杜氏盐藻的耐盐机制研究进展和基因工程研究的展望

概述了杜氏盐藻 (Dunaliellasalina)的耐盐机制和基因工程的研究进展。盐藻的耐盐机制十分复杂 ,短时间内通过细胞体积的改变来调节渗透压平衡 ,之后通过甘油的合成与转化恢复细胞正常形态和大小。渗透调节过程中 ,还涉及到蛋白质的合成。cDNA文库和基因组文库已经建立 ;几种基因已被克隆 ,如碳酸酐酶基因和硝酸还原酶基因等 ;GUS(β_葡糖苷酸酶 )基因已成功地转入盐藻细胞内。另外 ,对盐藻的基因工程作了简单的展望     

植物抗旱耐盐基因的研究进展

近几年许多与植物抗旱耐盐相关基因被克隆和分析,同时通过转基因技术将这些基因转到植物中异源表达,能显著提高转基因植物的抗旱耐盐能力。这些基因主要包括渗透调节基因、蛋白类基因(如信号传导中的蛋白激酶基因)及转录因子等。在逆境条件下,渗透调节基因通过合成脯氨酸、甜菜碱、糖类和多胺类等渗透调节物质维持植物中的渗透平衡;蛋白激酶基因产物是细胞信号传导中的组分,这些基因能促进植物对干旱失水反应和逆境信号的传递,启动抗逆基因的表达;转录因子通过与相关基因的特异性结合来调控其表达,进而产生相关调控蛋白等物质增强植物在逆境中的生存能力。本文主要综述了这三类抗逆基因的研究现状及其生物学机理,讨论并分析这些基因在应用中尚待解决的问题,为发掘更多的抗逆性的基因资源和进一步开展分子育种工作提供参考。     

大豆GmGolS1的克隆及转基因烟草耐高温性鉴定

棉子糖系列寡糖(RFOs,raffinose family oligosaccharides)是植物体内一种重要的渗透调节物质,肌醇半乳糖苷合成酶(G01S,galactinolsynthase)是RFOs合成过程中的关键酶.本研究从大豆中克隆了 GmGolS1基因.序列分析结果显示,GmGolS1基因位于大豆3号染色...     

渗透胁迫下白花柽柳cDNA文库的构建及EST分析

目的：寻找渗透胁迫相关基因EST片断,方法：构建白花柽柳cDNA文库,对文库阳性克隆随机测序,并进行网上比对分析。结果：该cDNA文库克隆的重组率大于95%,插入片段主要集中在250～1000bp之间,并获得了如脯氨酸丰富蛋白基因,钙依赖蛋白激酶基因,丝氨酸／苏氨酸激酶基因,过氧化氢酶基因,膜转运蛋白等基因。结论：渗透胁迫基因是多基因参与的系统调控过程,它们涉及了植物细胞壁合成、信号传递、基因调控、氧化物质清除、渗透调节物质的转运等方面。     

二步法黑曲霉脂肪酶基因lipA的全基因合成及其在毕赤酵母中的高效表达

黑曲霉脂肪酶是重要的工业用酶,在食品、制药等领域具有广泛的用途。获得黑曲霉脂肪酶高效表达的基因工程菌是该脂肪酶规模化应用的前提。通过全基因合成对目的基因进行分子改造和人工组建是实现基因高效表达和体外分子进化的有效手段。本研究主要针对一步法长片段基因合成中复杂结构的非特异性配对和过多的PCR引入碱基错配等问题,采用二步法(组装PCR和酶切-酶连)合成了黑曲霉脂肪酶基因lipA。首先在DNA2.0和Gene2Oliga软件辅助下对lipA基因密码子及RNA二级结构进行优化并引入ClaI(237位)和PstI(475位)酶切位点;通过组装PCR分别合成lipA基因的各片段F1(237bp)、F2(238bp)和F3(422bp);通过该基因内的ClaI和PstI限制性酶切位点连接成完整的全长lipA基因。本方法有效地降低了长片段合成过程中寡核苷酸片段的非特异性配对、复杂的二级结构以及碱基突变对DNA合成的影响,提高了长片段合成的成功率。经密码子优化后的脂肪酶基因(lipA-syn)在毕赤酵母GS115中经诱导表达72h后,发酵液酶活达176.0U/mL,蛋白质含量为143.7mg/L,较出发基因分别提高了10.8倍...     

