喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶林木本植物功能性状变异及其适应策略

叶片功能性状能反映植物对环境的高度适应能力和复杂生境下的自我调控能力，同时也能反映植物的基本特征和对资源的有效利用率。以木论国家级自然保护区喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶林144种优势木本植物为研究对象，测定其叶厚(LT)、叶面积(LA)、比叶面积(SLA)、叶长宽比(L/W)、叶组织密度(LTD)叶片形态性状和12种叶元素性状特征及变异程度，并探讨植物对喀斯特生境的适应策略。结果表明：17个性状变异程度不同，其中叶面积变异系数最大，达到133.31%,叶片碳变异系数最小，为7.73%,叶元素变异程度普遍高于叶形态性状变异程度。不同叶习性物种间叶厚、比叶面积、叶长宽比、叶氮含量性状差异达到显著水平。部分叶性状呈显著相关，得到一系列最佳功能性状组合，体现植物对喀斯特地区特殊生境的适应性。沿着性状贡献率较高的PC1轴，能够定义出叶经济谱，大部分常绿植物采取经济保守策略，而大部分落叶植物则聚集在资源获取的一侧。相较于邻近非喀斯特地区，喀斯特地区植物有较小的LA、SLA。这些结果体现了喀斯特地区植物叶片形成的不同叶性状特征，以及分布于经济谱两端的常绿和落叶植物的不同资源获取策略，揭示了植物对生境的适应策略...     

生境异质性对鼎湖山常绿阔叶林群落功能多样性的影响

物种共存机制一直以来是群落生态学的研究热点。为了探讨异质生境条件下鼎湖山常绿阔叶林群落功能多样性变化,找到其变化的主要环境驱动因子,该研究利用位于鼎湖山20 hm~2监测样地第2次群落调查数据并选择代表不同生境(海拔和地形)的27个样方(20 m×20 m),于2013年夏季在样地内所选样方中测定所有胸径≥1 cm树种的叶片功能性状。所测性状包括形态学性状(比叶面积、叶片干物质含量、叶面积以及叶片长宽比)和化学计量学性状(叶片碳、氮、磷的含量),结合地形和土壤数据并通过分析功能多样性随环境梯度的变化,探讨了环境过滤和竞争在鼎湖山群落物种共存中的相对重要性。结果表明:功能分歧度和群落权重平均值与环境因素关系密切,尤其是海拔、凹凸度和土壤养分。环境条件较好区域(微尺度高海拔、高凹凸度和土壤养分含量)的植物采取统一的养分有效保存(低SLA,高LDMC)的适应策略(功能分歧度低),环境过滤所起作用更强;植物在相反的环境条件下,采取快速生长策略(高SLA,低LDMC),能够更好地适应环境的变化,且性状变化是多样的(功能分歧度高),在该条件下竞争作用更为显著。叶面积和叶片氮含量的分歧度在环境条件较好的区域增大,这与其他功能性状不一致,说明不同生态位轴(环境因素)影响不同性状的分歧度变化,并且在局域尺度上植物为了更好地适应环境变化采取了多样的适应策略。     

木兰科常绿与落叶物种叶片构建策略的差异

为探究木兰科(Magnoliaceae)常绿与落叶物种叶片构建的生理生态策略,选取黄山木兰(Yulaniacylindrica)、玉兰(Y.denudata)和鸡公山玉兰(Y. jigongshanensis) 3种落叶物种,以及荷花玉兰(Magnolia grandiflora)、含笑花(Michelia figo)、石碌含笑(M. shiluensis) 3种常绿物种,对其叶片构建成本和叶片寿命相关的性状进行比较。结果表明,木兰科3落叶种的单位叶片面积成本(CCarea)显著低于3常绿种,但落叶和常绿物种的叶片质量成本(CCmass)差异不显著。落叶物种的叶氮、磷含量(Nmass,Pmass)和比叶面积(SLA)均显著高于常绿物种,而叶片寿命(LLS)显著低于常绿物种。CCarea与LLS呈显著正相关,Nmass、Pmass和SLA均与LLS呈显著负相关。这说明木兰科玉兰属落叶物种单位面积叶片构建成本小于常绿物种;落叶物种叶片寿命短,但采取低成本构建策略,提高比叶面积获得更多光资源,增加营养积累,也揭示了玉兰属落叶物种适应北亚热带较短的生长季和较低水热条件的生理生态策略。     

