FLORISTIC STUDY OF YUNNAN PROVINCE

Yunnan is a province rich in flora.There are about 13,000 species of 1,984genera among 240 families(230 families of Angiospermae according to Hutchin-son's system and 10 families of Gymnospermae)in Yunnan.The number offamily in Yunnan is about 79.73％ of 301 families in China,the number of genera64.88％ of 3,058 genera in China,and the number of species 52％ of 25,000species in China.The four very big families such as Orchidaceae,Compositae,     

A SUMMARIZED REPORT ON REDUVIINAE OF CHINA (HEMIPTERA: REDUVIIDAE)

The present paper enumerates 42 species of 16 genera of the subfamily Reduviinae discovered in China. Among them eight genera and 10 species are recorded for the first time from this country (new records marked with an) while 14 species are described as new to science. Acanthaspis aberrans China, representing the female of A. westermanni, is sunk as a junior synonym of A. westermanni Reut. Reduvius ursinus Jak., representing the female of R. fasciatus, is sunk as a junior synonym of R. fasciatus Reut. Keys to genera and species are given.     

NOTES ON THE CORTICIACEAE OF NORTHERN CHINA

<正> 98 species of Corticiaceae s.l.are reported from Changbai shah forestreserve in Northern China.Phlebia pellucida Hjortst.& Ryv.is described as new.The newcombinations Amylosporomyces subasperisporus,Boidinia propingua,and B.peroxydata are pro-posed.The genus Boidinia is discussed and a key is given to accepted species.Many rarespecies are reported such as Amylocorticium laceratum,Ceraceomyces sulphurinus,Hyphodontiaaltaica,Laeticorticium ussuricum,Lobulicium occultum,Sistotrema athcloiides and Tubulicrinissceptiferus.The flora is boral and most of the species have a wide distribution in the Nor-thern coniferous zone.In a previous paper species of Polyporaceae were reported from Northern China(Ryvarden et al.,1986).Most of the species were collected during a short expedition tothe Changbai Shun forest reserve in the Jilin Province.This paper reports the species ofCorticiaceae (s.lato) from the same expedition.There are duplicates of all species bothin Oslo University Herbarium and the Herbarium of Mycologicum,Academia Sinica(HMAS)the Institute of Microbiology in Beijing.The knowledge of the Corticiaceae of China is veryfragmentary and many of the names indicated in previous reports are now replacedby othernames,and the identification of the collections in many cases are dubious.Thus,we havenot tried to establish how many of these species which previously have not been reportedfrom China.Such a list would be of little interest since very few has collected Corticiacritically in recent times,and the flora is still more or less unknown with regard to thisgroup of fungi.The following list must therefore be regarded as a first contribution tolist the Corticiaceae of China based on the same species concepts and names as currentlyused in Europe and North America,see Eriksson et al.(1976—84)Jiilich and Stalpers(1984),Gilbertson (1974).List of collections all from 11—17 Sept.1983.Nos.21315—21407/21696—21814.Jilin Prov.,Changbai Shah,Forest Reserve,Hangcong gou,750 m.a.s.l.Nos,21408—21603.JilinProv.,Changbai Shah,Forest Reserve,Huang Song Pu,1200 m.a.s.l.Nos.21619—21695.Jilin Prov.,Changbai Shun,Forest Reserve,Bai Shun Station,1100m.a.s.l.     

NEW RECORDS OF CROTONIOIDEA FROM CHINA, WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF ALLONOTHRUS (AGARI: ORIBAIDA)

A majority of known species of Crotonioidea inhabit leaf litter or upper soil horizons, where they feed on fungi or decomposing higher plant material; some inhabit specialized rnicro-habitats, such as tree, bog or spring. The superfamily encompasses, approximately 400 species representing 32 genera in nine families. Although this superfamily is relatively well known in the European and Soviet part of the Palearctic region, it is almost unknown in China.This paper reports 29 species of crotonioid mites in China representing 13 genera in 6 families. Among them one species is described as new and 27 species are recorded for the first time from China.     

