广东省增江菱形藻属群落分布的时空特征

底栖硅藻是河流生态监测常用的生物监测指标, 为了解底栖硅藻中的菱形藻属(Nitzschia)分布格局及其对环境的指示作用, 于2010 年5 月、9 月和2011 年1 月对广东省增江的21 个采样点进行底栖硅藻采样调查和监测, 分析了底栖硅藻中菱形藻属的分布特征及群落结构与环境因子的关系。三次采样中共检出菱形藻属26 种, 其多样性(丰富度和真辛普森多样性指数)随河流等级呈先升高后下降的空间分布特征。3 种优势种(克劳斯菱形藻、谷皮菱形藻和亚针尖菱形藻)相对丰度的时空分布存在差异: 如克劳斯菱形藻的相对丰度在下游较高, 而亚针尖菱形藻在中游较高; 2011 年1 月采样中的谷皮菱形藻相对丰度明显低于2010 年5 月和9 月。逐步回归表明, 环境因子对菱形藻属相对丰度变化的解释率较高, 三个次采样季节的解释率(Adjusted R2)在60%左右。2010 年9 月和2011 年1 月两次采样的冗余分析中, 环境因子均能显著解释菱形藻属群落的变异, 解释量分别为43.7%和37.9%。多元方差分析表明, 菱形藻属群落结构空间变化明显, 季节变化显著。     

珠海淇澳岛红树林和芦苇湿地底栖硅藻群落比较

研究了珠海淇澳岛红树林湿地和芦苇湿地2007年3月至2008年1月间底栖硅藻群落的结构及其动态特征.结果表明,两种湿地共有底栖硅藻28属113种(变种),其中红树林中检出23属95种(变种),明显高于芦苇湿地的21属42种(变种).底栖硅藻的丰度为14.3～553.5 celk cm-3,不同样地和采样期的多样性指数和均匀度指数不同,但红树林湿地高于芦苇湿地.两种湿地底栖硅藻群落的属种结构存在显著差异,红树林湿地中多以羽纹藻类,如布纹藻属(Gyrosigma)、斜纹藻属(Pleurosigma)和羽纹藻属(Pinnularia)等占优势,而芦苇湿地主要以中心藻类,如圆筛藻属(Coscinodiscus)和小环藻属(Cyclotella)等占优势.相似性分析显示,样地基质对底栖硅藻群落的影响大于季节变化的影响.     

南麂列岛砂质潮间带底栖硅藻多样性与群落结构的时空变化

为了解南麂列岛国家级海洋自然保护区砂质潮间带底栖硅藻多样性与群落结构的现状及近20多年来的变化,于2013年11月至2014年8月,对南麂列岛火焜岙砂质潮间带的底栖硅藻进行了4个季节的采样和研究,并与1981–1993年有关的历史资料进行了比较分析。本研究共鉴定底栖硅藻49属120种,海岸曲解藻(Fallacia litoricola)、史氏双壁藻(Diploneis smithii)、稀疏双壁藻(D.parca)等17种为目前的优势种。Shannon多样性指数在2.388–3.445之间,以春季最高,秋季最低;在空间分布上依次为:中潮区低潮区高潮区。相似性分析(analysis of similarities,ANOSIM)表明底栖硅藻群落在不同潮区间差异显著,而季节差异不显著。BIOENV分析显示盐度与底栖硅藻群落结构的相关性最高。本研究结果表明,南麂列岛砂质潮间带的底栖硅藻群落结构近几十年来已发生了明显变化。与1981–1993年南麂列岛的3次调查数据相比,目级阶元减少了2个,科级阶元增加了7个,而属级和种级阶元较过去的29属55种有了显著增加,这可能是分类研究强度增加所致。但分类学多样性降低,平均分类差异指数Δ+由过去的79.79降至71.41;且过去记录的大个体固着类群被现今的小个体固着类群和间隙运动类群(epipelon)所取代,这可能是火焜岙过去人类活动频繁、有机质过量排放的长期效应所致。     

