沙棘属和胡颓子属叶表皮形态与分类的扫描电镜研究——Ⅱ.沙棘属叶表皮形态与分类

扫描电镜观察结果表明,叶表皮毛、角质层和气孔器可作为沙棘属各分类单位分类依据之一。柳叶沙棘全为星状毛,西藏沙棘全为盾状毛,为两个独立的种。肋果沙棘叶表皮毛虽与其他沙棘种(亚种)相似,但其气孔器较大,呈盘状而有区别。从叶表皮毛和气孔器上,中国沙棘、云南沙棘、中亚沙棘、蒙古沙棘和江孜沙棘相似。但江孜沙棘星状毛毛臂具螺旋状细条纹饰与柳叶沙棘相近。     

增强人体免疫力的天然药物（二）

沙棘(Hoppophae rhamnoides) 又名黑刺, 醋柳等, 为胡颓子科沙棘属的落叶灌木或乔木, 分布于欧亚大陆温带、寒温带及亚热带高山区。我国的东北、华北、西北和西南等地区是沙棘属植物的主要分布区, 共有4个种和5个变种。现代研究表明, 沙棘富含多种营养成分和抗肿瘤、增强免疫力的生物活性物质。如含多种维生素(A、B2、B12、E、F、 K、P、C)和氨基酸, 还含有槲皮素、异鼠李素、山奈酚等30多种黄酮类成分。从沙棘叶和果中还分离出熊果酸、齐墩果酸、谷甾醇、香树精等三萜甾体类化合物。沙棘的果肉、种子、果皮、茎皮和叶中均含有脂肪油、…     

中国沙棘和俄罗斯沙棘的ISSR分析

采用ISSR标记,对中国沙棘和俄罗斯沙棘进行遗传多样性分析,结果显示:(1)13个随机引物共检测到96个位点,其中95个位点具有多态性.(2)中国沙棘雌、雄株的多态位点分别为57和56,多态位点百分率为59.38%和58.33%;俄罗斯沙棘雌、雄株的多态位点均为72,多态位点百分率为75%.(3)Nei指数和Shannon指数估计的遗传多样性表现为俄罗斯沙棘雄株最高,其次为俄罗斯沙棘雌株,然后是中国沙棘雌株,最小的是中国沙棘雄株.表明俄罗斯沙棘因其为蒙古沙棘和中亚沙棘的杂交后代,在遗传上更具有多样性,而中国沙棘由于种群单一,其遗传多样性低;从种间遗传关系来看,中国沙棘的雌株与雄株及俄罗斯沙棘的雌株与雄株的遗传距离近,而中国沙棘与俄罗斯沙棘的遗传距离较远.     

盐胁迫下沙棘的渗透调节效应

分别用含有0、100、200和300mmol LNaCl的Hoagland培养液处理1年生沙棘(HippophaerhamnoidesL.)苗30d后,测定其鲜重,干重,含水量,可溶性糖、脯氨酸和无机离子(Na 、Cl-)的含量及叶片渗透势和渗透调节能力。结果表明:100mmol LNaCl处理的沙棘地上部和根的鲜重和干重最大,其含水量也最大;NaCl浓度超过100mmol L时,沙棘地上部分和根的鲜重和干重随盐浓度增加而逐步下降,其下降的趋势为地上部大于根部。随NaCl浓度不断升高,沙棘体内Na 和Cl-浓度随之升高,茎叶和根系中Cl-含量明显高于Na ,对Na 的相对吸收量多于Cl-。沙棘对盐胁迫有一定的适应能力,随NaCl浓度的升高,沙棘叶内脯氨酸含量升高,可溶性糖含量增加,渗透势降低,渗透调节能力增强。本结果可为盐碱地营造沙棘林提供依据。     

