为陆相岩层中产出的稀枝假拟节柏研究。     

植物叶片化石气孔参数与古海拔定量重建: 方法与进展

古海拔的定量重建在推演地球动力学模型、大气循环模式、古气候变化以及地球化学循环过程方面都具有十分重要的作用,但是迄今为止在古植物学和古环境研究领域中古海拔的定量重建仍然存在许多难点。本文在介绍目前古海拔定量重建领域几种方法的基础上,重点对植物叶片化石气孔参数及其应用与进展进行了讨论,着重介绍:(1)如何利用植物叶片化石气孔参数法恢复古海拔;(2)方法实践过程中的误差来源与分析;(3)应用实例及展望。     

四川筠连煤田与纹鳞杉化石

不久前,在四川南部筠连地区发现了特大的煤田,它的煤储量达24亿顿,可采煤层厚达5—7米。你知道吗,这个煤田的发现,还有一种古植物化石——纹鳞杉的一份功劳呢! 几年来,四川煤田普查队在这个地区的晚二迭统地层中,发现了这一化石。这种生活在古生代晚期的纹鳞杉,是现在松柏类的原始祖先。它的小枝排列不规则;叶螺旋式排列,呈覆瓦状,长卵形。叶的表面有平行细纹,中脉不清楚。这类化石在四川还是首次发现,而最早是在1940年,由我国古植物学家斯行健在     

Fossil plant evidence for Early and Middle Jurassic paleoenvironmental changes in Lanzhou area, Northwest China

Estimating the paleoclimate changes through CO₂ levels has become a promising area of geological research. This paper focuses on analysis of fossil Ginkgo in continuous sedimentary series in northwestern China using plant anatomy and organic geochemistry approaches. The CO₂ variation curve during Early and Middle Jurassic is reconstructed based on the stomatal ratio method, which is consistent with the estimated results of GEOCARB III. In comparison with the carbon isotopic composition measured from the fossil leaves of Ginkgo, we suggest that the stomata-based CO₂ concentrations for the Jurassic are generally consistent with the predictions of the geochemical model, ranging from 1000 to 1600 ppmv. Measurements of carbon isotope values demonstrate that the water use efficiency of the fossil Ginkgo in a “green house” world is higher than that of the living Ginkgo. Investigations of physiological responses of plants to the increasing CO₂ level at the present and in the future should help demonstrate this effect. The cause of the carbon isotopic shift at the boundary between Aalenian and Bajocian for the Yaojie Basin is unclear and therefore needs further investigation.     

No heat-stimulated germination found in herbaceous species from burned subtropical grassland

The inverse relationship between numbers of stomata (stomatal frequency) on tree leaves and ambient CO₂ concentration is increasingly applied for reconstructing past atmospheric CO₂ levels. The abundance of leaf remains of Quercus robur in Holocene peat and lake deposits in Europe makes this species potentially suitable for high-resolution stomatal frequency analysis. In order to quantify the CO₂ responsiveness of the species, the behavior of the stomatal index for Q. robur during the current anthropogenic CO₂ increase is determined on the basis of buried, herbarium and modern leaf material from the Netherlands. The stomatal index (SI), expressing the ratio of the number of stomata in a given area divided by the total number of stomata and other epidermal cells in that same area, is used in order to minimize influences on stomatal frequency of environmental conditions other than CO₂. The sigmoid SI response pattern recorded for Q. robur resembles that of the closely related species Q. petraea, although there is a difference in the timing of the response limitation of the two species to increasing atmospheric CO₂. For calibration purposes only the linear phase of the sigmoidal response curve is taken into consideration in the presented CO₂ response model, which allows confident combination of Q. robur and Q. petraea over the interval from 290 to 325 ppmv CO₂. The model is conservative in reconstructing past CO₂ mixing ratios outside the range of monitored response. As a result of the observed SI response limit, the model predicts CO₂ levels below 325 ppmv with a mean error of 10.2 ppmv, whereas higher CO₂ levels are underestimated.     