海南岛主要水系枯水期底栖硅藻群落特征及区系分析

以海南岛主要水系的30个样点的河流底栖硅藻为对象, 分析了其枯水期的群落组成, 并探讨了群落的地理分布特征。在鉴定出的55属174种底栖硅藻中, 曲壳藻属是优势属, 占52.3%。聚类分析及非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)显示, 底栖硅藻群落表现出明显的地理分布差异, 可划分为西部坝王岭、西部尖峰岭、中部的鹦哥岭和五指山以及东部的吊罗山4大群系。其中西部山区昌化江水系的硅藻多样性最低, 中部山区为昌化江水系和南渡江水系的发源地, 其硅藻多样性最高, 东部山区硅藻也表现出一定独特性, 说明本研究中底栖硅藻群落分布很可能受季风及地理空间因素的影响。大多数样点的优势种为清洁指示种, 少数样点出现了Gomphonema parvulum和Aulacoseira ambigua等高营养盐指示种, 表明大部分河流水质良好, 仅少部分河流由于人类活动而出现了富营养化趋势。     

雅砻江（锦屏段）及其主要支流底栖藻类群落与环境因子的关系

分别于2004年5月和11月对雅砻江(锦屏段)及其主要支流22个采样点的底栖藻类进行研究.共采获底栖藻类150种,分属3门(硅藻、绿藻和蓝藻),37属.其中硅藻门占绝对优势(96.5%),线性曲壳藻(Achnanthes linearis)和Achnanthes deflexa为绝对优势种,其相对丰富度分别为35.3%和11.0%.细端菱形藻(Nitzschia dissipata)和小型异极藻(Gomphonema parvulum)是雅砻江(锦屏段)干流的优势种,而线性曲壳藻、扁圆卵形藻(Cocconeis placentula)和Achnanthes deflexa是其他支流的优势种.基于底栖藻类的物种组成和相对丰度,对两次的采样点进行去势对应分析(DCA),结果发现:两次采样雅砻江(锦屏段)干流样点与其他支流样点在DCA第一轴上得到了很好的分化,表明研究区域底栖藻类群落存在明显的空间差异,这主要是由干流的特殊生境所致.典范对应分析(CCA)结果显示不同季节影响底栖藻类群落结构的环境因子有所差异.总磷(TP)是5月份影响底栖藻类空间分布的最主要因素;11月份影响底栖藻类空间分布的最主要环境因子为氨氮(NH4-N)和海拔(Elevation).     

北京河流底栖硅藻沿城乡梯度带空间分布及其季节变化

研究了北京市区沿城乡梯度带河流底栖硅藻的空间分布及其季节变化特征。通过在2014年的春季、夏季和秋季在山区对照溪流、城市上游河道和城市下游河道3个样区,共23个样点进行了底栖硅藻样品采集。分析表明,主要优势种的空间差异明显。在对照溪流,主要优势种为极小曲丝藻(Achnanthidium minutissimum);在城市上游河道,主要优势种分别为短文假十字脆杆藻(Pseudostaurosira brevistriata)和连结十字脆杆藻腹面变种(Staurosira construens var.venter);在城市下游河道,主要优势种为谷皮菱形藻(Nitzschia palea)。然而,3个样区内的主要优势种相对丰度季节变化较小(P0.05)。其中,A.minutissimum及P.brevistriata的季节变化特征均为春季秋季夏季,而S.construens var.venter及N.palea的季节变化特征均为春季夏季秋季。结果发现,北京市城乡梯度带的河流硅藻种类组成差异较大,但主要优势属种季节变化相对较小,表明硅藻种类能较好地反映城乡梯度带的河流环境变化状况,可用于北京市河流水质生物监测。     

三亚岩相潮间带底栖海藻群落结构及其季节变化

为了解三亚潮间带大型海藻生态现状,布设6条岩相断面,于2008年1—11月进行了四季野外的调查,并使用物种多样性指数与聚类分析研究了潮间带大型海藻四季的群落结构和多样性变化。调查共鉴定出大型底栖藻类130种,隶属于4门75属,其中红藻门41属67种、褐藻门16属31种、绿藻门15属29种、蓝藻门3属3种。潮间带海藻种类数季节变化不大,并呈低潮带>中潮带>高潮带的垂直分布特征,且中低潮带有共同分布种,夏季尤为普遍。潮间带海藻夏冬两季平均生物量高于春秋两季,但并无显著差异。优势种季节变化明显:春季有波利团扇藻Padina boryana、日本仙菜Ceramium japonicum、半叶马尾藻Sargassum hemiphyllum、海柏Polyopes polyideoides,夏季有波状软凹藻Chondrophycus undulates、冠叶马尾藻Sargassum cristaefolium、宽扁叉节藻Amphiroa dilatata、石花菜Gelidium amansii,秋季有冠叶马尾藻、波状软凹藻、叶状铁钉菜Ishige foliacea,冬季有瓦氏马尾藻Sargassum vachellianum、苔状鸭毛藻Symphyocladia marchantioides、珊瑚藻Corallina officinalis、波利团扇藻、日本仙菜。群落多样性冬高夏低:Shannon多样性和Margalef丰富度指数最大值出现在冬季,Shannon多样性和Pielou均匀度指数最低值出现在夏季。区域底栖藻类以暖水性热带-亚热带种为主,其次为温水性的暖温带种类,基本符合南海南区暖水区系特点。研究表明,尽管三亚潮间带底栖海藻种类数与生物量上并无显著的季节差异,但群落结构与多样性均显示出一定的季节变化。     