从异龄叶性状分析几种常绿阔叶植物变异与关联

该研究从个体与物种两个水平分析福建省鬼洞山中亚热带常绿阔叶次生林中七种阔叶树种异龄叶的平均叶面积(MLA)、比叶面积(SLA)和叶干物质含量(LDMC)三个性状的变异及关联,探讨叶性状物质分配策略对植物生活策略优化的限制性影响。结果表明:(1)对七种阔叶树种的个体和物种水平变异系数而言,均为MLA(82.9%;76.9%)SLA(38.9%;35.5%)LDMC(25.4%;23.8%);在个体和物种水平上当年生叶片MLA变异系数(71.5%;64.0%)小于往年生叶片(72.2%;65.8%),SLA、LDMC值则相反。(2)在个体和物种水平,当年生叶MLA对往年生叶MLA变异的解释率分别为50.1%和61.5%,当年生叶SLA对往年生叶SLA变异的解释率分别为56.6%和77.0%,当年生叶LDMC对往年生叶LDMC变异的解释率分别为51.7%和68.3%。(3)7种亚热带常绿阔叶植物异龄叶MLA、SLA与LDMC变化规律说明,当年生叶与往年生叶投资相同干物质,当年叶可形成更大的叶面积,且叶面积建成的消耗较往年叶小。研究认为,异龄叶性状在异龄叶间存在变异与关联,叶面积形成过程中生物量建成与消耗的协调可能影响植物叶片的发育。     

桂林岩溶石山檵木群落老龄林植物叶性状

该研究以桂林岩溶石山檵木群落老龄林的25种主要植物为对象,通过测定其叶干质量(DW)、叶干物质含量(LDMC)、叶面积(LA)、叶厚度(LT)、比叶面积(SLA)和叶组织密度(LTD)等叶性状指标,探讨不同物种叶性状的差异以及性状之间的内在联系。结果表明:DW、LDMC、LA、LT、SLA和LTD在乔木层8种植物之间以及灌木层17种植物之间均呈极显著差异(P0.01)。乔木层植物叶片具有相对较大的DW、LDMC和LT,灌木层植物叶片具有相对较大的SLA,乔木层和灌木层植物叶片LA和LTD的差异不显著。Pearson相关性分析表明,乔木层与灌木层植物叶性状相关性除LTD与LDMC和LA,SLA与LA不一致外,其他性状两两之间相关性均表现为一致性。主成分分析表明,在6个叶性状指标中,DW、LDMC和LTD可以作为反映岩溶石山檵木群落老龄林乔木层植物适应生境的重要叶性状指标,主要表征植物抵御外界干扰及不利环境的能力和对生长环境干湿程度适应的能力,具有"缓慢投资-收益"叶经济谱的特点。SLA和LTD可以作为反映岩溶石山檵木群落老龄林灌木层植物适应生境的重要叶性状指标,主要表征植物获取资源的能力,具有"快速投资-收益"叶经济谱的特点。     

森林与灌丛的灌木性状揭示不同的生活策略

灌木是森林和灌丛生态系统的重要组成部分, 探究森林与灌丛灌木功能性状的差异, 可揭示灌木在不同生境的适应策略。该研究以金华北山森林群落林下灌木层、低山灌丛和山顶灌丛共24个样地中的优势灌木为研究对象, 分析叶片和小枝9个功能性状在3种生境下的总体差异, 以及种间、种内变异和不同生活型的差异。结果表明: 1) 9个性状在3种不同生境下存在差异。林下灌木具有较大的叶面积和比叶面积, 较小的叶干物质含量、叶和小枝的组织密度, 低山灌丛相较于山顶灌丛具有较大的叶厚度、叶组织密度和较小的比叶面积、小枝干物质含量。2)林下灌木的比叶面积、小枝直径、小枝组织密度和小枝干物质含量的种内种间变异系数最大, 低山灌丛的比叶面积、叶和小枝的干物质含量、叶和小枝的组织密度的种内种间变异系数最小。3)不同生活型间, 林下常绿灌木的叶厚度、叶组织密度、叶干物质含量显著高于落叶灌木, 落叶灌木的比叶面积显著高于常绿灌木, 而山顶灌丛叶厚度和比叶面积的差异规律与林下灌木相同, 叶组织密度和叶干物质含量的差异与其相反。4)影响灌木性状的主要因素是物种以及物种和生境的交互作用。总之, 森林群落林下灌木形成较大叶面积和比叶面积, 较小叶和小枝组织密度、叶干物质含量的性状组合, 以快速生长而适应光照较弱、竞争作用强的林下环境, 是资源获取型策略; 低山灌丛和山顶灌丛具有较大叶厚度、组织密度、干物质含量和小枝组织密度和较小叶面积、比叶面积等一系列储存养分、慢速生长的性状组合, 属于资源保守型策略。灌木植物性状的不同组合及其所反映的不同生活策略, 对亚热带地区退化植被的生态恢复具有指导意义。     

