退化泥炭地亚表层土壤酶活性与DOC变化规律研究

在气候变化背景下, 泥炭地亚表层土壤有机碳逐渐参与到碳循环中, 为揭示泥炭地亚表层碳输出与土壤酶活性的关系。以四川省红原县日干乔湿地自然保护区的泥炭沼泽(S1)、沼泽草甸(S2)、高寒草甸(S3)3种不同退化泥炭生态系统中不同深度(0—30 cm、30—60 cm、60—90 cm、90—120 cm、120—150 cm)的土壤作为研究对象, 研究泥炭地表层(<30 cm)、亚表层(30—60 cm)和深层(>60 cm)土壤酶(酚氧化酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、蔗糖酶)活性和土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)的变化规律及二者的关系。结果显示, 从泥炭沼泽到沼泽草甸再到高寒草甸的退化过程中, DOC含量逐渐增加。随着泥炭地退化程度的加深, 土壤酶活性呈先升高后降低的变化趋势。从垂直方向来看, 泥炭沼泽和沼泽草甸DOC从表层到亚表层逐渐增加, 高寒草甸DOC从表层到亚表层逐渐减少; 土壤酶中表层的酚氧化酶活性高于深层土壤, 而深层土壤中的β-葡萄糖苷酶、蔗糖酶活性高于表层与亚表层。酚氧化酶活性、β-葡萄糖苷酶活性、蔗糖酶活性直接影响DOC含量变化。其中, β-葡萄糖甘酶在不同水位变动条件下都和DOC保持很好的线性关系, 可作为指示DOC分解的关键酶类。     

小兴安岭兴安落叶松泥炭藓沼泽植物的主要微量元素

小兴安岭兴安落叶松、泥炭藓沼泽是我国典型贫营养型沼泽。沼泽中树木生长发育不良,泥炭藓和常绿小灌木发育十分良好。这与沼泽水文状况和泥炭中营养元素和微量元素有关。各种植物的主要微量元素硼、铜、钴、锰、锌等含量不同,植物的不同器官中的含量亦不同,而且随季节而变化。狭叶杜香和甸杜的主要微量元素含量特点及其季节变化规律基本相似,两种泥炭藓相似,都与兴安落叶松有明显的区别。 本文重点探讨植物体内主要微量元素及其含量变化规律,为揭示贫营养型森林沼泽生态、为合理利用与改造沼泽提供依据。     

若尔盖高原沼泽湿地与草地二氧化碳通量的比较

采用静止箱/气相色谱法,在2003—2005年的植物生长期对若尔盖高原沼泽湿地和草地的CO₂通量进行了对比观测.结果表明：若尔盖高原沼泽湿地和草地CO₂通量的平均值分别为203.22和323.03 mg·m^-2·h^-1,前者为后者的60%左右.沼泽湿地常年积水的环境条件限制了土壤中的植物残体、根系及有机物质的分解,是沼泽湿地CO₂通量低于草地并形成泥炭积累的重要因素.研究区沼泽湿地与草地CO₂通量的季节变化与气温变化呈正相关,峰值一般出现在7月和8月;其日变化也与气温呈正相关,峰值一般出现在11:00—17:00.5 cm深的土壤温度与CO₂通量的相关性高于10和15 cm深的土壤温度.     

火干扰对小兴安岭草丛、灌丛沼泽温室气体短期排放的影响

利用静态箱-气相色谱法,研究了火烧干扰对小兴安岭草丛、灌丛沼泽生长季CH4、CO2、N2O排放的季节变化及影响因子结果表明:火干扰使草丛、灌丛沼泽生长季的平均气温和各层土壤温度提高0.1—2.0℃,水位平均下降2.7 cm。火干扰使草丛、灌丛沼泽样地CH4排放通量提高了56%、524.9%,CO2排放通量分别下降了57.3%、14.5%,N2O排放通量分别下降27.1%,64.9%。火烧前后草丛沼泽CH4、N2O与灌丛沼泽CO2排放通量季节性规律未发生变化。火干扰改变了草丛沼泽生长季CO2、灌丛沼泽N2O排放通量的季节性变化规律。草丛沼泽对照样地CH4排放通量与5 cm土壤温度存在显著相关性,草丛沼泽CH4排放通量与水位相关性不显著。灌丛沼泽CH4排放通量与各层土壤温度及水位均无显著相关性。草丛、灌丛沼泽对照样地土壤CO2排放通量与0—15 cm土壤温度呈显著或极显著正相关,火烧样地与0—30 cm土壤温度呈显著或极显著正相关。草丛、灌丛沼泽对照、火烧样地土壤CO2排放通量与水位极显著负相关。火干扰使草丛、灌丛沼泽CH4排放源的强度增强,CO2、N2O的排放消弱,全球温室潜势下降约为23.3%。火干扰能够减少草丛、灌丛沼泽温室气体排放。     