南亚热带河流底栖硅藻β多样性及其对空间距离与环境梯度的响应——基于广义非相似性模拟的分析

β多样性指不同生境间群落物种组成的差异,其空间格局及影响因素是生物多样性维持研究的重要内容。以典型的南亚热带中小型河流—广州流溪河为对象,在对底栖硅藻进行季节调查的基础上,采用Baselga对β多样性的分解框架,基于S?rensen相异性系数将底栖硅藻的β多样性分解为周转和嵌套两个组分,运用广义非相似性模拟(Generalized Dissimilarity Modelling, GDM)分析了空间与环境因子对β多样性及其组分的影响。结果表明：底栖硅藻β多样性、物种周转和嵌套组分无明显季节差异,物种周转是流溪河底栖硅藻β多样性的主要组分(>75%);环境与空间过程共同影响流溪河底栖硅藻β多样性和物种周转组分格局,但环境选择是主要的驱动因子;与枯水期相比,丰水期的空间因素对β多样性和物种周转组分的影响程度降低。作为一种非线性距离回归方法,GDM能较好地识别底栖硅藻β多样性及其组分对环境梯度和空间距离的响应。     

在种与属两个级别评价太子河硅藻群落与环境因子的关系

2009年8—9月,对辽宁省太子河流域67个点位进行采样调查,以硅藻群落为研究对象,比较硅藻属级水平与种级水平相对多度、物种丰富度以及生物多样性指数间的相关性,并比较硅藻属级与种级属性与环境因子的相关性。实验结果表明,太子河流域硅藻属级水平的相对多度、丰富度和多样性指数与硅藻种级水平都极显著相关。Pearson相关性分析表明,硅藻属级水平的丰富度与环境显著相关的因子与种级水平丰富度与环境显著相关的因子相一致。Mantel-Test相关性分析表明,硅藻属级水平的相对多度与环境因子的相关性弱于种级水平与环境因子相关性。典范对应分析结果显示,影响硅藻属级和种级群落结构分布的主要环境因子均为悬浮物。基于硅藻生物评价指数的流域健康评价结果表明,应用硅藻属级和种级属性对太子河流域进行健康评价,其评价结果相一致。     

云南高原湖泊沿岸带底栖藻类群落的分布

对云南6个高原湖泊沿岸带底栖藻类的群落结构、现存量等进行了调查,研究期间发现底栖藻类群落主要由绿藻门的刚毛藻(Cladophora spp.)和硅藻门的一些附植种类组成,除硅藻群落在泸沽湖占优势外,其它湖泊中绿藻群落的相对比率高于硅藻.底栖藻类现存量(chl a)以星云湖最高(24 μg·cm-2);底栖硅藻密度以泸沽湖的鸟岛最高,为9.3×106 cells·cm-2.分析不同湖泊底栖硅藻的群落结构发现:底栖硅藻Epithemia sorex和Cocconeis klamathensis分别是泸沽湖和抚仙湖的绝对优势种,Amphora pediculus是阳宗海和滇池金宝的绝对优势种,洱海、星云湖和滇池又一村的优势种类较多,其中相对丰富度较高的主要是一些附植性种类.结果表明沿岸带的光照、营养水平和基质类型可能是影响底栖藻类群落分布的主要环境因子.     

