青蒿鞣质抗病毒活性研究

从青蒿水提物中分离得到一种缩合鞣质(CTA),在体外进行了抗HSV-2和HBV活性研究。结果表明,CTA具有显著抗HSV-2活性,与阳性对照药物阿昔洛韦(ACV)比较,OC50分别为6．84mg／mL和3．69mg／mL,IG50分别为0．162mg／mL和0．138mg／mL,表明CTA的细胞毒性比ACV小,最低抗病毒活性浓度相当。用含CTA的培养基培养HepC2．2．1．5细胞,结果表明在浓度为2．5mg／mL时有轻微细胞毒性,在浓度为2．5～0．156mg／mL对HepG2．2．1．5细胞表达的HBeAg具有显著的抑制作用,0．625mg／mL浓度档培养第12d对HBeAg抑制率达到90．45％,提示CTA具有潜在的抗HBV活性。     

蓖麻籽提取物抗雌鼠生育活性成分体外筛选方法的建立

用不同剂量蓖麻籽乙醚提取物处理原代培养大鼠蜕膜细胞和黄体细胞,观察细胞形态变化,同时用MTT法检测细胞活力,探讨蓖麻籽提取物抗雌鼠生育活性成分的作用靶标,从而建立其有效成分的体外筛选方法。结果表明：400μg／mL蓖麻籽提取物处理液对体外培养大鼠蜕膜细胞生长有明显的抑制作用（P〈0．05）;提取物对蜕膜细胞的半抑制浓度（IC50）为568．6±5．3μg／mL,r=0．9790;其抑制作用具有较好的量-效关系。而提取物对黄体细胞活力的抑制作用不显著。结论：用大鼠离体培养蜕膜细胞的活力测定方法,作为蓖麻籽乙醚提取物抗雌鼠有效成分分离、提纯的活性跟踪指标是可行的。     

华蟾素对子宫内膜癌HEC-1-B细胞株凋亡和增殖的影响

目的：探讨华蟾素对体外培养子宫内膜癌HEC-1-B细胞凋亡、增殖以及侵袭能力的影响。方法：体外培养HEC-1-B细胞,经不同浓度华蟾素（0．2mg／ml、2mg／ml和20mg／m1）干预24h后,采用MTT法观察细胞生长情况,流式细胞术分析细胞凋亡,Transwell小室检测细胞体外侵袭能力。结果：华蟾素能有效抑制HEC．1．B细胞生长,诱导细胞凋亡。未经华蟾素处理的细胞凋亡率仅为2．5％,经0．2mg／ml、2mg／ml、20mg／ml的华蟾素作用24h后,细胞凋亡率分别为7．4％、44．3％和78．5％。趋势卡方检验x^2=165．4983,P〈0．0001。HEC-1-B细胞经华蟾素作用后,细胞侵袭能力降低。在高浓度时,华蟾素有可能存在细胞毒作用。结论：华蟾素能通过诱导HEC-1-B细胞凋亡,从而抑制HEC-1-B细胞生长,并且降低细胞的侵袭能力。     

喷昔洛韦体外抗疱疹病毒活性的研究

为评价新合成的喷昔洛韦的细胞毒性和抗疱疹病毒活性 ,通过观察病毒感染细胞的CPE、病毒滴度、抗病毒指数 ,从而判定喷昔洛韦的抗疱疹病毒作用。结果发现喷昔洛韦对HEL细胞、Hep 2细胞的半数中毒浓度 (TD50 )分别为 10 5 .2 μg/mL和 85 .1μg/mL ;对HSV 1、HSV 2、VZV、HSV 1吴株的平均半数抑制浓度 (IC50 )分别为2 1.78μg/mL、2 0 .15 μg/mL、2 3.19μg/mL和 17.87μg/mL ,对各毒株的治疗指数分别为 5 .84、6 .31、5 .49和 7.11。故喷昔洛韦是一种有效体外抗疱疹病毒药物     

紫球藻胞外多糖抗柯萨奇B3病毒活性研究I

采用MTT法研究了紫球藻胞外磺酸化多糖(ESPS)的细胞毒性,在高浓度(250μg/ml)下尚未发现对HEp-2细胞有明显毒性。CPE抑制法发现ESPS能明显抑制细胞的CPE,在综合、预防、治疗和直接作用四种给药方式下都具有抑制CVB3的作用。直接作用法的活性最高,TI值高达1920．6,是阳性对照药病毒唑的31倍。ES-PS组分中分子量越大,抗病毒活性越高,其中分子量大于300k的组分,IC50可低至0．754μg／ml,TI值高达331．6,是病毒唑的5倍多。结果表明ESPS有强烈的抗CVEb病毒活性,作用机制可能是干扰病毒在细胞表面的吸附及侵染过程。     