Phylogeography and Cryptic Species Diversity of Paramesotriton caudopunctatus Species Group(Salamandridae: Paramesotriton) in Guizhou,China

The Paramesotriton caudopunctatus species group is mainly distributed in the karst mountain ecosystems of Guizhou, China. Although some species have been included in previous phylogenetic studies, the evolutionary relationships and divergence-time of members of this species group as a whole remain unexplored. In this study, we report the sequencing of one protein coding mitochondrial gene fragment(ND2) and one nuclear gene(POMC), and use a combination of phylogenetic analyses and coalescent simulations to explore the cryptic diversity and evolutionary history of the P. caudopunctatus species group. Phylogenetic relationships revealed that the P. caudopunctatus species group is composed of two major groups, i. e., East Clade and Western-South Clade. The divergence-time and ancestral area estimation suggested that the P. caudopunctatus species group likely originated in the Doupeng Mountains in Guizhou, China at 12.34 Ma(95% HPD: 8.30–14.73), and intraspecific divergence began at about 2.17 Ma(95% HPD: 1.39–2.97). This timing coincides with the orogenesis of the Miaoling Mountains during the Late Miocene to early Pleistocene. The delimitation of species in the P. caudopunctatus species group supports the existence of the currently identified species, and consensus was confirmed across methods for the existence of least to two cryptic species within what has been traditionally considered to be P. caudopunctatus species group. This study is of significance for understanding the species formation, dispersal, and diversity of the tailed amphibians in the karst mountains ecosystem of Guizhou and the role of the Miaoling Mountains as a geographical barrier to species dispersal.     

Molecular phylogenetic relationships of Eastern Asian Cyprinidae (Pisces: Cypriniformes) inferred from cytochrome b sequences

Cyprinidae, the largest fish family, comprises ap-proximately 210 recognized genera and 2010 species that are distributed widely in Eurasia, East Indian Is-land, Africa, and North America[1]. Species richness of this family is the greatest in East Asia, for example, China has 122 genera and more than 600 species. It is difficult to build a comprehensive phylogeny of Cy-prinidae due to the large number of genera and species. The classification of this family has been subject to revisions an…     

Study of cell killing and morphology on S180 by ultrasound activating hematoporphyrin derivatives

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is one of antitumor strategies that kill tumor cells through the synergistic effects caused by the combined use of HpD and US[1]. SDT is based on the following principle. Ultrasound used in SDT can penetrate the deep tissue and activate HpD, which accu- mulated in tumor cell, and produce highly active oxygen species[2] such as singlet oxygen (1O2), which can destroy the structure of tumor cells. So far the studies on the SDT have focused mainly on the mechan…     

NEW GENUS AND NEW SPECIES OF ISOMETOPIDAE FROM CHINA (Hemiptera - Heteroptera)

The present paper deals with four species belonging to three genera, in which a genus (Paraletabo gen. nov.) and four species are described as new to science, a genus (Sophianus Distant) is recorded for the first time from China. The type specimens are deposited in the Department of Biology, Nankai University. The new genus and new species are briefly diangnosed as follows.     

Evaluation of genetic diversity in Chinese indigenous chicken breeds using microsatellite markers

China is regarded as one of the domestication cen-ters for chickens and archaeological studies provided evidence of chicken domestication in northern Chinaas early as 6000 BC[1]. At present, China has the larg-est chicken population in the world, represen…     

山茶属植物的染色体数目和核型

本文对已报道的(包括作者的研究)山茶属植物的染色体数目和核型作一简单的讨论,结合地理分布情况,提出由二倍体向多倍体进化可能是山茶属植物进化的一个重要途径。山茶属植物的核型多为Stebbins核型分类的“2A”型,表明山茶属植物是一个较原始的种系。本文中12种的染色体数目和2种的核型为首次报道。     

Horizontal transfer of Wolbachia between phylogenetically distant insect species by a naturally occurring mechanism

Wolbachia is a genus of alpha-proteobacteria found in obligate intracellular association with a wide variety of arthropods, including an estimated 10-20% of all insect species [1]. Wolbachia represents one of a number of recently identified 'reproductive parasites' [2] which manipulate the reproduction of their hosts in ways that enhance their own transmission [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]. The influence of Wolbachia infection on the dynamics of host populations has focused considerable interest on its possible role in speciation through reproductive isolation [3] [10] [11] and as an agent of biological control [2] [12] [13]. Although Wolbachia normally undergoes vertical transmission through the maternal line of its host population [14], there is compelling evidence from molecular phylogenies that extensive horizontal (intertaxon) transmission must have occurred [1] [9] [15] [16] [17]. Some of the best candidate vectors for the horizontal transmission of Wolbachia are insect parasitoids [15], which comprise around 25% of all insect species and attack arthropods from an enormous range of taxa [18]. In this study, we used both fluorescence microscopy and PCR amplification with Wolbachia-specific primers to show that Wolbachia can be transmitted to a parasitic wasp (Leptopilina boulardi) from its infected host (Drosophila simulans) and subsequently undergo diminishing vertical transmission in this novel host species. These results are, to our knowledge, the first to reveal a natural horizontal transfer route for Wolbachia between phylogenetically distant insect species.     

