中国泥炭主要植物残体类型的初步研究

根据泥炭中植物残体组合在发生上的联系和形态上“质”的差异这一分类原则,以组成植物残体的造炭植物为依据,按植物残体组合中的优势造炭植物的生活型和造炭植物的优势种,将中国泥炭的主要植物残体组合初步划分为6个型和15个组。根据各植物残体组合型的主要特征,进行合理地开发,利用,以免浪费宝贵的泥炭资源。我国领土辽阔,自然条件复杂,沼泽类型繁多,由不同造炭植物组成的泥炭种类也十分丰富。在泥炭矿体中,造炭植物种类随着沼泽植被类型的演替而使泥炭的植物残体种类发生垂直变化,形成各种泥炭类型。因而,对泥炭植物残体的研究,既有生产实践价值,又有理论意义。     

泥炭植物残体的研究方法

泥炭是一种宝贵的自然资源,主要由植物残体、腐殖质、矿物质和大量水分组成,以矿体的形式分布世界各地。我国泥炭资源丰富,面积估计约为415.9万公顷,占世界第七位;泥炭总储量估算为     

地理来源与生物化学属性对泥炭地植物残体分解的影响

不同地理来源的泥炭地植物残体在同一环境中的分解速率一直缺乏比较研究。该研究沿纬度梯度, 选择大九湖、哈泥和满归3处泥炭地, 以三地的10种植物为分解材料, 使用分解袋包装, 埋藏于长白山哈泥泥炭地, 开展为期1年的分解实验, 研究地理来源及生物化学属性对泥炭地植物残体分解的影响。结果表明, 如不考虑物种差异, 从总体上看, 随着纬度增加, 3处泥炭地植物残体的初始氮(N)含量下降, 初始木质素含量、碳氮比(C/N)和木质素/N上升。经一年分解后残体分解速率因植物类群不同而不同, 桦木属(Betula)和薹草属(Carex)植物残体的干质量损失率均接近50%, 远大于泥炭藓属(Sphagnum)植物(约为10%)。3处来源地植物残体干质量损失率总体上无差异, 但比较同种植物残体发现, 来自中纬度泥炭地哈泥的中位泥炭藓(S. magellanicum)的干质量损失率(19%)远高于来自高纬度泥炭地满归的(9%)。制约残体分解的因素因植物类群不同而不同, 残体初始总酚/N是决定属间残体干质量损失率差异的重要指标。薹草属植物初始N含量和C/N与残体分解速率、泥炭藓属植物初始Klason木质素含量和总酚/N与残体分解速率均呈正相关关系。该研究一定程度上表明, 若以纬度降低指代气候变暖, 当前持续的气候变暖可能通过改变高纬度泥炭地的植物组成和植物的生物化学属性, 来改变植物残体分解速率, 进而影响泥炭地的碳汇功能。     

泥炭藓植物数量分类的研究

本文用聚类分析和主成分分析方法对泥炭藓属的14个种及一个变种进行了数量分类的研究。通过对15个OTU×42个性状的原始数值矩阵的标准化及复杂运算后,其结果表明:1.由聚类过程所得到的树系图,并结合生物分类学的实际意义,将泥炭藓属分为6个组,即Section Sphagnum、Sect.Squarrosa、Sect.Acutifolia、Sect.Subse-cunda、Sect.Polyclada及Sect.Cuspidata。其结果与经典分类的结果基本上是一致的。2.通过对泥炭藓主要性状的因子分析和主成分排序,初步反映了各性状所占的信息比例,找出了泥炭藓植物分类中所应依据的重要性状。3.通过对泥炭藓植物的排序,进一步阐明了泥炭藓属内的各个种之间的系统位置。本文首次将数量分类用于泥炭藓植物,通过研究,认为该方法用于其它苔藓植物也是可行的,这对苔藓植物定量地、准确地表现分类群的系统位置及亲缘关系,将有一定的参考价值。     

Effect of geographical sources and biochemical traits on plant litter decomposition in a peatland