尕海湿地生态系统土壤有机碳储量和碳密度分布

2011年7月,研究了甘南尕海典型湿地(草本泥炭地、沼泽湿地、高山湿地和亚高山草甸)土壤剖面有机碳分布及其储量.结果表明: 4种典型湿地土壤容重平均在0.22～1.29 g·cm^-3;草本泥炭地土壤有机碳含量明显高于其他类型,其平均值(286.80 g·kg^-1)约为沼泽湿地、高山湿地和亚高山草甸的2.91、4.99和7.13倍.各类湿地土壤平均有机碳密度为草本泥炭地＞亚高山草甸＞沼泽湿地＞高山湿地,以0～10 cm剖面的密度最大;各类湿地土壤剖面的有机碳密度与有机碳含量的变化趋势基本一致,均随土壤深度的增加呈现波动性变化;草本泥炭地、沼泽湿地、高山湿地和亚高山草甸的土壤有机碳均存在0～10和20～40 cm两个明显储碳层;其0～60 cm深度的土壤有机碳储量分别为369.46、278.83、276.16和292.23 t·hm^-2.尕海湿地4种类型湿地0～60 cm土壤的总有机碳储量约为9.50×10⁶ t.     

水位提升和泥炭藓繁殖体移植对泥炭地植被恢复的影响

泥炭藓繁殖体移植是影响泥炭地植被恢复的重要因素之一,不同移植方式的效果往往缺乏比较研究。选取长白山区白江河退化泥炭地为研究地,以自然生境的丘间种喙叶泥炭藓(Sphagnum flexuosum)和藓丘种中位泥炭藓(S.magellanicum)(后者耐旱能力较强)为实验材料,通过野外移植实验,研究水位提升与不同泥炭藓繁殖体移植方式对退化泥炭地植被恢复的影响。数据分析显示:水位条件显著影响了喙叶泥炭藓和中位泥炭藓的建植,随着水位上升,地表湿度增加,两种泥炭藓的盖度均呈明显的上升趋势;移植方式的变化短期内对泥炭藓的建植作用并不明显,但在移植2个月后,移植方式对喙叶泥炭藓表现出显著影响,即耐旱能力较强的中位泥炭藓置于上层时,喙叶泥炭藓盖度最高;水位和移植方式不存在交互作用,即在低水位条件下,中位泥炭藓置于上层的移植方式也未能提升泥炭藓的建植盖度。研究表明,水位提升是泥炭地植被恢复的十分有效的手段,因物种间存在对水分保持的差异,采用合理植物繁殖体移植方式,将会明显提升植被恢复的成效。     

低水位增加灌木多样性和生物量但降低土壤有机碳含量:以鄂西南贫营养泥炭地为例

地下水位变化对泥炭地的植被组成及多样性具有明显的调控作用,从而可能会深刻改变泥炭地的储碳潜力。目前,有关泥炭地植物多样性和土壤有机碳含量对水位波动的响应还存在较大争议,且有关亚热带贫营养泥炭地地下水位对植物多样性及生物量与土壤有机碳含量影响的研究鲜有报道。本研究选择鄂西南贫营养泥炭地为研究对象,调查了4个地下水位梯度(–4 cm、–8 cm、–12 cm、–20 cm)下的植被组成、多样性、生物量及土壤有机碳含量,以探究不同水位梯度对鄂西南贫营养泥炭地植物多样性、生物量及土壤有机碳含量的影响。结果表明:(1)地下水位下降,土壤含水量、土壤有机碳含量和总酚含量显著降低,而溶解氧含量显著增加(P <0.05)。并且,低水位(–20 cm)处土壤有机碳含量是高水位(–4 cm)处土壤有机碳含量的72%。(2)地下水位显著改变鄂西南贫营养泥炭地物种组成,随着地下水位下降,灌木物种数量增加,且以浅根系的杜鹃花科和蔷薇科植物为主。(3)总体上,随着地下水位的降低,灌木多样性呈现显著增加的趋势(P <0.05),而草本植物多样性变化不显著。(4)地下水位对植被地上总体生物量影响不显著,但...     