A new positive relationship between pCO2 and stomatal frequency in Quercus guyavifolia (Fagaceae): a potential proxy for palaeo-CO2 levels

Background and Aims The inverse relationship between atmospheric CO₂ partial pressure (pCO₂) and stomatal frequency in many species of plants has been widely used to estimate palaeoatmospheric CO₂ (palaeo-CO₂) levels; however, the results obtained have been quite variable. This study attempts to find a potential new proxy for palaeo-CO₂ levels by analysing stomatal frequency in Quercus guyavifolia (Q. guajavifolia, Fagaceae), an extant dominant species of sclerophyllous forests in the Himalayas with abundant fossil relatives.Methods Stomatal frequency was analysed for extant samples of Q. guyavifolia collected from17 field sites at altitudes ranging between 2493 and 4497 m. Herbarium specimens collected between 1926 and 2011 were also examined. Correlations of pCO₂–stomatal frequency were determined using samples from both sources, and these were then applied to Q. preguyavaefolia fossils in order to estimate palaeo-CO₂ concentrations for two late-Pliocene floras in south-western China.Key Results In contrast to the negative correlations detected for most other species that have been studied, a positive correlation between pCO₂ and stomatal frequency was determined in Q. guyavifolia sampled from both extant field collections and historical herbarium specimens. Palaeo-CO₂ concentrations were estimated to be approx. 180–240 ppm in the late Pliocene, which is consistent with most other previous estimates.Conclusions A new positive relationship between pCO₂ and stomatal frequency in Q. guyavifolia is presented, which can be applied to the fossils closely related to this species that are widely distributed in the late-Cenozoic strata in order to estimate palaeo-CO₂ concentrations. The results show that it is valid to use a positive relationship to estimate palaeo-CO₂ concentrations, and the study adds to the variety of stomatal density/index relationships that available for estimating pCO₂. The physiological mechanisms underlying this positive response are unclear, however, and require further research.     

Stomatal density and aperture in non-vascular land plants are non-responsive to above-ambient atmospheric CO2 concentrations

Background and Aims Following the consensus view for unitary origin and conserved function of stomata across over 400 million years of land plant evolution, stomatal abundance has been widely used to reconstruct palaeo-atmospheric environments. However, the responsiveness of stomata in mosses and hornworts, the most basal stomate lineages of extant land plants, has received relatively little attention. This study aimed to redress this imbalance and provide the first direct evidence of bryophyte stomatal responsiveness to atmospheric CO₂.Methods A selection of hornwort (Anthoceros punctatus, Phaeoceros laevis) and moss (Polytrichum juniperinum, Mnium hornum, Funaria hygrometrica) sporophytes with contrasting stomatal morphologies were grown under different atmospheric CO₂ concentrations ([CO₂]) representing both modern (440 p.p.m. CO₂) and ancient (1500 p.p.m. CO₂) atmospheres. Upon sporophyte maturation, stomata from each bryophyte species were imaged, measured and quantified.Key Results Densities and dimensions were unaffected by changes in [CO₂], other than a slight increase in stomatal density in Funaria and abnormalities in Polytrichum stomata under elevated [CO₂].Conclusions The changes to stomata in Funaria and Polytrichum are attributed to differential growth of the sporophytes rather than stomata-specific responses. The absence of responses to changes in [CO₂] in bryophytes is in line with findings previously reported in other early lineages of vascular plants. These findings strengthen the hypothesis of an incremental acquisition of stomatal regulatory processes through land plant evolution and urge considerable caution in using stomatal densities as proxies for paleo-atmospheric CO₂ concentrations.     