NBA1/MERIT40在3种沙棘中的适应性分化研究——兼论二代测序技术在杂种鉴定中的应用

随着高通量测序技术的发展，从"组学"水平研究适应性进化分子机制成为进化生物学的研究热点。本研究以沙棘属的中国沙棘、肋果沙棘及二者的同倍化杂交物种棱果沙棘为材料，通过转录组测序，筛选出了受到正选择（w>1）的BRCA1-A&BRISC复合体亚基NBA1基因。生物信息学分析表明，NBA1基因在3种沙棘中编码区全长为771 bp，共编码256个氨基酸，为核定位的亲水性蛋白。中国沙棘与肋果沙棘中NBA1的氨基酸序列在218与236位存在差异，中国沙棘中靠近结合位点的218位突变为甲硫氨酸，不同于肋果沙棘及其他陆生植物中NBA1亚基VWA结构域中保守的亮氨酸，导致二者的蛋白质三级结构发生明显变化，且使中国沙棘与肋果沙棘中该蛋白结合位点的空间排布产生显著差异。综上，推测二者的NBA1亚基在结合其他亚基方面有所不同，主要导致了BRCA1-A复合体修复紫外辐射引起的DNA损伤修复功能方面出现差异，这可能与中国沙棘与肋果沙棘对不同海拔环境的适应有关。此外，Sanger测序验证了二代测序结果的准确性，证明该基因在亲本种中国沙棘与肋果沙棘中是纯合的单拷贝，在杂种棱果沙棘中以共显性的杂合方式存在。进一步分析发现第二代测序数据不适用于在个体水平鉴定杂种，但群体内多个个体的平行测序一定程度上可随机反映杂种的亲本来源。本研究为进一步揭示沙棘属植物对不同海拔的适应分子机制提供了参考数据，同时为利用转录组测序方法鉴定杂交物种提出了建议。     

二倍体杂交种棱果沙棘双向杂交起源及其母本主要来源于中国沙棘的分子证据简

棱果沙棘为同域分布的中国沙棘和肋果沙棘同倍化自然杂交形成的。本文利用母系遗传的cpDNA trnS-G序列检测青海祁连棱果沙棘及其亲本中国沙棘和肋果沙棘同域分布的两个地区（拱北湾、八宝河滩）共93个个体的遗传关系。结果表明棱果沙棘及其亲本在拱北湾和八宝河滩分别有12个和7个单倍型,两地区的棱果沙棘都与其亲本共享单倍型,其中拱北湾棱果沙棘共36个个体中有28个与中国沙棘共享3个单倍型(H2,H4,H5),有2个个体与肋果沙棘共享单倍型(H11),八宝河滩的棱果沙棘共10个个体中有7个与中国沙棘共享一个单倍型(H4),3个与肋果沙棘共享单倍型(H7)。应用最大简约法（MP）分别对两地区的棱果沙棘及其亲本trnS-G序列构建的系统发育树中棱果沙棘的大部分个体都与中国沙棘聚在一起,另外,棱果沙棘4种特有单倍型(H3、H7、H8、H9)的6个个体在系统树上也与中国沙棘聚为一支。以上结果进一步证明了二倍体自然杂交种棱果沙棘为双向杂交起源,但其主要母本来源应为中国沙棘。     

二倍体杂交种棱果沙棘双向杂交起源及其母本主要来源于中国沙棘的分子证据

棱果沙棘为同域分布的中国沙棘和肋果沙棘同倍化自然杂交形成的。本文利用母系遗传的cpDNA trnS-G序列检测青海祁连棱果沙棘及其亲本中国沙棘和肋果沙棘同域分布的两个地区(拱北湾、八宝河滩)共93个个体的遗传关系。结果表明棱果沙棘及其亲本在拱北湾和八宝河滩分别有12个和7个单倍型,两地区的棱果沙棘都与其亲本共享单倍型,其中拱北湾棱果沙棘共36个个体中有28个与中国沙棘共享3个单倍型(H2,H4,H5),有2个个体与肋果沙棘共享单倍型(H11),八宝河滩的棱果沙棘共10个个体中有7个与中国沙棘共享一个单倍型(H4),3个与肋果沙棘共享单倍型(H7)。应用最大简约法(MP)分别对两地区的棱果沙棘及其亲本trnS-G序列构建的系统发育树中棱果沙棘的大部分个体都与中国沙棘聚在一起,另外,棱果沙棘4种特有单倍型(H3、H7、H8、H9)的6个个体在系统树上也与中国沙棘聚为一支。以上结果进一步证明了二倍体自然杂交种棱果沙棘为双向杂交起源,但其主要母本来源应为中国沙棘。     

基于ITS 序列探讨沙棘属植物的系统发育关系

对分布于青海境内的中国沙棘、肋果沙棘和西藏沙棘的ITS区进行扩增和序列分析,并以胡颓子科胡颓子属沙枣为外类群,对胡颓子科沙棘属15种植物的ITS序列进行聚类分析, 探讨沙棘属各植物的亲缘关系.结果表明： 3种沙棘属植物的ITS区长度为600～605 bp,其中,ITS-1区为201～203 bp,5.8S为166～167 bp,ITS-2区为232～236 bp.核苷酸分析显示,3种沙棘属植物的ITS区存在丰富的变异位点.聚类分析表明,棱果沙棘种的2个亚种——棱果沙棘和理塘沙棘为2个不同种,江孜沙棘与柳叶沙棘之间的亲缘关系较近,而与中国沙棘亲缘关系较远;沙棘种下9个亚种间的聚类结果与形态学分类差异较大.
     