基于MODIS数据的神农架大九湖泥炭藓沼泽植被指数变化研究

泥炭藓是陆地生态系统中最重要的固碳植物之一,固碳量约占全球土壤碳的15%。近几十年来,由全球气候变暖导致的泥炭藓沼泽水热状况变化对泥炭藓的固碳量和速率产生影响。选取我国最重要的亚高山泥炭沼泽——神农架大九湖泥炭藓沼泽为试验区,以分析中纬度地区泥炭藓沼泽植被生长状况受气候变化的影响。研究以2000—2017年MODIS植被指数NDVI和EVI为数据源,通过对比Logistic模型订正后的NDVI和EVI时间序列在泥炭藓沼泽植被生长状况监测中的优劣,选出最佳指标以获得18年来泥炭藓沼泽植被生长状况的变化趋势。研究结果表明:1)Logistic模型能够很好的消除泥炭藓沼泽植被指数时间序列的噪声;2)在季节和年际两个时间尺度上,EVI对泥炭藓沼泽植被生长状况的监测效果均优于NDVI。在季节周期上,虽然EVI和NDVI均得到泥炭藓沼泽植被生长周期规律,但EVI更灵敏。在年际分析中,EVI有更大的值域响应空间,以准确反映泥炭藓沼泽植被的年际变化规律;3)由EVI获得18年来泥炭藓沼泽植被变化趋势指出,泥炭藓沼泽植被呈显著微弱增长,年均EVI增长率为3.8‰(R~2=0.45,P0.01)。相比于EVI年均值,EVI年内最大值(R~2=0.47,P0.01)更敏锐的反映泥炭藓沼泽植被生长状况的动态变化。     

大兴安岭永久冻土区7种沼泽类型土壤温室气体排放特征

气候变暖及永久冻土退化将会增加冻土湿地的温室气体排放,但关于大兴安岭永久冻土区沼泽湿地温室气体通量及主控因子尚不明确。采用静态箱-气相色谱法,同步原位观测大兴安岭永久冻土区7种天然沼泽类型(草丛沼泽-C、灌丛沼泽-G、毛赤杨沼泽-M、白桦沼泽-B、落叶松苔草沼泽-LT、落叶松藓类沼泽-LX、落叶松泥炭藓沼泽-LN)土壤CO_2、CH_4和N_2O通量及土壤温度、水位、化冻深度及土壤碳氮含量、碳氮比、pH值及含水量,揭示永久冻土区沼泽土壤温室气体通量及其主控因子。结果表明:1) 7种沼泽类型土壤CO_2年均通量(125.12—163.33 mg m~(-2) h~(-1))相近;2) CH_4年均通量(-0.007—0.400 mg m~(-2) h~(-1))呈草丛显著高于其他沼泽5.6—65.7倍(P0.01);3) N_2O年均通量(1.52—37.90μg m~(-2) h~(-1))呈阔叶林沼泽显著高于其他类型2.0—23.9倍,针叶林沼泽显著高于草丛、灌丛沼泽2.9—6.2倍(P0.05);4) CO_2主控因子为土壤温度和水位;CH_4主控因子为土壤温度和化冻深度;N_2O受到多种环境因子综合调控,共同可以解释N_2O变化的26%—99%;5)土壤增温潜势(11.05—15.37 t CO_2 hm~(-2) a~(-1))相近,且均以CO_2占绝对优势地位,但草丛以CH_4占次要地位,森林沼泽则以N_2O占次要地位。综合对比国内外现有研究结果发现目前大兴安岭永久冻土区沼泽土壤仍处于CO_2、CH_4和N_2O低排放阶段。     

