茂名北排油页岩废渣场的土壤与植被特性研究

茂名北排油页岩废渣堆放场是一块面积达670hm²的工业生产废弃地,废渣场土壤干旱,养分贫瘠,重金属含量略为偏高,不利植物入侵与定居。这片因人为因素形成的次生裸地经过20多年的自然恢复,入侵定居植物只有24科59属66种,且大多数均为禾本科、莎草科、菊科等科的草本植物种类;草本植物有13科38属44种,占总种数的67%,占总覆盖度的80%以上。群落结构及组成种类简单,处于群落次生演替的前期阶段,表明废渣场次生裸地的植被恢复是非常缓慢的。为尽早达到控制污染、改善环境等目的,必须辅以人工措施,加速植被的恢复进程。最后提出了实现这一目的的生态恢复对策。     

基于AHP法黑龙江多宝山铜业矿山排土场植物筛选

以黑龙江多宝山铜业矿山排土场边坡植被恢复和景观重建的植被筛选为目的,在对矿区本底植物调查、黑龙江省栽培植物调查的基础上,运用层次分析法(analytic hierarchy process,AHP)构建生态适应性、生态防护性、绿化效果、经济性4个方面10个具体指标的筛选评价体系,对74种植物进行权重排序,最终筛选出适用于多宝山铜业矿山排土场植被修复的乔木、灌木、草本共计20种,为矿山排土场生态环境的改善和景观重建提供了植物选择,也为我国寒区其他矿山排土场生态修复植物的选择提供一些实践借鉴。     

黄土区露天煤矿排土场植被恢复的水肥响应

矿区复垦植被与排土场土壤环境之间存在着复杂的交互关系,两者相互依存且制约;特别是土壤肥力和水分与植被恢复关系密切。因此,如何实现复垦植被与土壤水肥协调发展以促进生态系统的改善是矿区生态恢复的核心问题。为此,本文选择山西平朔矿区安太堡露天煤矿排土场,通过典型样地调查方法来分析露天煤矿排土场土壤水肥特性与复垦植被因子之间的关系,同时构建耦合协调度模型来定量分析土壤水肥因素对植被生长的影响,并判断土壤水肥与复垦植被的协调程度。结果表明:在0~40 cm的土层中,土壤含水量随着深度的增加而增大,土壤有机质和全氮的变化趋势与之相反;土壤肥力特性相对于土壤含水量对复垦植被生长的影响更大;土壤水肥环境与复垦植被之间的耦合协调关系皆为基本协调。在土壤养分贫瘠且生态环境恶劣的黄土高原矿区,改善土壤肥力状况、筛选适宜的植被复垦模式及控制植被密度是生态重建的关键。本研究可为黄土区露天煤矿排土场土地复垦与生态恢复提供理论依据和参考。     

黄土区露天煤矿排土场土壤与地形因子对植被恢复的影响

在脆弱的生态环境改善和恢复过程中,植被恢复与重建扮演着重要的角色。黄土露天煤矿区生态环境极其脆弱,认识矿区损毁土地植被恢复与地形、土壤因子之间的作用规律对矿区土地复垦与生态恢复改善至关重要。为此,选择山西平朔安太堡露天煤矿南排土场对2条样带27个复垦样地的土壤、地形、植被参数进行了采集与测定,并应用单因素方差分析与CANOCO4.5软件的降趋势对应分析和冗余分析研究了地形与土壤因子对植被恢复的影响。结果表明:植被与土壤变量之间呈显著相关,与地形变量之间相关性不明显;坡度主要影响草本覆盖度,坡向与有机质和速效磷之间具有线性相关性;速效钾对植被的变化起着重要的作用;土壤容重与砾石含量对土壤养分含量具有明显的指示作用;有机质与全氮呈显著正相关,各土壤养分指标之间存在明显的相关关系。为了改善和恢复黄土区露天煤矿排土场脆弱的生态系统,应该考虑植被和土壤的联合演替。在当地的生态环境状况下土地复垦与生态恢复的关键是改善土壤状况和增加人工植被,同时加强对排土场人工和自然植被的保护。     