克隆植物芦苇叶片功能性状对异质环境的响应

芦苇叶片功能性状的空间变化反映克隆植物的资源分配格局,而其与土壤环境因子的耦合关系体现了克隆植物对异质环境的生态适应策略。本研究以中国西北内陆湿地克隆植物芦苇为对象,分析了湿生生境、盐沼生境、荒漠生境条件下芦苇叶片功能性状及其对土壤环境因子的响应。结果表明: 从湿生生境到荒漠生境,芦苇叶片C、N、P含量分别下降7.2%、40.0%、64.1%,N、P利用效率增加,芦苇叶长、叶宽、叶面积、叶干重、比叶面积和叶厚度均表现出减小趋势。芦苇叶片功能性状间存在协同变化的特征,比叶面积与叶片营养元素表现出显著相关关系。土壤容重、盐分和水分分别是驱动湿生生境、盐沼生境和荒漠生境芦苇叶片功能性状变异的最重要的环境因子。     

Traits of shrubs in forests and bushes reveal different life strategies

灌木是森林和灌丛生态系统的重要组成部分, 探究森林与灌丛灌木功能性状的差异, 可揭示灌木在不同生境的适应策略。该研究以金华北山森林群落林下灌木层、低山灌丛和山顶灌丛共24个样地中的优势灌木为研究对象, 分析叶片和小枝9个功能性状在3种生境下的总体差异, 以及种间、种内变异和不同生活型的差异。结果表明: 1) 9个性状在3种不同生境下存在差异。林下灌木具有较大的叶面积和比叶面积, 较小的叶干物质含量、叶和小枝的组织密度, 低山灌丛相较于山顶灌丛具有较大的叶厚度、叶组织密度和较小的比叶面积、小枝干物质含量。2)林下灌木的比叶面积、小枝直径、小枝组织密度和小枝干物质含量的种内种间变异系数最大, 低山灌丛的比叶面积、叶和小枝的干物质含量、叶和小枝的组织密度的种内种间变异系数最小。3)不同生活型间, 林下常绿灌木的叶厚度、叶组织密度、叶干物质含量显著高于落叶灌木, 落叶灌木的比叶面积显著高于常绿灌木, 而山顶灌丛叶厚度和比叶面积的差异规律与林下灌木相同, 叶组织密度和叶干物质含量的差异与其相反。4)影响灌木性状的主要因素是物种以及物种和生境的交互作用。总之, 森林群落林下灌木形成较大叶面积和比叶面积, 较小叶和小枝组织密度、叶干物质含量的性状组合, 以快速生长而适应光照较弱、竞争作用强的林下环境, 是资源获取型策略; 低山灌丛和山顶灌丛具有较大叶厚度、组织密度、干物质含量和小枝组织密度和较小叶面积、比叶面积等一系列储存养分、慢速生长的性状组合, 属于资源保守型策略。灌木植物性状的不同组合及其所反映的不同生活策略, 对亚热带地区退化植被的生态恢复具有指导意义。     

不同原生境的6种棕榈科植物叶片水力性状的对比研究

为揭示生长在湿润生境和季节性干旱生境棕榈科植物的水分生理生态适应的差异,在中国科学院华南植物园中选取3种原分布于湿润生境(SOMH)植物:澳洲轴榈(Licualaramsayi)、槟榔(Arecacatechu)和所罗门皱籽棕(Ptychosperma salomonense),以及3种原分布于季节性干旱生境(SODH)植物:大丝葵(Washingtonia robusta)、澳洲蒲葵(Livistona australis)和大蒲葵(L. saribus),对叶片和叶柄的结构与功能性状进行测定。结果表明,与SODH物种相比,3种SOMH植物的水力加权导管直径(Dh)、理论导水率(Kth)、膨压丧失点(TLP)、脆弱性指数(VI)和比叶面积(SLA)较高,而其叶脉密度(VD)较低。TLP、VI均与Kth呈显著正相关,说明水力效率和水力安全之间存在权衡关系。可见,SOMH棕榈的叶片水力效率高于SODH棕榈,但叶片水力安全低于SODH,这揭示了生长于不同生境棕榈科植物在水分生理生态策略上的差异。     

