云南罗平中三叠世辐鳍鱼下纲干群一新种:尼尔森翼鳕(Pteronisculus nielseni sp.nov.)(英文)

翼鳕(Pteronisculus)是辐鳍鱼下纲干群中一个已绝灭的属,以泪骨构成口缘为典型特征。直到最近,该属仅发现于欧洲、马达加斯加和北美的早三叠世地层;可能的中三叠世化石记录发现于斯匹次卑尔根岛。根据最近采自云南罗平中三叠世安尼期(242~247 Ma)海相地层中保存良好的化石标本,命名了翼鳕属一新种,尼尔森翼鳕(Pteronisculus nielseni sp.nov.)。该种代表了翼鳕属在亚洲的首次发现,它的发现为支持三叠纪时期东、西特提斯洋之间存在生物交流的假说提供了新证据。另外,作为翼鳕属最晚的代表种之一,尼尔森翼鳕的发现表明翼鳕属在早三叠世末并没有灭绝,至少延续到中三叠世早期。     

仙女蝎蛉科的最古老化石(昆虫纲,长翅目)在中国陕西首次发现

报道迄今仙女蝎蛉科的最古老化石(meropeids)在中国陕西发现.经研究确定1新属1新种:Sinothuama ladinica gen.et sp.,归入仙女蝎蛉科Meropeidae Handlisch,1906.此次这类化石的发现,其意义在于:首次发现迄今世界上仙女蝎蛉科的最古老化石(meropeids),从而打破了俄国学者发现最古老仙女蝎蛉化石在晚三叠世所保持30余年的纪录;并根据从晚三叠世至新生代中仙女蝎蛉化石的不同种类所反映出来的脉序变化特征,推论仙女蝎蛉早期分异于在三叠纪,继承和发展于侏罗纪.化石采自中国陕西铜川地区中三叠统铜川组(Tr2t),时代相当于欧洲标准时代的拉丁尼期(Ladinian stage).     

陕北米脂上三叠统的进步古鳕类一新属——Mizhilepis

记述在陕西北部米脂县李家站乡张崖村上三叠统延长群瓦窑堡组中发现的进步古鳕类一新属新种Mizhilepiszhangyaensisgen.etsp.nov.,它与美国西部上三叠统钦尔组(ChinleFormation)和东北部上三叠统纽瓦克超群(NewarkSupergroup)中的TanaocrossusSchaeffer有密切的亲缘关系。文章还讨论了斯堪的纳维亚鳕科(Scanilepidae)的系统分类位置。     

鄂西荆门-当阳盆地九里岗组几种丁菲羊齿植物

本文报道了鄂西荆门-当阳盆地晚三叠世九里岗组几种丁菲羊齿(Thinnfeldia)植物,即雅致丁菲羊齿[(新种)Thinnfeldia elegans(sp.nov.)]、南漳丁菲羊齿[(新种)Thinnfeldiananzhangensis(sp.nov.)]、远安丁菲羊齿[(新种)Thinnfeldia yuaanancnsis(sp.nov.)],并对九里岗组植物群的性质进行了扼要的讨论,初步认为该植物群具有我国南、北晚三叠世两个植物群的过渡性质。     

记陕北子长晚三叠世一新的古鳕类

记述了陕北子长晚三叠世古鳕科（Ｐａｌａｅｏｎｉｓｃｉｄａｅ）一新属新种──子长瓦窑堡鳕（Ｗａｙａｏｂｕｌｅｐｉｓ ｚｉｃｈａｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ ｇｅｎ． ｅｔ ｓｐ． ｎｏｖ．）。其一般形态特征如身体长纺锤形、背鳍基长,后部对着腹鳍和臀鳍之间的空隙、鳍条粗壮、饰缘棘鳞细小、悬挂骨倾斜、鳃盖骨很高大、鳞片小及横列鳞数目多等,与澳大利亚中至晚三叠世的Ｍｙｒｉｏｌｏｐｉｓ很相似,但新属具有吻较尖、背鳍鳍条数目较少、鳞片具有众多的斜嵴、后缘成梳齿状以及具有背嵴鳞等显著特征区别于Ｍｙｒｉｏｌｏｐｉｓ。瓦窑堡鳕在体形、鳍的位置、鳃盖骨高大及鳞片的纹饰等方面也与欧洲中至晚三叠世的 Ｇｙｒｏｌｅｐｉｓ相似,但新属以背鳍基较长、臀鳍基较短、背峪鳞发达及鳍条粗壮等特征区别于Ｇｙｒｏｌｅｐｉｓ。根据瓦窑堡鳕的性质和化石层位的情况,将合鱼化石地层的时代定为晚三叠世。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西南部甘肃西峰地区延长组孢粉组合及古气候研究