三种中药处方对SARS相关冠状病毒体外抑制作用的初步研究

探讨三种中药处方对Vero—E6细胞内SARS相关冠状病毒的抑制作用。取一定量的SARS相关冠状病毒BJ01株加入培养好的Vero—E,6细胞中,置37℃、5％CO2孵箱吸附2h,吸出病毒液。再分别加入不同浓度的药物稀释液,在同样条件下培养48-72h,观察细胞病变情况。迪康注射液、连花清瘟胶囊和复方连蒲颗粒抑制Vero—E6细胞内SAILS—CoV的半数有效浓度(EC50分别为0．056、0．11和0．49mg／ml,治疗指数（TT）分别为53．6、40．3和4．0。说明上述三种中药处方在体外对SAILS—CoV有一定抑制作用。     

Raji细胞培养中HSV持续感染模型的建立及免疫因素(TNF IFNs)对它的影响

本文观察HSV持续感染Raji细胞培养物150天。发现整个感染过程似呵分为两个阶段:急性期(前30天)和稳定期(30天以后)。在急性期上清液中HSV滴度达10~(6.2)TCID_(50)/ml.病毒抗原阳性细胞达21％,死细胞达42％;在稳定期病毒和细胞处于相对平衡状态,上清液中IISV滴度在10~(3.5-4.2)TCID_(50)/ml,病毒抗原阳性细胞约占5—10％,感染细胞与对照细胞在生长特性上无明显差异。用rIFNs、rlL-2和TNF处理稳定期的细胞培养物,发现TNF和rlFNa能明显抑制HSV的复制,rIENy作用较弱,去除上述因子5天后又恢复到处理前水平。rlL-2无明显作用。用HSV抗体处理上述细胞培养物上清液中病毒和病毒抗原阳性细胞都消失,且在去除抗体后连续观察50天仍未出现。本实验为体外研究HSV持续感染提供了一个有用的模型。     

丹参联合β-榄香烯对肝星形细胞LX-2增殖和凋亡的影响

目的：探讨丹参联合B-榄香烯对肝星形细胞LX-2增殖和凋亡的影响。方法：体外培养肝星形细胞LX-2,分别将丹参（浓度为1、2、4、6、8mg／ml）,β-榄香烯（浓度为25、50、100、150、200μg／ml）,单独作用于LX-2细胞后24h、48h用CCK-8（CellCountKit-8）法检测细胞的增殖情况,并选取合适的药物浓度（丹参3．6mg／ml,β-榄香烯125μg／ml）,然后进行联合用药,加药24h、48h后用CCK-8（Cell CountKit-8）法检测细胞的增殖情况,用流式细胞术检测细胞的凋亡率。结果：OCCK-8法显示丹参（浓度为1、2、4、6、8mg／ml）,8-榄香烯（浓度为25、50、100、150、200μg／ml）作用LX-2细胞24h、48h后,其增殖抑制率均明显高于正常对照组（P〈0．05）,并且呈浓度和时间依赖性。②联合用药（丹参3．6mg／ml,β-榄香烯125μg／ml）时,LX-2细胞的增殖抑制率和凋亡率均显著高于单独用药（P〈0．01）。结论：丹参、β-榄香烯单独或二者联合作用均能抑制LX-2细胞的增殖,且联合应用的作用显著高于单独用药,可协同促进LX-2细胞的凋亡。     

转译优化对EP0基因在cos7细胞中表达的影响

利用COS7细胞暂时表达系统,研究转译起始序列对EPO-cDNA表达的影响。通过DNA重组技术,构建了原EP0-cDNA表达载体pCSV-EP0(1)．其转译起始序列为5’AATTCATGG3’．同时通过定点突变技术,将起始序列改变成5’CCACCATGG3’,而构建了另一表达载体pCSv—EPO(2)。后者经序列分析证明无误后和前者均通过DEAE-dextran法转染COS7细胞,用ELlSA法定量洲量EP0表达水平．转染后48小时及72小时收集含pCSV—EP0(1)的COS7细胞上清．测定结果为1580pg／mI及954pg／mI,而含pCSV—EPO(2)的上清则为25 300pg／m1和17 450pg／ml。这表明经优化起始序列的基因表达远高于未经优化的。     