基于若尔盖高原湿地唐克剖面孢粉记录的古气候重建北大核心CSCD

对青藏高原东北部若尔盖高原湿地唐克泥炭剖面TK1采样点按10cm间距作孢粉分析,依据主要孢粉类型的百分比关系,以及加速器质谱(AMS)14C测年数据,将剖面孢粉组合大致分为上下两个带。在下带,莎草科均在65%—75%之间变化,表明了相当稳定的气候条件。结合若尔盖表土孢粉数据和唐克泥炭剖面孢粉数据,首次定量重建了唐克7940cal.aBP以来的古气候变化规律:7940—6420cal.aBP,年均温0.72—1.48℃,年降水量650.34—662.29mm;6420—3790cal.aBP,年均温0.56—1.62℃,年降水量647.79—662.34mm;3790—1580cal.aBP,年均温0.54—1.65℃,年降水量647.40—657.71mm;1580cal.aBP至现在,年均温1.45—1.73℃,年降水量661.86—666.41mm。相应于气候变化,沼泽发育也依次经历了4个时期变化,即沼泽化过程发展期—沼泽大发展期—沼泽发育波动期—沼泽再度大发展期。     

林区火灾后植物群落与冻土环境的多元分析

本文运用国际较为先进的双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)多元等级分划分类方法和无趋势对应分析(DCA)排序方法对大兴安岭阿木尔林区1987年特大森林火灾后的植物群落进行了研究。通过排序结果和冻土环境的多元分析,得出：DCA排序轴1代表了土壤岩性与地形的梯度而决定植物群落的分布;DCA排序轴2则反映了森林火烧的程度梯度,并通过冻土融化深度和浅层地温值的变化而影响植物群落的分布,运用相关回归分析方法,定量地找出了它们之间相互关系的回归方程。 据此,进而探讨了该地区森林火灾后冻土环境的变化对植物次生演替方向和进程的影响。     

Testate amoebae taxonomy and trait diversity are coupled along an openness and wetness gradient in pine-dominated Baltic bogs

Sphagnum peatlands host a high abundance of protists, especially testate amoebae. Here, we designed a study to investigate the functional diversity of testate amoebae in relation to wetness and forest cover in Baltic bogs. We provided new data on the influence of openness/wetness gradient on testate amoebae communities, showing significant differences in selected testate amoebae (TA) traits. Three key messages emerged from our investigations: 1) we recorded an effect of peatland surface openness on testate amoebae functional traits that led us to accept the hypothesis that TA traits differ according to light intensity and hydrology. Mixotrophic species were recorded in high relative abundance in open plots, whereas they were nearly absent in forested sites; 2) we revealed a hydrological threshold for the occurrence of mixotrophic testate amoebae that might be very important in terms of peatland functioning and carbon sink vs. source context; and 3) mixotrophic species with organic tests were nearly absent in forested sites that were dominated by heterotrophic species with agglutinated or idiosomic tests. An important message from this study is that taxonomy of TA rather indicates the hydrological gradient whereas traits of mixotrophs the openness gradient.     

Testate amoeba records indicate regional 20th‐century lowering of water tables in ombrotrophic peatlands in central‐northern Alberta,Canada