CHEMISTRY OF ATTRACTION AND DEFENSE IN MACRO- AND MICROALGAE

Boland, W. & Pohnert, G. Max-Planck-Institut of Chemical Ecology, Carl-Zeiss-Promenade 10, 07745 Jena, Germany A diverse group of brown seaweeds produce bouquets of C₁₁ and C₈ metabolites, some of which act as pheromones that trigger gamete release or attract sperm to eggs following release [1]. The same compounds and, especially, their oxidative degradation products frequently and strongly deter feeding by mezograzers (Ampithoe longimana) which often consume seaweed spores, zygotes, and juveniles [2]. Besides macroalgae also several microalgae (ca. 20 Gomphonema spp., Asterionella formosa; Diatomophyceae) produce C11 and C8 hydrocarbons along with a toxic polar compound from the pool of highly unsaturated fatty acids (eicosanoids) [3]. In biosynthetic studies with cell free extracts of the diatom G. parvulum (9S)-hydroperoxy-eicosatetraenoic (9S-HPETE) acid was shown to be converted by a novel type of a lyase into the defensive com-pound 9-oxo-nona-5Z,7E-dienoic acid along with cyclic and linear C₁₁ hydrocarbons [4]. If the eicosanoid pre-cursors are first con-verted into C-12 hydroperoxides, subsequent lyase activity produces C₈ trienes together with 12-oxo-dodeca-5Z,8Z,10E-dienoic acid (A. formosa). Both unsaturated acids serve as efficient chemi-cal defenses against attacking feeders and microorganisms. The reaction cascade is triggered by damage of the diatom, initiating rapid release of the free fatty acid from phospholipids followed by lipoxygenation and oxidative cleavage into the unsaturated hydrocarbon and the oxo acid [5]. 1. Boland W 1995 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92:31-43. 2. Hay ME, Piel J, Boland W, Schnitzler I 1998 Chemoecology 8:91-98 3. Pohnert G, Boland W 1997 Tetrahedron 53:13681-13694. 4. Hombeck M, Pohnert G, Boland W 1999 J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 243-244. 5. Pohnert G 2000 Angew. Chem. 112:4506-4508.     

Collapse of a new living species of giant clam in the Red Sea

Giant clams are among the most spectacular but also the most endangered marine invertebrates. Their large size and easy accessibility has caused overfishing and collapse of the natural stocks in many places and local extinction in some of the species [1, 2]. The diversity of giant clams is extremely low because of reliction in this Tethyan group [3, 4]. The latest additions of living species date back almost two decades [5-7], fixing the number of extant Tridacna at seven species [3]. Here, we report the discovery of a new species of giant clam: Tridacna costata sp. nov. features characteristic shells with pronounced vertical folds, is genetically distinct, and shows an earlier and abbreviated reproduction than its Red Sea congeners. This species represents less than 1% of the present stocks but up to >80% of the fossil shells. The decline in proportion and shell size (20x) indicates overharvesting [8] dating back to the early human occupation of the Red Sea >125,000 years ago [9]. This earliest depletion reported so far of a shallow-water megafaunal invertebrate has important ramifications for human dispersal out of Africa [10]. Its oversight in one of the best-investigated reef provinces [11-13] illustrates the dearth of knowledge on marine biodiversity.     

大荔颅骨在人类进化中的位置

本文将大荔颅骨的一系列形态特征与中国的直立人、欧洲和非洲的中更新世人、欧洲和亚洲的尼安德特人、中国和欧洲的早期现代人以及现生现代人的数据进行比较,发现可以归纳为几种状况。大荔颅骨:1)与其他中更新世颅骨比较一致,而与早期现代人相去较远;2)与早期和现生现代人一致或接近,显得比其他中更新世人进步;3)在中国早期现代人或现代人变异范围内,也在欧洲中更新世人变异范围内或与之接近,却与中国直立人相距较远;4)处于一般中更新世人与早期现代人之间的中间状态;5)处于中国直立人与中国早期现代人之间的中间位置,而且比较接近欧洲/非洲中更新世人;6)与东亚多数化石人比较一致,而与旧大陆西部中更新世化石人相去较远;7)与中国直立人显然不同,而与欧洲/非洲中更新世人更加接近;8)与非洲中更新世人接近,而与中国直立人和欧洲中更新世人差距较大;9)与大多数中更新世人不同,似乎是自身独有或罕见的。基于这样复杂的状况,作者提出,大荔颅骨既不属于直立人,也不属于海德堡人,表现为兼具东亚的直立人、欧洲和非洲中更新世人的特征,而且是这些共有特征与早期现代人部分特征的镶嵌体,可能比中国的直立人对中国现代人的形成做出过更大的贡献。     