不同地理来源的泥炭地植物残体在同一环境中的分解速率一直缺乏比较研究。该研究沿纬度梯度, 选择大九湖、哈泥和满归3处泥炭地, 以三地的10种植物为分解材料, 使用分解袋包装, 埋藏于长白山哈泥泥炭地, 开展为期1年的分解实验, 研究地理来源及生物化学属性对泥炭地植物残体分解的影响。结果表明, 如不考虑物种差异, 从总体上看, 随着纬度增加, 3处泥炭地植物残体的初始氮(N)含量下降, 初始木质素含量、碳氮比(C/N)和木质素/N上升。经一年分解后残体分解速率因植物类群不同而不同, 桦木属(Betula)和薹草属(Carex)植物残体的干质量损失率均接近50%, 远大于泥炭藓属(Sphagnum)植物(约为10%)。3处来源地植物残体干质量损失率总体上无差异, 但比较同种植物残体发现, 来自中纬度泥炭地哈泥的中位泥炭藓(S. magellanicum)的干质量损失率(19%)远高于来自高纬度泥炭地满归的(9%)。制约残体分解的因素因植物类群不同而不同, 残体初始总酚/N是决定属间残体干质量损失率差异的重要指标。薹草属植物初始N含量和C/N与残体分解速率、泥炭藓属植物初始Klason木质素含量和总酚/N与残体分解速率均呈正相关关系。该研究一定程度上表明, 若以纬度降低指代气候变暖, 当前持续的气候变暖可能通过改变高纬度泥炭地的植物组成和植物的生物化学属性, 来改变植物残体分解速率, 进而影响泥炭地的碳汇功能。     

多指标记录的1962—2008年长白山园池泥炭地地表湿度变化

使用AMS ¹⁴C和¹³⁷Cs方法建立年代序列,通过植物残体、有壳变形虫和腐殖化度3个指标的综合分析,重建了长白山园池泥炭地地表的湿度变化,并探讨其对气候的响应。结果表明: 园池泥炭地地表50 cm泥炭植物残体以藓类为主,利用去趋势对应分析(DCA)发现,第一轴得分代表沼泽表面湿度变化,将植物残体揭示的1962—2008 A.D.间泥炭地地表湿度与有壳变形虫-水位间转换函数得到的水位埋深以及腐殖化度进行对比,发现植物残体、有壳变形虫和腐殖化度揭示的沼泽表面湿度变化总体趋势一致,即40～50 cm层(1962—1975 A.D.)湿度较大;27～40 cm层(1975—1987 A.D.)湿度变小,处于干湿交替期;0～27 cm层(1987—2008 A.D.)湿度较小。将3种指标重建的地表湿度与二道气象站数据对比发现,气候代用指标揭示的沼泽地表湿度变化与温度的变化趋势基本吻合,沼泽地地表湿度降低发生在夏季温度和年均温偏高的年份。由此推测,近46年来沼泽地地表湿度变化主要是对温度升高引起的有效降水减弱的响应。     

东北哈泥泥炭地不同泥炭藓属植物高光谱特征

泥炭藓是北方泥炭地的优势植物,其高光谱特征研究很少。本研究采用高光谱遥感技术,对不同水位埋深条件下(藓丘及丘间)生长的相同种类泥炭藓植物,及同一水位埋深条件下的不同种类泥炭藓植物的光谱特征进行研究。结果表明,不同种类泥炭藓属植物的光谱反射特征具有明显种间差异,主要反映在绿峰、红边的差异上。由于水分条件差异,生长在高丘和低丘的锈色泥炭藓、泥炭藓及中位泥炭藓在可见光和近红外波段的光谱反射率均具有显著差异,高丘的泥炭藓属植物的反射率均高于低丘的泥炭藓属植物。本研究所获得的东北地区哈泥泥炭地几种泥炭藓属植物的详细光谱信息,可以为高分辨率航空影像和卫片解译泥炭藓湿地提供地面基础。     