鄂尔多斯盆地西南部西峰油田中上三叠统延长组长8段和长7段钻井岩心中发现丰富的孢粉化石,分别命名为Aratisporites-Punctatisporites组合和Asseretospora-Walchiites组合,组合特征分别与盆地东南部发现的铜川组孢粉组合和延长组孢粉组合相似,地质时代分别为中三叠世晚期Ladinian期与晚三叠世早期Carnian期。通过孢粉植物群类型地层分布特征及其生态环境讨论,推测盆地区中晚三叠世气候温暖潮湿,雨量充沛,植被茂盛。孢粉植物群所反映的古气候为温带—亚热带暖湿或湿热气候。这是由于本地区当时处于较低的纬度,且濒临大型湖泊,而长8—长7段沉积时期正处于湖泊扩张的鼎盛期。     

黔西滇东早三叠世早期Annalepis(脊囊属)的出现及其地层意义

为解决早三叠世卡以头组地质时代和植物组合问题,对采于黔西滇东地区两条二叠系-三叠系海陆交互相界线剖面卡以头组中、下部的植物化石Annalepis(脊囊属)进行深入研究。与Annalepis同层或上部层位见有早三叠世早期的海相双壳类、介形类、腕足类、菊石类及大羽羊齿植物群残余分子,因此可以确定Annalepis在该地区出现于早三叠世早期的印度期(Induan),说明卡以头组(至少中、下部)地质时代属早三叠世早期。推测我国南方的Annalepis在早三叠世始于黔西滇东,随后向北迁移、中三叠世广布于长江中下游地区。建立由早三叠世An-nalepis和大羽羊齿植物群残存分子共同构成的我国南方早三叠世早期植物组合,填补了早三叠世晚期岭文组与晚二叠世B期Gigantonoclea guizhouensis-Ullmannia cf.bronnia-Annularia pinglouensis组合之间的空白。     

广州市郊上三叠统小坪组昆虫

一、前言本文记述的3种化石昆虫采自广州市西北石井崩岗上三叠统小坪组含煤岩层,2种为(虫非)蠊盖翅:Triassoblatta tegmina sp.nov.,Triassoblatta opistodictyna sp.nov,属中生(虫非)蠊科三叠(虫非)蠊属;另一种为鞘翅目的鞘翅Shijingocoleus margacrispus gen.et sp.nov.,属裂鞘甲科的新属、新种。前二种(虫非)蠊类于粤中乃首次报道;后一种裂鞘甲不仅是我国的首次发现,也是世界上中生代地层中的首次发现,此科以往的地史记录是晚石炭世一晚二叠世,小坪组发现的这个科证明它存在时间可延续至晚三叠世。     

鄂西九里岗组植物化石新属种*

报道了采自鄂西晚三叠世九里岗组的植物Radiatifolium magnusum gen. et sp. nov.,并订正了种名 Nilssonia hubeiensis nom. nov..因新属裂片的形态和脉序等与古生代的 Rhipidopsis 有些接近,认为其分类位置属银杏类的可能性较大;依据叶的分裂方式比较简单,裂片大小相差不大等,推测它可能代表银杏类中比较原始的类型.此外,对九里岗组植物群与我国南、北两个晚三叠世植物群的关系也作了扼要的讨论.     