Testate amoebae are abundant in the surface layers of northern peatlands. Analysis of their fossilized shell (test) assemblages allows for reconstructions of local water‐table depths (WTD). We have reconstructed WTD dynamics for five peat cores from peatlands ranging in distance from the Athabasca bituminous sands (ABS) region in western Canada. Amoeba assemblages were combined with plant macrofossil records, acid‐insoluble ash (AIA) fluxes and instrumental climate data to identify drivers for environmental change. Two functional traits of testate amoebae, mixotrophy and the tendency to integrate xenogenic mineral matter in test construction, were quantified to infer possible effects of AIA flux on testate amoeba presence. Age–depth models showed the cores each covered at least the last ~315 years, with some spanning the last millennium. Testate amoeba assemblages were likely affected by permafrost development in two of the peatlands, yet the most important shift in assemblages was detected after 1960 CE. This shift represents a significant apparent lowering of water tables in four out of five cores, with a mean drop of ~15 cm. Over the last 50 years, assemblages shifted towards more xerophilous taxa, a trend which was best explained by increasing Sphagnum s. Acutifolia and, to a lesser extent, mean summer temperature. This trend was most evident in the two cores from the sites located farthest away from the ABS region. AIA flux variations did not show a clear effect on mineral‐agglutinating taxa, nor on S. s. Acutifolia presence. We therefore suggest the drying trend was forced by the establishment of S. s. Acutifolia, driven by enhanced productivity following regional warming. Such recent apparent drying of peatlands, which may only be reconstructed by appropriate indicators combined with high chronological control, may affect vulnerability to future burning and promote emissions of CO₂.     

Vegetation boundary detection: A comparison of two approaches applied to field data

We examined and compared two approaches to vegetation boundarydetermination by applying them to field data collected from Betsch Fen, analkaline wetland in Ohio, USA. Two boundary detection methods were used to testhypothesized boundary locations determined through field observations: gradientanalysis by detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and the moving split-window(MSW) technique. These two methods represent approaches suggested by vegetationanalysis and landscape ecological literature, respectively. DCA was moresuccessful in detecting vegetation changes at the community level, but it wasoften difficult to extrapolate this information to a landscape context. Incontrast, MSW detected changes at a landscape level which overestimated minorshifts in species composition at the community level. Although results from MSWwere more easily interpretable, neither method completely confirmedhypothesizedboundary locations derived from field reconnaissance and aerial photo analysis.While DCA and MSW can be used in conjunction to provide maximum information onboundary location and ecological significance, this would be unrealistic inpractical applications because of the time and effort required to do bothsimultaneously. We suggest an approach using primarily MSW principles, whichtake into consideration community-level information and optimum sampling plotplacement and spacing.     

安西荒漠鼠类群落结构与环境因子的无偏对应分析

本文通过对安西荒漠鼠类群落结构与环境因子的无偏对应分析,得出决定鼠类群落结构的环境主导因子因季节不同而所有同;春季是地下水位、海拔高度、平均奖降水量和平均气温;夏季是植被覆盖度、植物平均高度、土壤含水率和土壤坚实度;秋季是土壤含水率。综合主导因子。其中水是决定荒漠地区鼠类群结构的最重要因子。     

Use of Plant Strategy Ordination,DCA and ANOVA to elucidate relationships among habitats of Salix planifolia and Salix monticola

Abstract. Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) was used on a data set of 112 species from 14 stands dominated by Salix planifolia and/or S. monticola. Environmental variables were determined which might be important to explain differences in stand vegetation composition, and willow stature (height), in willow carrs in the Rocky Mountain National Park. Correlation of environmental variables with DCA stand scores indicate that peat depth and soil redox potential are highly related to the primary DCA axis. Soils in stands of S. planifolia are more reduced in the early summer and have greater peat depths, than soils in stands of S. monticola. The second DCA axis is related to a water chemistry gradient of hydrogen ion, sulphate, and ammonium concentration. Four environmental variables selected by correlation analysis were regressed on stand scores from the first two DCA axes. Regression coefficients of August soil redox potential and soil water pH were significantly non-zero on the primary DCA axis. In addition to overall vegetation relationships elucidated by DCA, the relationships between willow stature and environmental variables were tested by simultaneous ANOVAs. ANOVA results and DCA ordinations indicate that S. planifolia and S. monticola plants achieve the greatest stature in the least reduced soils, and in shallow peat. Competitive, stress tolerant, and ruderal plant strategy theory applied to the vegetation data produced an arrangement of stands highly correlated to the DCA Axis 1 stand arrangement. These correlations indicate that the primary axis of vegetation structure can be extracted either by species composition, or species morphology/physiology relationships. Concurrent use of DCA and plant strategy theory is suggested as a tool for the prediction of community composition.     