低水位增加灌木多样性和生物量但降低土壤有机碳含量:以鄂西南贫营养泥炭地为例

地下水位变化对泥炭地的植被组成及多样性具有明显的调控作用,从而可能会深刻改变泥炭地的储碳潜力。目前,有关泥炭地植物多样性和土壤有机碳含量对水位波动的响应还存在较大争议,且有关亚热带贫营养泥炭地地下水位对植物多样性及生物量与土壤有机碳含量影响的研究鲜有报道。本研究选择鄂西南贫营养泥炭地为研究对象,调查了4个地下水位梯度(–4 cm、–8 cm、–12 cm、–20 cm)下的植被组成、多样性、生物量及土壤有机碳含量,以探究不同水位梯度对鄂西南贫营养泥炭地植物多样性、生物量及土壤有机碳含量的影响。结果表明:(1)地下水位下降,土壤含水量、土壤有机碳含量和总酚含量显著降低,而溶解氧含量显著增加(P <0.05)。并且,低水位(–20 cm)处土壤有机碳含量是高水位(–4 cm)处土壤有机碳含量的72%。(2)地下水位显著改变鄂西南贫营养泥炭地物种组成,随着地下水位下降,灌木物种数量增加,且以浅根系的杜鹃花科和蔷薇科植物为主。(3)总体上,随着地下水位的降低,灌木多样性呈现显著增加的趋势(P <0.05),而草本植物多样性变化不显著。(4)地下水位对植被地上总体生物量影响不显著,但...     

贵州泥炭藓属植物物种多样性研究

对采自贵州各地的150余份泥炭藓属植物标本进行整理,发现其中的拟狭叶泥炭藓和吕宋泥炭藓为贵州首次发现,至此,贵州有泥炭藓属植物18种1亚种和1变种。列入中国红色名录中的多纹泥炭藓在贵州的分布除原记录安顺地区外,这次研究还发现在贵州的麻江和雷公坪2个地方亦有分布。     

模拟氮沉降对鄂西南贫营养泥炭地两种藓类植物生长与分解的影响

以泥炭藓属(Sphagnum)植物为优势种的贫营养泥炭地是陆地生态系统重要的碳汇,其优势植物的生长与分解动态关系着贫营养泥炭地碳汇潜力,但有关氮沉降对贫营养泥炭地优势藓类植物生长与分解的影响还存在很大争议,并且氮沉降对亚热带贫营养泥炭地优势藓类植物生长与分解的研究鲜有报道。该研究以鄂西南贫营养泥炭地为研究对象,通过原位喷洒不同浓度的NH4Cl溶液,采用生物量收割法和分解袋法,探讨模拟氮沉降对泥炭藓(S.palustre)与金发藓(Polytrichumcommune)生长及分解的影响。研究结果表明:(1)氮沉降对两种藓类植物生长高度与生物量均有明显的影响,且两种藓类植物生长存在一定的氮沉降阈值,约为3g·m^–2·a^–1;(2)氮沉降对两种藓类植物生长影响程度不同,金发藓对氮沉降的响应灵敏度要大于泥炭藓;(3)高浓度氮沉降(6和12g·m^–2·a^–1)抑制了泥炭藓分解,低浓度氮沉降(3g·m^–2·a^–1)对泥炭藓分解的影响取决于分解时间,而所有浓度氮沉降均抑...     

大小兴安岭泥炭的孢粉记录及演变过程研究

根据３个高位泥炭剖面孢粉分析,揭示大注兴安岭分别于５０００ａＢ．Ｐ．、２７００ａＢ。．Ｐ．以来孢粉组合特征和植物群与气候演变过程。小兴安岭北部山地森林疲宣传早分为２个时期,５０００－３０００ａＢ．Ｐ．桦为主落叶阔叶林;３０００ａＢ．Ｐ．－－现今为红松、云冷杉为主,混有少量桦寒温必殖阔叶混交林。气候由温凉偏干向冷偏湿方向发展大兴安岭北部山地,２７００～１８００ａＢ．Ｐ．以来,已构成针叶林为主（樟子松     