新疆晚二叠世和三叠纪轮藻化石兼论古生代末期至中生代早期轮藻植物群的演变

一、前言 本文研究的晚二叠世轮藻化石,系卢辉楠1982—1983年在新疆北部考察时采获,三叠纪的材料产自南疆,系石油部新疆石油管理局勘探开发研究院古生物室提供。中三叠世轮藻类,在我国不少地区已被发现(王振、黄仁金,1978;张捷芳、卢辉楠等,1978;赵志清等,1980;王振,1981;张振来,1981;黄仁金,1983)。而晚二叠世和早三叠世轮藻类在国外报道的较少(Peck and Eyer,1963;1966b,1967,1968),晚二叠世轮藻类在我国最近才有报道(王振,1984),早三叠世仅个别种被报道(王振、黄仁金,1978)。     

北京西山杏石口组的鱼化石

本文记述了北京西山杏石口组的—占鳕——Xingshikous xishanensis gen. et sp. nov.,其形态与延长群的 Triassodus 和石拐群召沟组的 Daqingshaniscus 有所相似,但更近似后者.根据古鳕类的进化水平,推证含鱼化石沉积杏石口组的时代为早侏罗世.文中还讨论了我国北方古鳕类基干支的某些分子如 Turfania、Triassodus、Xingshikous、Daqingshaniscus 和 Uighuroniscus 的分布及其生物地层意义.     

THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF EOGINKGOITES

Eoginkgoites is a fan-shaped, imparipinnate leaf with a short rachis and long petiole. It was first described from the Upper Triassic Newark Group of Pennsylvania by Bock who assigned the fossil to the Ginkgoales. The fossil has also been found in the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation in Utah and Arizona and in the Newark Group in North Carolina. Investigation of the well-preserved specimens found in the Chinle Formation shows that the leaf has anastomosing venation, a marginal vein and paracytic (syndetocheilic) stomata. These characters indicate that the leaf is bennettitalean and Eoginkgoites is reassigned to the Bennettitales although its shape is perplexing. Eoginkgoites may be an important index fossil to the lower Upper Triassic (middle Carnian) rocks of North America.     

记江西一新的中华弓鳍鱼化石

本文记述了在江西弋阳石溪组发现的一中华弓鳍鱼。其形态特征虽与华北的师氏中华弓鳍鱼很相似,但又有很明显的差别,因此建立一新种——Sinamia poyangica, sp. nov.。在此基础上,对中华弓鳍鱼的形态变异和石溪组的时代作了讨论,并对师氏中华弓鳍鱼的复原图提出了修正的建议。     

Variation in flexural stiffness of the lepidotrichia within and among the soft fins of yellow perch under different preservation techniques

Although the ray‐finned fishes are named for their bony, segmented lepidotrichia (fin rays), we are only beginning to understand the morphological and functional diversity of this key vertebrate structure. Fin rays support the fin web, and their material properties help define the function of the entire fin. Many earlier studies of fin ray morphology and function have focused on isolated rays, or on rays from only one or two fins. At the same time, relatively little is known about how different preservation techniques affect the material properties of many vertebrate structures, including fin rays. Here, we use three‐point bending tests to examine intra‐ and inter‐fin variation in the flexural stiffness of fin rays from yellow perch, Perca flavescens. We sampled fin rays from individuals that were assigned to one of three preservation treatments: fresh, frozen, and preserved with formalin. The flexural stiffness of the fin rays varied within and among fins. Pelvic‐fin rays were the stiffest, and pectoral fin rays the least stiff. The fin rays of the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins all had similar stiffness values, which were intermediate relative to those from the paired fins. The flexural stiffness of the fin rays was higher in rays that were at the leading edge of the fin. This variation in flexural stiffness was associated with variation in joint density and the relative length of the unsegmented proximal base of the fin rays. There was no significant difference in flexural stiffness between fresh and frozen specimens. In specimens preserved with formalin, there is a small but significant effect on stiffness in smaller fin rays.     

Musculoskeletal morphology and regionalization within the dorsal and anal fins of bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus)