13C discrimination by fossil leaves during the late-glacial climate oscillation 12-10 ka BP: measurements and physiological controls

The late-glacial climatic oscillation, 12-10 ka BP, is characterised in ice core oxygen isotope profiles by a rapid and abrupt return to glacial climate. Recent work has shown that associated with this cooling was a drop in atmospheric CO₂ concentration of ca. 50 ppm. In this paper, the impact of these environmental changes on ¹³C discrimination is reported, based on measurements made on a continuous sequence of fossil Salix herbacea leaves from a single site. The plant responses were interpreted using an integrated model of stomatal conductance, CO₂ assimilation and intercellular CO₂ concentration, influenced by external environmental factors. According to the model, temperature exerts a marked influence on ¹³C discrimination by leaves and the pattern of ¹³C changes recorded by the fossil leaves is consistent with other palaeotemperature curves for 12-10 ka BP, particularly the deuterium isotope record from Alaskan Salix woods, which generally reflects ocean temperatures. The gas exchange model correctly accounts for these changes and so permits the reconstruction of ancient rates of leaf CO₂ uptake and loss of water vapour in response to the abrupt late-glacial changes in global climate and CO₂. The approach provides the required physiological underpinning for extracting quantitative estimates of past temperatures and for contributing an ecophysiological explanation for changes in ¹³C discrimination in the fossil record.     

CO2 alters water use,carbon gain,and yield for the dominant species in a natural grassland

Global atmospheric CO₂ is increasing at a rate of 1.5–2 ppm per year and is predicted to double by the end of the next century. Understanding how terrestrial ecosystems will respond in this changing environment is an important goal of current research. Here we present results from a field study of elevated CO₂ in a California annual grassland. Elevated CO₂ led to lower leaf-level stomatal conductance and transpiration (approximately 50%) and higher mid-day leaf water potentials (30–35%) in the most abundant species of the grassland, Avena barbata Brot. Higher CO₂ concentrations also resulted in greater midday photosynthetic rates (70% on average). The effects of CO₂ on stomatal conductance and leaf water potential decreased towards the end of the growing season, when Avena began to show signs of senescence. Water-use efficiency was approximately doubled in elevated CO₂, as estimated by instantaneous gas-exchange measurements and seasonal carbon isotope discrimination. Increases in CO₂ and photosynthesis resulted in more seeds per plant (30%) and taller and heavier plants (27% and 41%, respectively). Elevated CO₂ also reduced seed N concentrations (9%).     

A stomatal optimization theory to describe the effects of atmospheric CO2 on leaf photosynthesis and transpiration

Background and Aims

Global climate models predict decreases in leaf stomatal conductance and transpiration due to increases in atmospheric CO₂. The consequences of these reductions are increases in soil moisture availability and continental scale run-off at decadal time-scales. Thus, a theory explaining the differential sensitivity of stomata to changing atmospheric CO₂ and other environmental conditions must be identified. Here, these responses are investigated using optimality theory applied to stomatal conductance.

Methods

An analytical model for stomatal conductance is proposed based on: (a) Fickian mass transfer of CO₂ and H₂O through stomata; (b) a biochemical photosynthesis model that relates intercellular CO₂ to net photosynthesis; and (c) a stomatal model based on optimization for maximizing carbon gains when water losses represent a cost. Comparisons between the optimization-based model and empirical relationships widely used in climate models were made using an extensive gas exchange dataset collected in a maturing pine (Pinus taeda) forest under ambient and enriched atmospheric CO₂.

Key Results and Conclusion

In this interpretation, it is proposed that an individual leaf optimally and autonomously regulates stomatal opening on short-term (approx. 10-min time-scale) rather than on daily or longer time-scales. The derived equations are analytical with explicit expressions for conductance, photosynthesis and intercellular CO₂, thereby making the approach useful for climate models. Using a gas exchange dataset collected in a pine forest, it is shown that (a) the cost of unit water loss λ (a measure of marginal water-use efficiency) increases with atmospheric CO₂; (b) the new formulation correctly predicts the condition under which CO₂-enriched atmosphere will cause increasing assimilation and decreasing stomatal conductance.     