Benthic diatom assemblages in mountain streams: community structure in relation to environmental and human pressures

The objective of this study was to determine the environmental factors that best explain the distribution and community composition of benthic diatoms in undisturbed mountain streams in the Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe. Benthic diatoms were sampled during the dry season from 21 sampling sites established along altitudinal gradient of the study rivers. A total of 119 diatom species belonging to 38 genera and twelve families were recorded for all the 21 sites sampled. No significant differences were observed in species diversity and equitability amongst the three river systems. However, species richness, diversity and equitability decreased significantly along the longitudinal gradient of the rivers, with the highest richness, diversity and evenness being recorded in the upper reaches. Temperature, velocity, NO₃^? and Ca²⁺ levels were strongly associated with changes in diatom communities in the three rivers. Inventory of diatom communities has applications in many fields of biological research including conservation and biological monitoring of ecosystem changes.     

增江底栖硅藻种类多样性及分布特征

2010年1月和5月对东江水系重要支流增江进行底栖硅藻的采样调查,分析了增江流域底栖硅藻的多样性和时空分布特征,并探讨了硅藻优势种与环境因子的关系.结果表明,两次采样共检出底栖硅藻42属178种(包括亚种和变种),与1月份相比,由于5月份降雨量较大,硅藻的数量有所下降,种类组成也有所改变.在两次采样中,藻类分布从下游到...     

Flood disturbance effects on benthic diatom assemblage structure in a semiarid river network

Disturbances such as floods and droughts play a central role in determining the structure of riverine benthic biological assemblages. Extreme disturbances from flash floods are often restricted to part of the river network and the magnitude of the flood disturbance may lessen as floods propagate downstream. The present study aimed to characterize the impact of summer monsoonal floods on the resistance and resilience of the benthic diatom assemblage structure in nine river reaches of increasing drainage size within the Gila River in the southwestern United States. Monsoonal floods had a profound effect on the diatom assemblage in the Gila River, but the effects were not related to drainage size except for the response of algal biomass. During monsoons, algal biomass was effectively reduced in smaller and larger systems, but minor changes were observed in medium systems. Resistance and resilience of the diatom assemblage to floods were related to specific species traits, mainly to growth forms. Tightly adhered, adnate and prostrate species (Achnanthidium spp., Cocconeis spp.) exhibited high resistance to repeated scour disturbance. Loosely attached diatoms, such as Nitzschia spp. and Navicula spp., were most susceptible to drift and scour. However, recovery of the diatom assemblage was very quick indicating a high resilience, especially in terms of biomass and diversity. Regional hydroclimatic models predict greater precipitation variability, which will select for diatoms resilient to bed‐mobilizing disturbances. The results of this study may help anticipate future benthic diatom assemblage patterns in the southwestern United States resulting from a more variable climate.     

Biofilm diatom community structure: Influence of temporal and substratum variability

Abstract

Diatoms, which are early autotrophic colonisers, are an important constituent of the biofouling community in the marine environment. The effects of substratum and temporal variations on the fouling diatom community structure in a monsoon-influenced tropical estuary were studied. Fibreglass and glass coupons were exposed every month for a period of 4 days and the diatom population sampled at 24 h intervals, over a period of 14 months. The planktonic diatom community structure differed from the biofilm community. Pennate diatoms dominated the biofilms whilst centric diatoms were dominant in the water column. Among the biofilm diatoms, species belonging to the genera Navicula, Amphora, Nitzschia, Pleurosigma and Thalassionema were dominant. On certain occasions, the influence of planktonic blooms was also seen on the biofilm community. A comparative study of biofilms formed on the two substrata revealed significant differences in density and diversity. However species composition was almost constant. In addition to substratum variations, the biofilm diatom community structure also showed significant seasonal variations, which were attributed to physico-chemical and biological changes in both the water and substratum. Temporal variations in the tychopelagic diatoms of the water were also observed to exert an influence on the biofilm diatom community. Variations in diatom communities may determine the functional ecosystem of the benthic environment.     