渗透胁迫诱导的植物细胞中脱落酸的合成及其调控机制

植物细胞受到渗透胁迫后,细胞内脱落酸（ABA）迅速积累,文中就渗透胁迫诱导细胞中ABA的合成以及与其有关的信号感觉,转换,转导,相关基因的表达等过程及其调控机制作了概述。     

红树植物耐盐机理研究进展

从形态、生理生化和分子水平综述了红树植物的耐盐机理。红树植物具有盐腺、叶片肉质化等形态特征,通过离子选择性积累、盐分区域化、泌盐和拒盐等机制降低体内的盐分浓度,积累或合成渗透调节物质（主要是松醇和甘露醇）来维持渗透平衡,增强抗氧化系统以清除活性氧。在分子水平上,红树植物的耐盐能力与参与合成渗透调节物质关键酶和抗氧化酶等基因的表达相关。     

肠杆菌共同抗原的研究进展

肠杆菌共同抗原(Enterobacterial common antigen,ECA)是由多糖重复单元组成的多聚糖,几乎表达于所有肠杆菌细菌外膜,具有生物学功能。ECA由多基因协同作用而合成,这些基因在肠杆菌细菌基因组上成簇存在,形成ECA抗原基因簇。ECA是重要的毒力因子,在肠杆菌细菌入侵宿主、体内存活等过程中有一定作用。同时,ECA在维持细菌外膜渗透屏障、鞭毛表达、群集运动及抗胆酸胆盐等方面也有重要作用。此外,锚定在细菌脂多糖核心区的ECALPS还是细菌重要的表面抗原,能激发宿主产生高水平抗体,可以作为疫苗研究的靶点。结合笔者的研究,文中对ECA纯化、基因结构和合成、免疫特性、生物学功能及应用等方面进行了综述。     

耐盐细菌的渗透保护剂及其调渗机制

高渗环境下的细菌常在体内积累一些小分子物质（如糖类、醇类、氨基酸及其衍生物）作为渗透保护剂,以对抗高渗环境,编码这些物质吸收和合成的基因统称为渗透调节基因（Osm gene）。目前已有一些耐渗基因被克隆。     

花色形成与花生长的调控

结合笔者的研究结果,对光、糖和GAs在花生长及花色形成中的作用和可能的调节机制进行了综述。光通过光受体介导的高辐照度反应(HIR)和光合作用调控花生长及花色素苷合成;糖作为碳源和渗透调节因子,影响花瓣细胞的生长及花色素苷积累,依赖己糖激酶的信号途径可能在糖的调控中起作用;GAs通过调节特异基因的转录间接地诱导花色素苷合成途径中结构基因的表达。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

Composition and diversity of bird communities in Swedish farmland–forest mosaic landscapes

CapsuleThe amount of forest (at local and landscape scales) and occurrence of residual habitats at the local scale are shown to be the major factors influencing bird community composition in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Aims To investigate the importance of local habitat and landscape structure for breeding birds in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Methods Breeding birds were censused at 292 points. A detailed habitat mapping was made within 300 m of the points. Within a 300–600 m radius only two major habitats (forests and arable fields) were identified.

Results Cluster analyses of bird communities identified three site types that also differed in habitat composition: (i) partially forested sites in forested landscapes; (ii) heterogeneous sites with residual habitats in mosaic landscapes; and (iii) field-dominated farmland sites in open landscapes. A total of 19 of 25 farmland bird species (restricted to farmland or using both farmland and forest) had the highest abundance in farmland sites with mosaics of forest and farmland, while only six farmland species had the highest abundance in field-dominated sites. The bird community changed from being dominated by farmland species to being dominated by forest species (common in forest landscapes without farmland) at small proportions (10–20%) of forest at the local scale. A major difference in habitat composition between heterogeneous and field-dominated sites was the occurrence of different residual habitats (e.g. shrubby areas and seminatural grasslands). These habitats seemed to influence bird community composition more than land-use, despite covering <10% of the area. Seminatural grasslands were important for bird community composition and species-richness, but grazing seemed to be less important. Among different land-use types, cereal crops were the least preferred fields. Set-asides with tall vegetation and short rotation coppices were positively associated with species-richness of farmland birds.

Conclusion In general, the composition of the landscape was important for bird community composition, although amount and distribution of forests, occurrence of residual habitats and land-use of fields at the local scale had the strongest influence on bird community composition. The possible implications of these patterns for managing farmland–forest landscapes are discussed.     

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Rhus typhina L. and their chemotaxonomic significance

This work describes the isolation and characterization of twenty-nine compounds from the fruits of Rhus typhina L., including eleven flavonoids (1–11), eleven phenols (12–22), two pentacyclic triterpenes (23–24), two organic acids (25–26), one lumichrome (27), one courmarin (28) and one pyrimidine (29) on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Compounds apigenin (1), daidzein (4), orobol (5), 3′, 5, 5′, 7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (6), naringenin (7), butein (8), (-)-catechin (9), quercetin-3-O-α-L-(3″-O-galloyl)-rhamnoside (11), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (13), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (14), vanillin (15), methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (16), 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide (18), tyrosol (19), caffeic acid (20), 3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (21), phlorizin (22), friedelin (23), oleanolic acid (24), 4,4-dimethyl-heptanedioic acid (25), anthranilic acid (26), lumichrome (27), scoparone (28) and uracil (29) have not been recorded before in this plant. This is the first report on the occurrence of compounds 4–7, 9, 11, 13–14, 16, 18–21, 25–29 from the genus Rhus. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds was also summarized.