两种细胞分裂素对大白菜子叶再生的影响

以华阳三号(HY)和鲁白六号(LB)大白菜具柄子叶为外植体,建立了高频率不定芽再生体系,并比较了所使用的2种细胞分裂素作用的异同。MS 0．25mg／L TDZ O．5mg／L NAA 5mg／L AgN03组合中,HY的再生频率达到98．8％,在MS 2mg／L BA 0．5mg／L NAA 5mg／L AgN03组合中,HY和LB的再生频率分别为92．8％和82．4％。TDZ具有比BA高的细胞分裂活性,含有TDZ的培养基中,子叶再生频率高、出芽迅速、芽点多。子叶再生过程中,硝酸银的作用必不可少。     

Molecular docking and enzyme kinetic studies of dihydrotanshinone on metabolism of a model CYP2D6 probe substrate in human liver microsomes

The effects of Danshen and its active components (tanshinone I, tanshinone IIA, dihydrotanshinone and cryptotanshinone) on CYP2D6 activity was investigated by measuring the metabolism of a model CYP2D6 probe substrate, dextromethorphan to dextrorphan in human pooled liver microsomes. The ethanolic extract of crude Danshen (6.25-100 μg/ml) decreased dextromethorphan O-demethylation in vitro (IC(50)=23.3 μg/ml) and the water extract of crude Danshen (0.0625-1 mg/ml) showed no inhibition. A commercially available Danshen pill (31.25-500 μg/ml) also decreased CYP2D6 activity (IC(50)=265.8 μg/ml). Among the tanshinones, only dihydrotanshinone significantly inhibited CYP2D6 activity (IC(50)=35.4 μM), compared to quinidine, a specific CYP2D6 inhibitor (IC(50)=0.9 μM). Crytotanshinone, tanshinone I and tanshinone IIA produced weak inhibition, with IC(20) of 40.8 μM, 16.5 μM and 61.4 μM, respectively. Water soluble components such as salvianolic acid B and danshensu did not affect CYP2D6-mediated metabolism. Enzyme kinetics studies showed that inhibition of CYP2D6 activity by the ethanolic extract of crude Danshen and dihydrotanshinone was concentration-dependent, with K(i) values of 4.23 μg/ml and 2.53 μM, respectively, compared to quinidine, K(i)=0.41 μM. Molecular docking study confirmed that dihydrotanshinone and tanshinone I interacted with the Phe120 amino acid residue in the active cavity of CYP2D6 through Pi-Pi interaction, but did not interact with Glu216 and Asp301, the key residues for substrate binding. The logarithm of free binding energy of dihydrotanshinone (-7.6 kcal/mol) to Phe120 was comparable to quinidine (-7.0 kcal/mol) but greater than tanshinone I (-5.4 kcal/mol), indicating dihydrotanshinone has similar affinity to quinidine in binding to the catalytic site on CYP2D6.     

Partial purification of new milk-clotting enzyme produced by Nocardiopsis sp

Numerous attempts have been made to replace calf rennet with other milk clotting proteases because of limited supply and increasingly high prices. The aim of this work was to investigate the characteristic of the milk-clotting enzyme from Nocardiopsis sp. The partial purification extract was obtained by fractional precipitation with ammonium sulphate. Of the fractions obtained by precipitation, 40-60% possessed the milk-clotting activity (156.25 U/mg). The chromatography of 40-100% ammonium sulphate fraction in DEAE-cellulose yielded four fractions (F4, F5, F6, F7) with milk-clotting activity. The F5 yielded the best milk-clotting activity (20 U/ml). Both crude and partially purified extract were active at the range pH 4.5-11.0, however, optimum activity was displayed at pH 11.0 and pH 7.5, respectively. The milk-clotting activity was highest at 55 degrees C for both crude and partially purified extract. The crude and partial purification extract were inactivated at 65 and 75 degrees C after 30 min.     