平朔黄土露天矿区复垦地表层土壤微生物与酶活性分析

矿区是当今世界陆地生态系统被破坏和退化最严重的区域之一,在进行露天煤矿土地复垦与生态重建时不仅要恢复地表植被和生物,还应重视地下土壤微生物生态系统的构建,而国内外相关研究多集中在植被重建及土壤理化性质监测方面,利用土壤微生物及酶活性揭示矿区重构土壤状况的研究尚不多见。通过8个样地24个土壤剖面的采样分析,采用时空替代法和单因素方差分析法对平朔矿区不同复垦年限的排土场和原地貌0—20 cm表层土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌的数量及蔗糖酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性及变化进行研究,旨在分析其特征及差异。研究结果表明:(1)从微生物数量及酶活性特征来看,无论复垦年限的时间长短,细菌数量在3类微生物中占有绝对优势,占微生物总数的99.20%以上,其次是放线菌,真菌的数量最少;脲酶活性在3种酶中活性最大,其次是蔗糖酶活性,磷酸酶活性最低。(2)从微生物数量和酶活性的变化状况来看,3类微生物数量和3种酶活性在0—20 cm土层随复垦年限的变化趋势相一致,均随复垦年限的变化先增长后降低,而后又随着复垦年限的增长不断增加。(3)在0—20 cm土层,复垦27年的南排土场的土壤细菌、放线菌和真菌数量在复垦后达到了189.3333×10⁵ cfu/g、0.1312×10⁵ cfu/g和1.1463×10⁵ cfu/g,复垦效果达到原地貌3类土壤微生物数量的65.88%、66.46%和67.74%;蔗糖酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性分别达到1.9600 mg 100 g^-1 h^-1、6.3600 mg 100 g^-1 h^-1和1.4533 mg 100 g^-1 h^-1,复垦效果分别达到原地貌83.40%、86.30%和86.85%。因此开展矿区土地复垦后土壤微生物及酶活性的相关研究,能够在一定程度上及时反映土地复垦后的土壤质量以及生态系统的恢复状况,以便采取更加合理的复垦方法来提高矿区生态恢复的速度和效果。     

基于土壤线虫群落分析的油页岩废渣地不同植被类型恢复过程中的土壤食物网能流状况

土壤健康与生态系统功能是当前生态学研究的重要课题。土壤线虫是评价生态系统健康状况的指示生物,特别是用于评价土壤污染和恢复的过程。对广东茂名油页岩废渣场人工实施不同生态恢复改造状况下的土壤线虫属的重要值及土壤线虫反映的土壤食物网能量通道进行了分析,以通过污染地土壤食物网内的能量流动状况反映种植不同植物物种相同时间后的土壤养分与健康状况。结果表明在废渣场种植不同植物物种约8年后,乌墨林和大叶相思林下土壤线虫类群数(属)分别为54和45,重要值最高的是食细菌的棱咽属(Prismatolaimus)和拟丽突属(Acrobeloides);而红荷林和荒草地的线虫类群数分别为41和38,重要值最高的是杂食性的真矛线属(Eudorylaimus);废渣地线虫属的数量最少,仅为34个,重要值最高的是食真菌的丝尾垫刃属(Filenchus)和滑刃属(Aphelenchoides)。食物网能流分析表明:细菌能流通道比重最高的是大叶相思林和乌墨林,而真菌能流通道比重最高的是废渣地,红荷林和荒草地居中,各样地植物能流通道比重都比较小,仅为2%—10%之间。总体来讲,在有植被覆盖的生态系统,养分周转更快,特别是乌墨和大叶相思林,而无植被的废渣地,土壤养分周转速率倾向于更慢的真菌能流通道,这表明在养分条件比较差的情况下,真菌通道的食物网可能会起更大的作用。研究还说明了在油页岩废弃地恢复过程中,植物资源的输入不仅仅刺激植物能流通道,同时也会刺激细菌和真菌能流通道,植被是土壤线虫群落发展的主要驱动力。     