Interspecific social learning: novel preference can be acquired from a competing species

Nongenetic transmission of behavioral traits via social learning allows local traditions in humans, and, controversially, in other animals [1-4]. Social learning is usually studied as an intraspecific phenomenon (but see [5-7]). However, other species with some overlap in ecology can be more than merely potential competitors: prior settlement and longer residence can render them preferable sources of information [8]. Socially induced acquisition of choices or preferences capitalizes upon the knowledge of presumably better-informed individuals [9] and should be adaptive under many natural circumstances [10, 11]. Here we show with a field experiment that females of two migrant flycatcher species can acquire a novel, arbitrary preference of competing resident tits for a symbol attached to the nest sites. The experiment demonstrates that such blind acquisition of heterospecific traits can occur in the wild. Even though genetic variation for habitat preferences exists in many taxa [12] and overlap between bird species likely induces costs [13], this result shows that interspecific social learning can cause increased overlap in nest-site preferences. Conventional, negative species interactions push ecological niches of species apart, but the use of competing species as a source of information counters that force and may lead to convergence.     

Evolutionary rate of a gene affected by chromosomal position.

Genes evolve at different rates depending on the strength of selective pressure to maintain their function. Chromosomal position can also have an influence [1] [2]. The pseudoautosomal region (PAR) of mammalian sex chromosomes is a small region of sequence identity that is the site of an obligatory pairing and recombination event between the X and Y chromosomes during male meiosis [3] [4] [5] [6]. During female meiosis, X chromosomes can pair and recombine along their entire length. Recombination in the PAR is therefore approximately 10 times greater in male meiosis compared with female meiosis [4] [5] [6]. The gene Fxy (also known as MID1 [7]) spans the pseudoautosomal boundary (PAB) in the laboratory mouse (Mus musculus domesticus, C57BL/6) such that the 5' three exons of the gene are located on the X chromosome but the seven exons encoding the carboxy-terminal two-thirds of the protein are located within the PAR and are therefore present on both the X and Y chromosomes [8]. In humans [7] [9], the rat, and the wild mouse species Mus spretus, the gene is entirely X-unique. Here, we report that the rate of sequence divergence of the 3' end of the Fxy gene is much higher (estimated at 170-fold higher for synonymous sites) when pseudoautosomal (present on both the X and Y chromosomes) than when X-unique. Thus, chromosomal position can directly affect the rate of evolution of a gene. This finding also provides support for the suggestion that regions of the genome with a high recombination frequency, such as the PAR, may have an intrinsically elevated rate of sequence divergence.     

Duplication of fgfr1 Permits Fgf Signaling to Serve as a Target for Selection during Domestication

The genetic basis of morphological variation both within and between species has been a lasting question in evolutionary biology and one of considerable recent debate [1], [2] and [3]. It is thought that changes in postembryonic development leading to variations in adult form often serve as a basis for selection [4], [5] and [6]. Thus, we investigated the genetic basis of the development of adult structures in the zebrafish via a forward genetic approach and asked whether the genes and mechanisms found could be predictive of changes in other species [7] and [8]. Here we describe the spiegeldanio (spd) zebrafish mutation, which leads to reduced scale formation in the adult. The affected gene is fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (fgfr1), which is known to have an essential embryonic function in vertebrate development [9] and [10]. We find that the zebrafish has two paralogs encoding Fgfr1 and show that they function redundantly during embryogenesis. However, only one paralog is required for formation of scales during juvenile development. Furthermore, we identify loss-of-function alleles changing the coding sequence of Fgfr1a1 that have been independently selected twice during the domestication of the carp (Cyprinus carpio) [11]. These findings provide evidence for the role for gene duplication in providing the raw material for generation of morphological diversity.     

中国兜蕊兰属植物的研究

兜蕊兰属是一个仅６种的属,分布于克什米尔地区、喜马拉雅、中国和日本。本文从其分类和植物地理的研究和修订,此属在我国现知产５种,包括一个新种和一个新组合种,其中３种特产于我国,文中有国产５种的分种检索表和每个种的异名和地理分布。