Acaricidal activity of petroleum ether extract of neem (Azadirachta indica) oil and its four fractions separated by column chromatography against Sarcoptes scabiei var. cuniculi larvae in vitro

The petroleum ether extract of neem oil and its four fractions separated by column chromatography was diluted at different concentrations with liquid paraffin. The acaricidal bioassay was conducted using a dipping method. The results indicated that the median lethal concentration (LC50) of the petroleum ether extract (at the concentration of 500.0ml/l) was 70.9ml/l, 24h after treatment. At concentrations of 500.0, 250.0, 125.0, 62.5 and 31.2ml/l, the median lethal times (LT50) of the petroleum ether extract were 8.7, 8.8, 10.8, 11.5 and 13.1h, respectively. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) showed that the petroleum ether extract of neem oil separated into four fractions (F1-F4). Acaricidal activity of 68.3% and 100.0% in the F2 and F4 was confirmed. These results suggest that petroleum ether extracts of neem oil and its four fractions possess useful acaricidal activity in vitro.     

Antifungal activity of propolis extract against yeasts isolated from onychomycosis lesions

The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro activity of propolis extract against 67 yeasts isolated from onychomycosis in patients attending at the Teaching and Research Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the State University of Maringá. The method used was an adaptation made from the protocol approved by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. The yeasts tested were: Candida parapsilosis 35%, C. tropicalis 23%, C. albicans 13%, and other species 29%. The propolis extract showed excellent performance regarding its antifungal activity: the concentration capable of inhibiting the all of the yeasts was 5 x 10(-2) mg/ml of flavonoids and 2 x 10(-2) mg/ml of flavonoids stimulated their cellular death. Trichosporon sp. were the most sensitive species, showing MIC50 and MIC90 of 1.25 x 10(-2) mg/ml of flavonoids, and C. tropicalis was the most resistant, with CFM50 of 5 x 10(-2) mg/ml of flavonoids and MFC90 of 10 x 10(-2) mg/ml. In view of the fact that propolis is a natural, low cost, nontoxic product with proven antifungal activity, it should be considered as another option in the onychomycosis treatment.     

Enzymatic Removal of Diacetyl from Beer : III. Enzyme Protection and Regeneration of Cofactor

Use of diacetyl reductase, a reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)-requiring enzyme, to eliminate diacetyl off-flavor in beer was studied. The crude enzyme was extracted from Aerobacter aerogenes and partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation or Sephadex chromatography. In the semipure state, the enzyme was inactivated by lyophilization; in a crude state, the lyophilized extract remained stable for at least 4 months at - 20 C. A 50% reduction in specific activity within 5 min was observed when crude diacetyl reductase was suspended (5 mg of protein/ml) in phosphate buffer at pH 5.5 or below; a similar inactivation rate was observed when the crude enzyme was dissolved in a 5% aqueous ethyl alcohol solution. Effective crude enzyme activity in beer at a natural pH of 4.1 required protection of the enzyme in 10% gelatin. Incorporation of yeast cells with the gel-protected enzyme provided regeneration of NADH. Combinations of yeast, enzyme, and gelatin were tested to obtain data analyzed by regression analysis to determine the optimal concentration of each component of the system required to reduce the level of diacetyl in spiked (0.5 ppm) beer to less than 0.12 ppm within 48 hr at 5 C. The protected enzyme system was also effective in removing diacetyl from orange juice (pH 3.8) and some distilled liquors.     

Preparative separation of isoquinoline alkaloids from Stephania yunnanensis by pH-zone-refining counter-current chromatography

In this paper, five isoquinoline alkaloids were successfully separated from a crude extract of Stephania yunnanensis using pH-zone-refining counter-current chromatography in single-step. With a two-phase solvent system composed of methyl-tert-butyl ether (MtBE)–acetonitrile–water (2:2:3, v/v) where triethylamine (10 mM) was added to the upper organic phase as a retainer and hydrochloric acid (5 mM) to the aqueous mobile phase as an eluter. From 1.4 g crude extract, 68.7 mg isocorydine, 78.2 mg corydine, 583.4 mg tetrahydropalmatine, 36.3 mg N-methylasimilobine, and 47.3 mg anonaine were separated with purities over 90%. Their structures were identified by ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, ESI-MS data.     