茂名油页岩废渣场土壤动物的种类组成及其多样性

研究不同生态改造状况下,茂名市油页岩废渣场的土壤动物种类组成及其多样性.研究样地分别设在1985年形成并同时植树造林和1992年形成后刚开始种树的两个废渣场（南排和北排）上.研究的土壤动物包括手拣法和干漏斗法收集的以大、中型为主的类群.动物分类至科或属,只有很小的部分分类至目（如唇足纲）或分类至种（如等足目等）.本研究共获得11164号标本（分属27目,110科-属）,并根据此样本进行分析：在土壤动物种类组成方面,分别在群落和类群两个层面上,分析样地间的差异;在土壤动物的多样性方面,除用Shannon指数（H′）进行样地间种类多样性比较外,还用以类群为基础的DGg指数,及以种类为基础的DGs指数,分别进行样地间的比较.主要结果：（1）在只有幼树的北排废渣场,获得土壤动物9目33科属;在南排废渣场中,经过约20a自然恢复的草地及种植约20a的大叶相思林地,分别获得23目67科属和23目61科属.（2）以种类为基础的DGs指数,3个样地分别为4.0、17.7和16.7.显示出北排的土壤动物种类组成简单,多样性很低;南排的两个样地,土壤动物的种类组成都较复杂,多样性较高而且很相近.但是,（3）以类群为基础的DGg指数,则南排的两个样地可分高低：大叶相思林为7.75,稍高于草地的7.20;此外,作为环境质量的甲螨指数（甲螨个体数/蜱螨类总个体数）,也是前者（0.93）高于后者（0.73）.因此,从实际上看,人工纯林对土壤改造效果应比草地要好一些,但还不是最理想的.     

油页岩废渣场26种木本植物光合作用和生长的差异

比较了生长在广东省茂名市茂南区油页岩废渣场4 a多的26种木本植物的光合作用-光响应和生长特征。测定了最大净光合速率(Pmax)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和株高、胸径(DBH),并计算了表观光量子效率(AQY)、瞬时光能利用效率(ILUE)。根据上述参数的不同,参试植物被分成3级:速生种平均DBH为9.44±2.23 cm,其相应的平均Pmax为18.44±1.38μmol m-2s-1,ILUE为1.11±0.68%和AQY为0.0474±0.007μmol CO2μmol-1 quantum。中速生长植物则分别为5.09±0.90 cm、11.54±1.01μmol m-2s-1、0.75±0.12%和0.0406±0.004μmol CO2μmol-1 quantum。慢速生长的植物中,各参数则只有2.03±0.65 cm、6.71±2.82μmol m-2s-1、0.47±0.12%和0.0318±0.006μmol CO2μmol-1 quantum。统计分析显示I,LUE和Pmax或DBH呈极显著正相关,株高与DBH和总叶面积(TLA)亦呈极显著正相关。结果表明,植物光合作用-光响应曲线和光能利用效率能有效地评价植物对生长环境的适应性。从树种对光能的利用、生长的优势和有较高的水分利用效率综合评价,提出了对油页岩废渣场生态恢复应用较适宜的树种有:大叶相思、木棉、刺桐、油榄仁、红胶木、海南红豆、铁刀木、雨树、红荷木和乌墨。     

矿山生态恢复研究进展——基于连续三届的世界生态恢复大会报告

最近连续三届世界生态恢复大会都将矿山生态系统列为大会交流的主题之一。为了解矿山生态修复的最新进展,本文采用文献分析方法和统计分析法,全面对比了这三届大会的论文和报告,包括参会国家、主要机构、热点矿区、修复要素、矿山类型、修复技术等。在此基础上,归纳了新开发的生态修复技术,包括植被恢复、土壤修复和景观恢复等新技术;总结了当前的研究热点,主要有复垦的土壤和修复的植物之间相互作用的机理、矿山生态修复的监测新技术、本土物种保持、污染土壤修复新技术、应对全球气候变化的矿山生态修复新思维和矿山生态系统服务价值等;介绍了会议提出的新观点,如自然恢复和人工恢复选择的新标准、矿山生态恢复力新理论、新型矿山生态系统及其设计等。最后对未来研究趋势进行了预测。     