大兴安岭沟谷冻土湿地植物群落分类、物种多样性和物种分布梯度

应用双向指示种分析法（TWINSPAN）和除趋势对应分析法（DCA）,对大兴安岭不同纬度的12个沟谷的冻土湿地植物群落之间的物种多样性和物种分布的环境梯度变化进行了分析．结果表明：研究区12个沟谷冻土湿地样地可划分为4个群丛组,分别位于不同的纬度范围;TWINSPAN的分类结果很好地反映了研究区沟谷冻土湿地植物群丛组的分布与纬度的关系,并在DCA二维排序图上得到了较好的验证．随着纬度的减小以及年均气温、年均降水量、1月平均气温和干燥度的增加,群落的物种多样性逐渐增大．研究区沟谷冻土湿地植物群落的灌木层和草本层的优势种和共优种多为适应湿地环境的沼生和湿生植物,随着纬度的减小,喜冷湿环境的沼生和湿生植物种类逐渐减少,甚至消失,而耐旱的中生植物的比重则逐渐加大.     

长白山高山冻原植物群落的数量分类和排序

本文用目前在国际上比较先进的双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)多元等级分划分类方法和无趋势对应分析(DCA)排序方法对长自山高山冻原植物群落进行了研究。研究结果表明:DCA的第2轴与长白山高山冻原59个植物群落类型的土壤水分梯度紧密相关, TWINSPAN将长白山高山冻原59个植物群落分为12组。此外, 本文还对长白山高山冻原植物群落的TWINSPAN和DCA分类结果与经典分类方法对其分类的结果进行了比较。     

Bryophytes, lichens and phanerogams in an alvar grassland: relationships at different scales and contributions to plant community pattern

The relationship between bryophytes and lichens versus phanerogams has been investigated in three stands of a limestone grassland community, along three transects of 500 10 X 10 cm plots. Ordination axes resulting from Detrended Correspondence Analysis for bryophytes and lichens versus phanerogams were correlated using Spearman rank correlation coefficient. The effect of grain (sample plot) size on relationships between species along the gradient and on the correlation between the layers formed by bryophytes and lichens (cryptogams) and phanerogams, and with environmental variables has been as well examined. Values for light, moisture, pH and nitrogen have been derived from the vegetation itself with the help of Ellenberg indicator values. The relative position of species in the ordination space is more or less the same until grain size 3 (10 x 40 cm) for cryptogams and phanerogams and until grain size 2 (10 × 20 cm) for all-species together. Therefore, it is suggested that sample plot sizes of 10 × 10 cm to 10×20 cm are appropriate as units for field experiments testing interactions between cryptogams and phanerogams. The respective layers were weakly correlated and the correlation between them increased with increase in grain size. The correlation of DCA axis 1 from the ordination of cryptogams, phanerogams and all-species with the environmental factors was weak and similar in order of magnitude. Only the environmental variables which were strongly correlated with the DCA axis 1 increased in correlation at larger grain sizes. The ordinations of cryptogams, phanerogams and all-species were correlated along DCA axis 1 with pH in all investigated stands and at almost all grain sizes. Multi-species patches have been detected by pattern analysis (PASFRAN) on DCA sample scores from ordinations of cryptogams, phanerogams and combined matrices. Multi-species patterns with sizes between 20-240 cm. composed by bryophytes and lichens and by phanerogams have been found. Complex patterns formed by cryptogams and phanerogams together, which are different in size than those in the separate layers, suggest that bryophytes + lichens and phanerogams may interact with each other.     

锦屏水电站植被数量分类与排序

以锦屏梯级水电站大河湾段植被为研究对象,以河流流向为基础布置样方,将50个样方物种重要值及其环境因子进行TWINSPAN数量分类和DCA排序,结果显示:(1)由TWINSPAN数量分类将植被划分为7种类型,雅致雾水葛(Pouzolzia elegans)灌草群落为该区域的主要群落.(2)以TWINSPAN数量分类为基础的DCA二维排序图将样方分为6个生态类型,DCA 二维排序图横轴从左至右海拔高度逐渐降低;排序纵轴由下至上坡度逐渐升高.(3)以TWINSPAN数量分类在DCA排序图中有明确的分布范围和界限,DCA排序与TWINSPAN数量分类结合使用,能很好反映群落与环境因子间的生态关系.