虎杖提取物对弹性蛋白酶的抑制作用研究

本文主要研究了虎杖提取物对弹性蛋白酶的抑制作用。实验利用热水浸渍法提取虎杖得到粗提取物1(CE1),聚酰胺柱层析后得到粗提取物2(CE2),并进行一系列的定性及定量分析。分别用紫外分光光度法和荧光光谱法研究了提取物对弹性蛋白酶的抑制作用和荧光猝灭作用。实验结果表明CE1和CE2中均含有虎杖苷,含量分别为41.01%和69.57%。CE1、CE2和虎杖苷对弹性蛋白酶有一定的抑制作用,当浓度为2.0 mg/mL时,它们对弹性蛋白酶的抑制率分别为53.56%、61.27%和82.53%。CE1、CE2和虎杖苷对弹性蛋白酶均有明显的内源荧光猝灭作用,当浓度为0.1 mg/mL时,荧光猝灭率分别为70.38%、72.90%和75.99%。     

The RLF-M component of the replication licensing system forms complexes containing all six MCM/P1 polypeptides.

Replication licensing factor (RLF) is involved in preventing re-replication of chromosomal DNA in a single cell cycle, and previously has been separated into two components termed RLF-M and RLF-B. Here we show that Xenopus RLF-M consists of all six members of the MCM/P1 protein family, XMcm2-XMcm7. The six MCM/P1 polypeptides co-eluted on glycerol gradients and gel filtration as complexes with a mol. wt of approximately 400 kDa. In crude Xenopus extract, all six MCM/P1 polypeptides co-precipitated with anti-XMcm3 antibody, although only XMcm5 quantitatively co-precipitated from purified RLF-M. Further fractionation separated RLF-M into two sub-components, one consisting of XMcms 3 and 5, the other consisting of XMcms 2, 4, 6 and 7. Neither of the sub-components provided RLF-M activity. Finally, we show that all six MCM/P1 proteins bind synchronously to chromatin before the onset of S-phase and are displaced as S-phase proceeds. These results strongly suggest that complexes containing all six MCM/P1 proteins are necessary for replication licensing.     

Anthelmintic efficacy of flemingia vestita (fabaceae): Genistein-induced alterations in the esterase activity in the cestode,raillietina echinobothrida

To ascertain the anthelmintic efficacy ofFlemingia vestita (an indigenous leguminous plant of Meghalaya, having putative anthelmintic usage), its crude root-tuber peel extract and active chemical principle, genistein, were testedin vitro with reference to esterase activity in the fowl tapeworm,Raillietina echinobothrida. With the localization of non-specific esterases (NSE) and cholinesterase (ChE), the organization of the cholinergic components of the nervous system in toto could be visualized in the cestodeo The specific ChE in the parasite is acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Both NSE and ChE were found in close association with the central and peripheral nervous components, besides being present in the tegument and muscular parts of the terminal male genitalia. The whole tissue homogenate of the parasite also showed a high AChE activity. After exposure to the crude peel extract (50 mg/ml of the incubation medium) and to genistein (0.5 mg/ml), a pronounced decline in the visible stain intensity in the cholinergic components of the nervous system and in the tegument was noticeable, indicating extremely reduced activity of NSE and ChE in these sites. The total AChE activity was also reduced to 4907% and 56–77%, following treatment with the peel extract and genistein, respectively. The reference drug, praziquantel (0.01 mg/ml) also caused reduction in the enzyme activity, somewhat at par with the genistein treatment. Genistein appears to have a transtegumental mode of action. Alteration in the AChE activity points towards acetylcholine, an inhibitory neurotransmitter in cestodes, as the potential target of action.     

Galactan sulfate of Grateloupia indica: Isolation, structural features and antiviral activity

Natural compounds offer interesting pharmacological perspectives for antiviral drug development with regard to broad-spectrum antiviral properties and novel modes of action. In this study, we have analyzed polysaccharide fractions isolated from Grateloupia indica. The crude water extract (GiWE) as well as one fraction (F3) obtained by anion exchange chromatography had potent anti-HSV activity. Their inhibitory concentration 50% (IC₅₀) values (0.12-1.06 μg/ml) were much lower than cytotoxic concentration 50% values (>850 μg/ml). These fractions, which were effective antiviral inhibitors if added only during the adsorption period, had very low anticoagulant activity. Furthermore, they had no direct inactivating effect on virions in a virucidal assay. Chemical, chromatographic and spectroscopic methods showed that the active polysaccharide, which has an apparent molecular mass of 60 kDa and negative specific rotation −16° (c 0.2, H₂O), contains α-(1 → 4)- and α-(1 → 3)-linked galactopyranose residues. Sulfate groups, if present, are located mostly at C-2/6 of (1 → 4)- and C-4/6 of (1 → 3)-linked galactopyranosyl units, and are essential for the anti herpetic activity of this polymer.