油页岩废渣场植物修复的生态效应

对广东茂名页岩油工业固体废物裸露灰渣地植林18a(南排)和3-5a(北排)后的植物生长、凋落物、土壤容重、有机质、pH和植物多样性进行了对比调查和分析。结果表明,南排和北排已形成了森林环境。土壤基质已得到了改善,南排的凋落物现存量增加了1.39倍,土壤有机质增加了52.39%(0-20cm)、50%(20-40cm),土壤pH值提高了0.28个单位。南、北排林地土壤pH值分别比植林前裸地提高了0.99个单位和0.71个单位。这说明植树造林对增加土壤有机质效果明显,对提高土壤pH值则相对较慢。南排自堆放油页岩灰渣后,45a来入侵定居的野生植物有48科118属138种,其中草本植物占总种数的54%,乔木15种;北排堆放28a来,有24科63属66种植物入侵定居,其中草本种类占67%。     

露天煤矿排土场边坡植被组成特征及其群落稳定性评价

研究植被恢复过程中植物群落组成、结构及稳定性的变化,可进一步了解到植物群落的演替过程及规律。采用空间代时间的方法对内蒙古锡林郭勒盟北电胜利露天煤矿4个排土场边坡人工恢复植被进行群落调查,在此基础上采用多样性指数与优化后的M.Godron稳定性指数对植物物种组成、物种多样性及其群落稳定性进行分析,探究不同恢复年限排土场边坡植被在恢复过程中群落特征及稳定性变化特征。结果表明：（1）排土场边坡植物物种组成共有16科44属56种,植物群落组成较简单,其中禾本科种类最多,生长型以草本植物为主。（2）随着恢复年限的增加,植物生活型由一、二年生转变为多年生,坡面优势种由人工种植植物转变为本土植物。（3）整体看,随着恢复年限增加,物种多样性呈下降趋势,群落稳定性整体呈上升趋势。（4）由于不同坡向土壤微环境差异,北坡恢复效果及稳定性好于南坡。本研究在一定程度上可为露天煤矿排土场边坡人工修复过程中植物物种及合理配置模式的选择提供科学依据。     

茂名油页岩废渣场土地资源再利用试验研究

茂名石化公司３０多年的页岩油生产,堆置形成了８．１ｋｍ＾２的废渣堆场,是茂名一大污染源。植树绿化改善了废渣场的生态环境,减少了对周边环境的污染,实现了废渣场土地资源的再利用。     

油页岩废渣地12种木本植物光合作用的季节变化

研究了引种在油页岩工业废渣地12种木本植物冬、夏季光合作用特征,根据此评价引种植物的光合作用效率,测定的主要参数包括净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)和气孔导度(G_s)。结果表明:1) 冬、夏季各项测定指标差异很大,P_n、T_r、G_s均是夏季高于冬季,而且,夏季平均P_n、T_r和G_s值要比冬季均值分别高60.9%、77.7%和85.7%,但水分利用效率(WUE)却是冬季高于夏季26.8%~77.2%。2) P_n日变化节律冬、夏季有异,夏季较多的种出现“双峰型”,而冬季较多出现“单峰型”。但也有例外,樟树(Cinnamomum camphora)冬、夏季均出现“单峰”;油榄仁(Terminalia bellirica)、红胶木(Tristania conferta)和柚木(Tectona grandis)冬、夏季均出现“双峰”;海南蒲桃(Syzygium cumini)则冬季为“双峰”,夏季为“单峰”。3) 若某一植物种在冬、夏季都表现出有较高的P_n日均值,相对于另一种植物其中有一季有较高的P_n,说明前者更适应当地环境生长。据此,以冬、夏季P_n日均值的平均值高低排序,评价参试植物在当地自然光照条件下的光合作用效率高低,树种的排序为:大叶相思(Acacia auriculiformis)、油榄仁、铁刀木(Cassia siamea)、云南石梓(Gmelina arborea)、柚木、红胶木、樟树、海南红豆(Ormosia pinnata)、铁冬青(Ilex rotunda)、海南蒲桃、双翼豆(Peltophorum ptetocarpum)和海南翅萍婆(Pterygota alata)。     