Ray‐finned fishes actively control the shape and orientation of their fins to either generate or resist hydrodynamic forces. Because of the emergent mechanical properties of their segmented, bilaminar fin rays (lepidotrichia), and actuation by multiple muscles, fish can control the rigidity and curvature of individual rays independently, thereby varying the resultant forces across the fin surfaces. Expecting that differences in fin‐ray morphology should reflect variation in their mechanical properties, we measured several musculoskeletal features of individual spines and rays of the dorsal and anal fins of bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus, and assessed their mobility and flexibility. We separated the fin‐rays into four groups based on the fin (dorsal or anal) or fin‐ray type (spine or ray) and measured the length of the spines/rays and the mass of the three median fin‐ray muscles: the inclinators, erectors and depressors. Within the two ray groups, we measured the portion of the rays that were segmented vs. unsegmented and branched vs. unbranched. For the majority of variables tested, we found that variations between fin‐rays within each group were significantly related to position within the fin and these patterns were conserved between the dorsal and anal rays. Based on positional variations in fin‐ray and muscle parameters, we suggest that anterior and posterior regions of each fin perform different functions when interacting with the surrounding fluid. Specifically, we suggest that the stiffer anterior rays of the soft dorsal and anal fins maintain stability and keep the flow across the fins steady. The posterior rays, which are more flexible with a greater range of motion, fine‐tune their stiffness and orientation, directing the resultant flow to generate lateral and some thrust forces, thus acting as an accessory caudal fin. J. Morphol., 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

A new species of Williamsonia from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation of New Mexico

Williamsonia nizhonia sp. nov., the first undoubted bennettitalean flower known from the Chinle Formation of Upper Triassic age in the south - western United States, is described in detail. The species is based on a single vertically compressed specimen collected from the Lower Red Member of the Chinle Formation near Fort Wingate in west-central New Mexico. It is rather small, the gynoecium is about 5 mm in diameter and is surrounded by a whorl often persistent sterile bracts about 1–5 cm long. The cuticles of the bracts and interseminal scales are 1 to 2 u thick. Stomata are only slightly sunken on the cuticles of the bracts and interseminal scales. Only a few hairs occur on the bracts. Williamsonia nizhonia cannot be attributed with any degree of confidence to either of the two bennettitalean leaves presently known in the Chinle flora.     

浙江长兴组的空棘鱼化石

本文记述了浙江长兴县长兴组煤山段[上二迭统上部]的总鳍鱼亚纲、空棘鱼目的两个新属种,新槐杨公鱼(Youngichthys xinhuainsis gen.et sp.nov.)和粗纹长兴鱼(Changxingiaaspratilis gen.et sp.nov.)。长兴的标本使我们得知二迭纪空棘鱼的分布范围扩展到亚洲,生活环境由陆地扩展到海洋。到目前为止,煤山段的鱼化石被认为是二迭纪最高层位的鱼群。     

宁夏狼鳍鱼科一新属

本文记述了狼鳍鱼科一新属,即同心鱼属(Tougxinichthys gen.nov.)化石产自宁夏同心县康家湾;海原县石峡口一带的六盘山群上部。同心鱼(Tongxinichthys)与狼鳍鱼(Lycoptera)很相似。后者被认为是我国华北地区晚侏罗世鱼群的主要成员。而同心鱼的某些特征较为进步。因此,同心鱼的生存时代有延续到早白垩世早期的可能性。同心鱼的发现,增加了狼鳍鱼类的新成员。对狼鳍鱼类的形态解剖,系统演化,及亲缘关系的深入研究,提供了新的资料。     

骨舌鱼科化石在我国的发现

本文记述了在四川芦山县发现的骨舌鱼科—新属、种——芦山中华骨舌鱼 (Sinoglossus lushanensis, gen. et sp. nov.).在对其形态特征作较详细描述的基础上,认为它与 Osteoglossum、Scleropages 两属较接近;同时还对骨舌鱼类的起源地、中华骨舌鱼的地质时代及其生存环境等问题作了探讨.     

Structure of supporting elements in the dorsal fin of percid fishes

The dorsal fin is one of the most varied swimming structures in Acanthomorpha, the spiny‐finned fishes. This fin can be present as a single contiguous structure supported by bony spines and soft lepidotrichia, or it may be divided into an anterior, spiny dorsal fin and a posterior, soft dorsal fin. The freshwater fish family Percidae exhibits especially great variation in dorsal fin spacing, including fishes with separated fins of varying gap length and fishes with contiguous fins. We hypothesized that fishes with separated dorsal fins, especially those with large gaps between fins, would have stiffened fin elements at the leading edge of the soft dorsal fin to resist hydrodynamic loading during locomotion. For 10 percid species, we measured the spacing between dorsal fins and calculated the second moment of area of selected spines and lepidotrichia from museum specimens. There was no significant relationship between the spacing between dorsal fins and the second moment of area of the leading edge of the soft dorsal fin.