An Early Jurassic flora from the Clarence-Moreton Basin, Australia

A low-diversity Early Jurassic flora preserved in floodbasin siltstones of the Marburg Subgroup at Inverleigh Quarry in the Clarence-Moreton Basin, eastern Australia, is dominated by Allocladus helgei Jansson sp. nov., a conifer with denticulate leaves tentatively attributed to Araucariaceae. The assemblage also includes Rintoulia variabilis and Caytoniales, (Caytonia cucullata McLoughlin sp. nov. and cf. Sagenopteris nilssoniana), reinforcing the wide distribution of this order in Early to Middle Jurassic floras of Gondwana. Ferns (Cladophlebis and Sphenopteris species) and isoetalean lycophytes (Isoetites sp.) constitute the herbaceous elements of the flora. The palynoflora is dominated by cheirolepidiacean (Classopollis) pollen and is attributable to the upper part of the Corollina (= Classopollis) torosa Zone of late Pliensbachian–early Toarcian age (180–185 Ma). The Inverleigh flora represents one of the few Australian assemblages dated between the major phases of floristic turnover at the end of the Triassic and the Toarcian. Sedimentological characteristics, cuticular features of the conifer leaves and the abundance of free-sporing plants indicate a relatively humid palaeoclimate for the Clarence-Moreton Basin Early Jurassic.     

Hydrogen peroxide production is an early event during bicarbonate induced stomatal closure in abaxial epidermis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Arabidopsis</Emphasis>

The presence of 2 mM bicarbonate in the incubation medium induced stomatal closure in abaxial epidermis of Arabidopsis. Exposure to 2 mM bicarbonate elevated the levels of H₂O₂ in guard cells within 5 min, as indicated by the fluorescent probe, dichlorofluorescein diacetate (H₂DCF-DA). Bicarbonate-induced stomatal closure as well as H₂O₂ production were restricted by exogenous catalase or diphenylene iodonium (DPI, an inhibitor of NAD(P)H oxidase). The reduced sensitivity of stomata to bicarbonate and H₂O₂ production in homozygous atrbohD/F double mutant of Arabidopsis confirmed that NADP(H) oxidase is involved during bicarbonate induced ROS production in guard cells. The production of H₂O₂ was quicker and greater with ABA than that with bicarbonate. Such pattern of H₂O₂ production may be one of the reasons for ABA being more effective than bicarbonate, in promoting stomatal closure. Our results demonstrate that H₂O₂ is an essential secondary messenger during bicarbonate induced stomatal closure in Arabidopsis.     

Stomatal conductance and not stomatal density determines the long-term reduction in leaf transpiration of poplar in elevated CO<Subscript>2</Subscript>

Using a free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) experiment, poplar trees (Populus × euramericana clone I214) were exposed to either ambient or elevated [CO₂] from planting, for a 5-year period during canopy development, closure, coppice and re-growth. In each year, measurements were taken of stomatal density (SD, number mm⁻²) and stomatal index (SI, the proportion of epidermal cells forming stomata). In year 5, measurements were also taken of leaf stomatal conductance (g _s, μmol m⁻² s⁻¹), photosynthetic CO₂ fixation (A, mmol m⁻² s⁻¹), instantaneous water-use efficiency (A/E) and the ratio of intercellular to atmospheric CO₂ (C_i:C_a). Elevated [CO₂] caused reductions in SI in the first year, and in SD in the first 2 years, when the canopy was largely open. In following years, when the canopy had closed, elevated [CO₂] had no detectable effects on stomatal numbers or index. In contrast, even after 5 years of exposure to elevated [CO₂], g _s was reduced, A/E was stimulated, and C_i:C_a was reduced relative to ambient [CO₂]. These outcomes from the long-term realistic field conditions of this forest FACE experiment suggest that stomatal numbers (SD and SI) had no role in determining the improved instantaneous leaf-level efficiency of water use under elevated [CO₂]. We propose that altered cuticular development during canopy closure may partially explain the changing response of stomata to elevated [CO₂], although the mechanism for this remains obscure.