Ants as Indicators of the Success of Rehabilitation Efforts in Deposits of Gold Mining Tailings

The evaluation of the success of restoration efforts is an essential step for environmental monitoring programs, providing reliable and intricate information on the response of biotic and abiotic elements of ecosystem following the restoration programs adopted. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of different rehabilitation efforts after gold mining activities using ants as bioindicators. We tested the following hypotheses: (1) the ant species richness and composition vary with the technique of revegetation and (2) the number of epigaeic and hypogaeic ant species increases with resources. We selected four tailing dumps from gold mining, one spontaneously revegetated (“Natural”) and the other three areas with different rehabilitation techniques, namely: Grassy 2005—rehabilitation with grasses in 2005; Grassy 2006—rehabilitation with grasses in 2006, and Shrubby 2004—rehabilitation with grasses, herbaceous, and shrubs in 2004. Ants were sampled using epigaeic and hypogaeic pitfall traps. Species accumulation curves show that the “Natural” area has a higher number of species. We found differences in species composition of epigaeic and hypogaeic ants among the different areas sampled. We conclude that Camponotus fastigatus can be taken as a good indicator of environmental rehabilitation in areas impacted by mining activities. Moreover, Ectatomma edentatum, Dorymyrmex brunneus, Crematogaster evallans, and Solenopsis invicta can also indicate that the rehabilitation process is not yet completed.     

粤北南岭典型矿山生态修复工程技术模式与效益预评估——基于广东省山水林田湖草生态保护修复试点框架

广东粤北南岭山区地处国家生态安全格局“两屏三带”中的南方丘陵山地带的核心区,由于历史上有色金属矿产无序开采、选矿和冶炼等活动,导致区域生态环境问题突出,并造成下游区域土壤、水、农作物污染。修复历史遗留矿山、做好源头控制是解决区域生态环境问题的关键所在。以典型矿山废弃地单元（废土堆）为例,提出其生态修复工程技术模式与关键技术,开展修复效益预评估方法和实践研究。研究结果表明：粤北南岭山区矿区生态环境问题主要包括矿山植被破坏和水土流失问题突出、地质灾害风险隐患较大、矿山周边水土污染严重几个方面;矿山生态修复应以防控安全隐患为基础,以恢复生态功能为主要目标,同时治理矿山水土污染。构建了遵循山水林田湖草系统共治的“依山就势”重塑地形、“因势利导”疏导水流、“柔性防护”稳定边坡的粤北南岭废土堆立体生态修复模式,提出了相应的场地平整、清污分流、土壤改良、边坡生态袋植生、立体植被配置等生态恢复关键技术;建立了包括涵养水源、保持水土、净化环境及净化水质4个方面的生态效益评估模型,废土堆修复后生态效益预计可达到66754.25元/a。研究结果可为粤北南岭山区及类似区域山水林田湖草系统共治提供技术支撑。     

Effects of oil shale waste disposal on soil and water quality: hydrogeochemical aspects

Abstract

Environmental pollution from solid waste landfillings (SWLs) is of major concern to both the environmentalists and to individual citizens. The necessity for studying on contaminant generation and control is becoming more urgent in view of the risks associated with such sites.

An oil shale tailing at Maoming, South China, was chosen as our study case. Soil samples, water samples and oil shale tailings were collected from the site and analyzed for their compositions. The analytical results revealed that the soil and groundwater were contaminated to various degrees by several chemicals or pollutants from the oil shale tailings. The major environmental problems associated with the site were acidification of soil and groundwater, high content of heavy metals and sulfate in soil and groundwater and organic contamination of soil, in particular, finding of carcinogenous benzo[a] pyrene other PAHs.