热带季雨林不同小生境大戟科植物幼树的叶片结构、耐旱性和光合能力之间的相关性

植物的叶片结构和功能性状受到自身、环境和系统发育的影响。该研究选取西双版纳20 hm²热带雨林动态监测大样地内18种分布格局不同的大戟科植物, 测量了幼树叶片的解剖结构、水分关系特征、最大光合能力和暗呼吸, 主要探讨了叶片结构对植物耐旱性和光合能力的影响, 耐旱性和光合能力之间的权衡关系, 以及环境水分条件对植物功能性状相关性的影响。结果表明: 1)生境内植物表现出一定的结构和功能的趋同性, 分布在山脊和山坡的种比沟谷种具有更强的耐失水能力; 2)去除了系统发育的影响后, 一些关键性状(特别是叶片密度和膨压丧失点时的水势、饱和渗透势等)之间存在跨生境尺度上的相关关系, 植物叶片结构同时影响了植物的耐失水能力和光合能力, 植物叶片自身的结构限制导致了植物的耐旱性(高的叶片密度、比叶质量)和光合能力(低的叶片密度、比叶质量)存在反向进化关系; 3)如果研究的植物类群亲缘关系较近, 传统的Pearson相关分析不能很好地揭示其性状间的相关关系, 因而必须采用系统发育独立对照差作相关分析。大戟科植物的结构和功能在水分梯度和光梯度上的生态位分化也从功能性状的角度为热带季雨林能维持高生物多样性, 保持植物物种长期共存提供了一个可能的解释。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

Composition and diversity of bird communities in Swedish farmland–forest mosaic landscapes

CapsuleThe amount of forest (at local and landscape scales) and occurrence of residual habitats at the local scale are shown to be the major factors influencing bird community composition in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Aims To investigate the importance of local habitat and landscape structure for breeding birds in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Methods Breeding birds were censused at 292 points. A detailed habitat mapping was made within 300 m of the points. Within a 300–600 m radius only two major habitats (forests and arable fields) were identified.

Results Cluster analyses of bird communities identified three site types that also differed in habitat composition: (i) partially forested sites in forested landscapes; (ii) heterogeneous sites with residual habitats in mosaic landscapes; and (iii) field-dominated farmland sites in open landscapes. A total of 19 of 25 farmland bird species (restricted to farmland or using both farmland and forest) had the highest abundance in farmland sites with mosaics of forest and farmland, while only six farmland species had the highest abundance in field-dominated sites. The bird community changed from being dominated by farmland species to being dominated by forest species (common in forest landscapes without farmland) at small proportions (10–20%) of forest at the local scale. A major difference in habitat composition between heterogeneous and field-dominated sites was the occurrence of different residual habitats (e.g. shrubby areas and seminatural grasslands). These habitats seemed to influence bird community composition more than land-use, despite covering <10% of the area. Seminatural grasslands were important for bird community composition and species-richness, but grazing seemed to be less important. Among different land-use types, cereal crops were the least preferred fields. Set-asides with tall vegetation and short rotation coppices were positively associated with species-richness of farmland birds.

Conclusion In general, the composition of the landscape was important for bird community composition, although amount and distribution of forests, occurrence of residual habitats and land-use of fields at the local scale had the strongest influence on bird community composition. The possible implications of these patterns for managing farmland–forest landscapes are discussed.     

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Rhus typhina L. and their chemotaxonomic significance

This work describes the isolation and characterization of twenty-nine compounds from the fruits of Rhus typhina L., including eleven flavonoids (1–11), eleven phenols (12–22), two pentacyclic triterpenes (23–24), two organic acids (25–26), one lumichrome (27), one courmarin (28) and one pyrimidine (29) on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Compounds apigenin (1), daidzein (4), orobol (5), 3′, 5, 5′, 7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (6), naringenin (7), butein (8), (-)-catechin (9), quercetin-3-O-α-L-(3″-O-galloyl)-rhamnoside (11), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (13), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (14), vanillin (15), methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (16), 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide (18), tyrosol (19), caffeic acid (20), 3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (21), phlorizin (22), friedelin (23), oleanolic acid (24), 4,4-dimethyl-heptanedioic acid (25), anthranilic acid (26), lumichrome (27), scoparone (28) and uracil (29) have not been recorded before in this plant. This is the first report on the occurrence of compounds 4–7, 9, 11, 13–14, 16, 18–21, 25–29 from the genus Rhus. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds was also summarized.