沙棘灌丛林受害程度的预测模型

我国沙棘灌丛林目前的灾害可分为生物灾害和非生物灾害。生物灾害以沙棘木蠹蛾危害为主,是近几年在内蒙古、辽宁、山西、宁夏和陕西等地大面积爆发的一种钻蛀性害虫;非生物灾害主要是立地和气候因素,总体表现为沙棘生长衰退,甚至出现大面积枯死。对辽宁省建平县和内蒙古敖汉旗不同受害程度沙棘灌丛林进行抽样调查,共设50块标准地,分别调查沙棘死亡株率、有叶树冠比例、沙棘木蠹蛾危害株率和20cm根干部沙棘木蠹蛾虫口数等沙棘受害指标,同时调查记录坡向、坡位、坡度、树高、地径和林分密度等多项生跃环境因子。通过模糊综合评判法,对4种受害特征指标进行权重分配,并根据综合评判值的大小,将沙棘灌丛林的受害程度分为健康、轻、中和重4个等级,以坡向、坡位、坡度、树高、地径和林分密度为预测因子,分别构建沙棘灌丛林受害程度BP神经网络模型和Logistic模型,BP神经网络的拟合率达88．1％,预留样本检验准确率为75％,Logistic模型的概率一致率为69．4％。在其它条件相同的情况下,坡位对受害程度的影响是其它因素的4．93倍。     

沙棘黄酮提取进展

沙棘黄酮是食药两用植物沙棘主要的保健与药用成分,具有重要的生理活性,能够清除体内的自由基,防治心血管疾病和抗衰老的作用。本文概述了国内外对沙棘资源的开发利用研究状况,综述了沙棘黄酮类化合物提取方法的最新研究进展,为充分利用沙棘资源和开发沙棘黄酮提供科学研究基础。     

八种不同花色一串红组织培养快繁的研究

对不同花色一串红组织培养快繁方法进行了研究,实验确定了一串红组织培养的最佳外植体为带腋芽的茎段,茎段的芽丛诱导的最佳培养基为1/2 MS＋NAA 0.1MG/l＋6-BA2.0mg/L＋IBA0.5mg/L,其分化率为71.4%,芽增殖率为140.6%,最佳生根培养基为1/4 MS＋NAA 0.5mg/L,生根率为91.6%,初步建立了快繁体系。     

An experimental evaluation of diversity indices as environmental discriminators

Seven diversity indices were calculated for each of fifty-eight microcosm communities. All fifty-eight communities were initiated from equal density inoculations of fourteen algal species. Each microcosm developed in one of six controlled experimental environments; the environments differing only in their temporal patterns of disturbance. Five linear discriminating techniques were used to evaluate the diversity index most useful for discriminating between these environments. The Shannon-Wiener index was best according to two of the discriminating methodologies and second best using the other techniques. Evenness was best when the Shannon-Wiener index was second best and vice versa.     

Addressing a critique of the TEASI framework for invasive species risk assessment

We address criticism that the Transport, Establishment, Abundance, Spread, Impact (TEASI) framework does not facilitate objective mapping of risk assessment methods nor defines best practice. We explain why TEASI is appropriate for mapping, despite inherent challenges, and how TEASI offers considerations for best practices, rather than suggesting one best practice.     

The best sections method of studying mass extinctions

Phanerozoic mass extinctions have been studied primarily by analysing global diversity patterns compiled from the published literature. However, such compilations are beset by problems of incorrect correlation, imprecise age assignments and changing taxonomy. An alternative approach is to analyse mass extinctions by the ‘best sections’ method. This method identifies abundantly fossiliferous, well‐studied, stratigraphically dense and temporally extensive fossil records in strata that contain geochemical and other relevant non‐palaeontological data from a single depositional basin or geographically restricted outcrop area as the ‘best sections’ by which to analyse extinctions. A strength of the best sections method is that it allows the extinctions identified to be compared directly to changes in facies and other factors recorded in the best section. And, the hypothesis of a widespread extinction based on an extinction seen in a best section can be tested by its presence or absence in temporally equivalent sections. What we need are more field‐based studies of the best sections that encompass mass extinctions (real and hypothetical) and less of a reliance on literature‐based diversity compilations to produce a more reliable and comprehensive understanding of the history of extinctions.     