Statistical and geochemical methods were applied to reveal the sources of contaminants. Soil and groundwater contamination were correlated obviously with the oil shale waste disposal. The nearer the sampling sites to the tailing, the heavier the soil and groundwater were contaminated. The different water samples composition had same chemical characteristics. The soil and water samples were analyzed for 16 PAHs (USEPA priority pollutants). It indicated that PAHs were retained mostly in the soil, which consisted of mainly naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene and anthracene. Analysis for PAHs source revealed that they were also from the oil shale tailing.     

Diversity of native and alien plant species on rubbish dumps: effects of dump age, environmental factors and toxicity

Abstract. The flora of 96 rubbish dumps consisting of organic, inorganic and industrial wastes was studied in the Czech Republic. Some dumps contained toxic substances (heavy metals, chlorethylenes, phenols, polychlorinated biphenyls, oil hydrocarbons and biogas). Statistically significant factors explaining the number and proportional representation of native plant species, archaeophytes (introduced before 1500) and neophytes (introduced later) were determined. In total, 588 species of vascular plants were recorded, with archaeophytes (133 species) over‐represented and native species (322 species) and neophytes (133 species) under‐represented compared to their proportions in the national flora. Minimum adequate models were used to determine the effects of several factors on species numbers and proportions, independent of other factors. Dump area, human density in the region and altitude (non‐significant only in archaeophytes) were correlated positively with species numbers. Dump age, expressed as time since dump establishment, interacted with the dump toxicity; species numbers increased with dump age on non‐toxic dumps, whereas on toxic dumps no increase in numbers was noted. For neophytes, dump toxicity also interacted with human density; the increase in numbers of neophytes with human density is more pronounced on toxic than on non‐toxic dumps. The variables measured failed to explain observed differences in proportional representation of native species, archaeophytes and neophytes. This suggests that the occurrence of species growing in such extreme habitats is driven overwhelmingly by factors such as anthropogenic disturbance. A possible explanation for the positive effect of altitude on species numbers on dumps is that the effect of heating of the deposited substrate by microbiological processes, documented by previous studies, overrides the effect of altitude which was shown repeatedly to have a negative effect on species richness. Neophyte distribution is driven by an interplay of factors distinct from those influencing the distribution of native species, namely toxicity and human density (the latter we interpret as a surrogate for propagule pressure). Their distribution on studied dumps is more restricted than that of native taxa and archaeophytes, and they are more limited by toxic substrata; more intensive propagule pressure is required for their establishment at dumps with higher toxicity levels.     

Development of Vegetation and Aquatic Habitat in Restored Riparian Sites of California's North Coast Rangelands

The preponderance of short‐term objectives and lack of systematic monitoring of restoration projects limits opportunities to learn from past experience and improve future restoration efforts. We conducted a retrospective, cross‐sectional survey of 89 riparian revegetation sites and 13 nonrestored sites. We evaluated 36 restoration metrics at each site and used project age (0–39 years) to quantify plant community and aquatic habitat trajectories with a maximum likelihood model selection approach to compare linear and polynomial relationships. We found significant correlations with project age for 16 of 21 riparian vegetation, and 11 of 15 aquatic habitat attributes. Our results indicated improvements in multiple ecosystem services and watershed functions such as diversity, sedimentation, carbon sequestration, and available habitat. Ten riparian vegetation metrics, including native tree and exotic shrub density, increased nonlinearly with project age, while litter and native shrub density increased linearly. Species richness and cover of annual plants declined over time. Improvements in aquatic habitat metrics, such as increasing pool depth and decreasing bankfull width‐to‐depth ratio, indicated potentially improved anadromous fish habitats at restored sites. We hypothesize that certain instream metrics did not improve because of spatial and/or temporal limitations of riparian vegetation to affect aquatic habitat. Restoration managers should be prepared to maintain or enhance understory diversity by controlling exotic shrubs or planting shade‐tolerant native species as much as 10 years after revegetation.