吉林敦化地区全新世泥炭沉积中植硅体分析

通过敦化吉祥泥炭沉积中的植硅体分析发现,该剖面中植硅体含量丰富,分类特征比较明显。该地泥炭中植硅体组合以示冷型植硅体占优势,温暖指数比较低,反映气候呈寒冷型,期间曾发生4次气候波动。此次研究以泥炭为信息载体,为恢复古环境、古气候演变提供了又一重要的途径。     

Plant community development following reclamation of oil sands mines using four cover soil types in northern Alberta

Understanding the effects of reclamation treatments on plant community development is an important step in setting realistic indicators and targets for reclamation of upland oil sands sites to forest ecosystems. We examine trends in cover, richness, evenness, and community composition for four cover soil types (clay over overburden, clay over tailings sand, peat‐mineral mix over overburden, and peat‐mineral mix over tailings sand) and natural boreal forests over a 20 year period in the mineable oil sands region of northern Alberta, Canada. Tree, shrub, and nonvascular plant species cover showed similar increases over time for all reclamation treatments, with corresponding declines in forb and graminoid cover with time. These trends resemble those in the natural boreal forests of the region and the trajectory of community development for the reclamation treatments appears to follow typical early successional trends for boreal forests. Species richness and diversity of natural forest differed significantly from reclamation treatments. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordination and multi‐response permutation procedure revealed that species composition was not affected by reclamation treatment but clearly differed from natural forest. Analysis of species co‐occurrence indicated random plant community assembly following reclamation, in contrast to a higher proportion of nonrandom plant community assembly in natural forests. Thus, reclaimed plant communities appear to be unstructured through year 20 and assembly is still in progress on these reclaimed sites.     

东北长白山区北部虎山泥炭剖面植硅体的环境指示意义

长白山区是对全球气候变化十分敏感的区域,将其中的泥炭地作为信息载体来获取气候信息对恢复中一晚全新世以来的气候变化有着重要意义.植硅体的抗腐蚀和产量高等特点为第四纪环境变迁的研究提供了有效途径.本文选择了长白山区北部的虎山泥炭剖面为典型剖面,对其沉积物中植硅体组合的环境指示意义进行了研究与探讨.根据虎山剖面植硅体图谱分析...     

Biochemical activity of the peat soil of a river marsh ecosystem

The chemical composition and enzymatic activity of peat soils in a river marsh ecosystem are considered. The biochemical processes were found to be most active in peat soils in an area near the river channel and in the central part of the floodplain, which were formed under rich mineral nutrition and aerobic conditions. This is explained by soil functioning conditions.     

An Ecological Study of Marked Rhizobium trifolii Strains on the Host Plant Trifolium repens var. Huai in an Acidic Peat and a Neutral Mineral Soil

An ecological study of the nodulation of Trifolium repens var. grassland Huai by genetically marked Rhizobium trifolii was carried out in two Irish soils, a neutral mineral and an acidic peat. An indigenous population of 2 x 10⁴ R. trifolii /g was found in the mineral soil. In the peat soil, 4 x 10¹ R. trifolii /g was found in the uninoculated peat. This number increased to 4.5 x 10⁵ R. trifolii /g, however, eight weeks after the peat soil was neutralized, supplemented with nutrients and sown with uninoculated clover seed. Indigenous R. trifolii strains from the mineral soil were effective whereas strains from the peat soil were ineffective on the host plant T. repens under plant room conditions. The introduced strains were inoculated on to clover seed at the rate of 1 x 10⁵ R. trifolii /seed. In the mineral soil, the introduced inoculum failed to establish at any period during the growing season. In the peat soil, the percentage establishment of the introduced inoculum varied from 40-50% of nodules selected eight weeks after sowing to 70-90% of nodules selected at the end of the growing season.     