The functions of fossils: inference and explanation in functional morphology

This paper offers an account of the relationship between inference and explanation in functional morphology which combines Robert Brandon's theory of adaptation explanation with standard accounts of inference to the best explanation. Inferences of function from structure, it is argued, are inferences to the best adaptation explanation. There are, however, three different approaches to the problem of determining which adaptation explanation is the best. The theory of inference to the best adaptation explanation is then applied to a case study from the history of functional morphology: the case of the crested duckbilled dinosaurs.     

Method for determining the best hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) number for a compatible non-ionic surfactant in formulation development for aerial conidia of Metarhizium anisopliae (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae)

A direct dropping method was developed to determine the best hydrophilic-lipophilic balance number of Metarhizium anisopliae conidia at different water content levels during dehydration. Results showed the best HLB number of the tested M. anisopliae conidia was 8; dehydration did not change the best HLB number but significantly increased wetting time.     

Evaluating CASP4 predictions with physical energy functions

Physical energy scoring functions based on implicit solvation models are tested by evaluating predictions from the most recent CASP4 competition. The best performing scoring functions are identified along with the best protocol for preparing structures before energies are evaluated. Ranking of structures with the best scoring functions is compared across CASP4 targets to establish when physical scoring functions can be expected to reliably distinguish structures that are most similar to the native fold in a set of misfolded or unfolded protein conformations. The results are used to interpret previous studies where scoring functions were tested on the standard decoy sets by Park, Levitt, and Baker. We show that the best physical scoring functions can be applied successfully in automated consensus scoring applications where a single best conformation has to be selected from a set of structures from different sources. Finally, the potential for better protein structure scoring functions is discussed with a suggestion for an empirically parameterized linear combination of energy components.     

Peer-Selected “Best Papers”—Are They Really That “Good”?

Background

Peer evaluation is the cornerstone of science evaluation. In this paper, we analyze whether or not a form of peer evaluation, the pre-publication selection of the best papers in Computer Science (CS) conferences, is better than random, when considering future citations received by the papers.

Methods

Considering 12 conferences (for several years), we collected the citation counts from Scopus for both the best papers and the non-best papers. For a different set of 17 conferences, we collected the data from Google Scholar. For each data set, we computed the proportion of cases whereby the best paper has more citations. We also compare this proportion for years before 2010 and after to evaluate if there is a propaganda effect. Finally, we count the proportion of best papers that are in the top 10% and 20% most cited for each conference instance.

Results

The probability that a best paper will receive more citations than a non best paper is 0.72 (95% CI = 0.66, 0.77) for the Scopus data, and 0.78 (95% CI = 0.74, 0.81) for the Scholar data. There are no significant changes in the probabilities for different years. Also, 51% of the best papers are among the top 10% most cited papers in each conference/year, and 64% of them are among the top 20% most cited.

Discussion

There is strong evidence that the selection of best papers in Computer Science conferences is better than a random selection, and that a significant number of the best papers are among the top cited papers in the conference.     

树莓组织培养及植株再生

以黑莓沙泥芽为外植体,筛选培养基,建立黑莓离体再生体系。结果表明,诱导树莓侧芽的最适起始培养基为MS 6-BA1.0 mg/L NAA0.02 mg/L GA6 mg/L;芽的增殖的最适培养基为MS GA6 mg/L NAA0.02 mg/L 6-BA1.0 mg/L;最适生根培养基为MS NAA 0.5 mg/L IBA 0.1 mg/L;试管苗移栽的最适基质为蛭石:珍珠岩:营养土(1∶1∶1)。     

吸附层析法从啤酒废酵母中提取谷胱甘肽

以壳聚糖作为吸附剂,通过吸附层析法从啤酒废酵母泥为原料,经预处理和细胞破碎后得到的富含谷胱甘肽的抽提液中,分离纯化还原型谷胱甘肽。根据试验结果确定最佳提取条件为：上柱啤酒废酵母抽提液的最适pH值为7．0,最适洗脱剂为pH值为4．4的磷酸盐缓冲液。在最适吸附条件下,还原型谷胱甘肽的平均洗脱率为84．18％,平均回收率79．55％。说明此法是可行的。