Benthic diatoms as indicators of eutrophication in tropical streams

Diatoms are frequently used as indicators of eutrophication in temperate systems, but little is known about their application to impacted African tropical systems. Five streams located within Gombe Stream National Park and five streams supporting human settlements draining into Lake Tanganyika, East Africa, were investigated for species composition, richness and diversity of epilithic algae. In addition, a trophic diatom index (TDI) developed for monitoring European rivers was applied to these tropical systems. 54 specific and infraspecific diatom taxa representing 20 genera were identified for all sites with Achnanthes s.l., Gomphonema and Navicula s.l. being the most common genera. Species richness varied between 10 and 21 in disturbed streams and 13 and 19 in undisturbed streams. Nutrients were significantly enriched in streams draining the deforested watersheds but indices of diversity and evenness (Shannon H, J and Simpson–Yule D, E) did not show any significant differences between streams in forested and deforested watersheds. Significant differences were observed between pooled data for the TDI between forested and deforested watersheds. Analysis of percent pollution tolerant diatom taxa indicates that organic pollution of streams in deforested watersheds may be contributing to eutrophication. This study shows that African diatoms, cosmopolitan or resembling well-known North American and European taxa, allows for trophic indices tailored to the autecological preferences of species to be applied to new regions, although intensive studies on these African taxa will lead to more accurate results. Measures of species-richness and diversity, historically used to describe the state of an ecosystem, may not be suitable to evaluate streams which are not grossly polluted. Electronic supplementary material Electronic supplementary material is available for this article at and accessible for authorised users.     

Diatoms as water quality indicators in the upper reaches of the Great Fish River,Eastern Cape,South Africa

This study focused on the spring-fed upper reaches of the economically important Great Fish River with the aim of determining if diatoms could be used for biomonitoring in semi-arid conditions in southern Africa. Five sites were monitored monthly from 2010 to 2012. Of the 269 diatom taxa belonging to 51 genera identified, the dominant taxa were mostly those considered to be pollution-tolerant: Amphora pediculus, Craticula buderi, Fragilaria biceps, Nitzschia frustulum, Nitzschia paleacea, Planothidium lanceolatum and Rhopalodia gibba. A number of diatom-based numerical indices were used to infer water quality, including the generic diatom index, the specific pollution sensitivity index, the biological diatom index, and percentage pollution-tolerant valves, which forms part of the UK trophic diatom index. All index scores showed the Great Fish River to be impacted, and showed significant correlations of diatom species abundance with pH, NO₃-N, electrical conductivity, NH4-N and CaCO_3. Analysis revealed EC and NO3-N as the main environmental drivers affecting diatom community composition, followed by pH and PO4-P. The percentage of diatom deformities at all sites was high, at 3.5%. Diatom indices showed the river to be impacted by decades of agricultural activity, which was confirmed by chemical water analysis. Thus diatom indices can be used for biomonitoring in semi-arid areas.     

An elementary,structural analysis of river phytoplankton

Summary A structural analysis of river phytoplankton has been carried out based upon published studies on 67 rivers. When available on a yearly basis to account for seasonal variability, five structural features have been chosen: species composition, species richness, species dominance, diversity and biomass (total and per taxonomic groups). Despite the high number of reported studies, most of them cover only some of the aforementioned features. As a result of the low amount of studies, tropical rivers are underepresented. No size distribution studies have been carried out on river phytoplankton. The average species richness amounts to 126, being higher in temperate rivers. Roughly one half of each flora is comprised of sporadic species. No statistically significant relationship between species richness and latitude has been found despite the fact that tropical rivers appear to house fewer species than temperate rivers. Also, one half of the support in the floras are either benthic or tychoplanktonic. Diatoms comprise the majority of species numbers in the whole data set but are substituted by desmids in tropical rivers and by green algae when benthic species are not taken into account. There appears to be lower biomass in river phytoplankton than in lakes. Diatoms are also the major taxonomic group comprising total biomass in rivers but they share clearly a lower fraction in tropical rivers. On an average basis, diatoms appear to be more dominant in rivers than in lakes. The time course of diatom dominance occurs close to the summer solstice in tropical rivers whereas is much more lagged in temperate sites. The diversity of river phytoplankton is highly scattered (0.40–4.40 bits ind^–1).     

The effects of fine-scale substratum roughness on diatom community structure in estuarine biofilms

Benthic diatoms are a major component of biofilms that form on surfaces submerged in marine environments. Roughness of the underlying substratum affects the settlement of both diatoms and subsequent macrofouling colonizers. This study reports the effects of roughness on estuarine diatom communities established in situ in the Indian River Lagoon, FL, USA. Natural communities were established on acrylic panels with a range of surface roughnesses. Smoother substrata exhibited higher cell density, species richness, and diversity. Twenty-three of 58 species were found either exclusively or more abundantly on the smooth surfaces compared to one or both roughened treatments. The results suggest a greater ability of benthic diatoms to recruit and colonize smooth surfaces, which is probably explained by a higher degree of contact between the cells and the surface.