Effects of drainage and wood ash fertilization on water chemistry at a cutover peatland

Afforestation is one of many different ways to reclaim cutover peatland areas. Among the treatments often required to obtain successful afforestation are supplementary drainage, fertilization and rotovation. This study presents the effects of drainage and wood-ash fertilization on the chemical composition of water in a cutover peatland area, which constitutes 34 hectares of a minerotrophic mire in SW Sweden. Fourteen hectares of the cutover peatland was amended with 23 tonnes of wood ash, 0.4 tonnes of raw phosphate and 0.25 tonnes of superphosphate per hectare, while different doses of a PK-fertilizer were applied on the remaining 20 hectares. The chemical properties of groundwater and stream water in the wood-ash amended area were compared with those in the PK-fertilized area and a control area. Outflowing groundwater emanating from the mineral subsoil affected the chemical composition of peat groundwater and streamwater. Drainage changed chemical composition more than the wood ash fertilization. Drainage led to increases in SO₄ and decreases in alkalinity in both peat groundwater and in stream water. The pH decreased in peat groundwater, whereas the streamwater pH was not affected because the high alkalinity in the mineral soil groundwater buffered the acid peat groundwater. Fertilization increased contents of K, Ca and Mn in both peat groundwater and stream water. Contents of B, o-P and Tot-P increased in peat groundwater but not in stream water, whereas the reverse was true for Mg. The outflow of P did not increase in spite of the large amount of P applied. The high retention of P was caused by large quantities of sesquioxides, especially Fe-oxides in the peat.     

Multiple gradients in mire vegetation: a comparison of a Swedish and an Italian bog

The major environmental gradients underlying plant species distribution were outlined in two climatically and bio-geographically contrasting mires: a Swedish bog in the boreo-nemoral zone, and an Italian bog in the south-eastern Alps. Data on mire morphology, surface hydrology, floristic composition, peat chemistry and pore-water chemistry were collected along transects from the mire margin (i.e., the outer portion of the mire in contact with the surrounding mineral soil) towards the mire expanse (i.e., the inner portion of the mire). The delimitation and the extent of the minerotrophic mire margin were related to the steepness of the lateral mire slope which, in turns, controls the direction of surface water flow. The mineral soil water limit was mirrored in geochemical variables such as pH, alkalinity, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Al³⁺, Mn²⁺, and SiO₂ concentrations in pore-water, as well as Ca, Al, Fe, N and P contents in surface peat. Depending on regional requirements of plant species, different species were useful as fen limit indicators at the two sites. The main environmental factors affecting distribution of habitat types and plant species in the two mires were the acidity-alkalinity gradient, and the gradient in depth to the water table. The mire margin – mire expanse gradient corresponds to a complex gradient mainly reflected in a differentiation of vegetation structure in relation to the aeration of the peat substrate.     

The spider communities on peat and upland grasslands In northern England

Between midsummer 1976 and November 1977 some 29000 spiders belonging to 168 species were caught in pitfalls on 42 peat and upland grassland sites covering an altitude range of 11–827 m in the north of England. The similarities between the spider faunas of each site have been assessed using a modified form of Sørensen's Index and the sites clustered according to their similarities. The sites divided into two major groups; (1) mineral soils where grasses are dominant or shallow peat soils where Juncus squarrosus is dominant and (2) peat soils where Eriophorum vaginatum and Calluna vulgaris are dominant. It is suggested that this major division is the result of the plant "architecture" rather than the species composition of the vegetation. Direct comparison between paired peat and grassland sites at the same altitudes shows no marked separation in the spider species composition on the two soil types but there are differences in abundance of individual species. The three peat site clusters form an altitudinal sequence which is not the result of the decline in numbers of non-linyphiid species with increase in altitude as the cluster formation is largely dependent on the linyphiid species which dominate the catches.
Twenty one common species have been used lo identify the communities. Many of these species are often found together and form associations. Typically, a number of associations contribute to each community. Only 19 species contribute more than 4% to the numbers of individuals caught in any one community.
Diversity declines with increase in altitude, as does the number of species caught. The decline in the number of species caught is the effect of a decrease in non-linyphiid species with increasing altitude. There is no significant decline in the numbers of species of linyphiids with increase in altitude.