海洋沉积环境来源真菌次生代谢产物的研究

海洋沉积环境复杂多样,微生物往往进化形成与其环境相适应的代谢系统.真菌作为海洋沉积环境中的重要微生物,它们的次生代谢产物结构出新率高、生物活性显著,是开发海洋先导药物的新兴资源.本文综述了1995-2011年间发表的200个海洋沉积环境真菌次生代谢产物,其来源菌株广泛分布在真菌16个属,主要集中在Penicillium属(30％)、Aspergillus属(19％)、Spicaria属(18％)和Trichoderma属(13％);其结构类型包括生物碱类(86个)、萜类(42个)、聚酮类(42个)、肽类(15个)、甾体类(5个)、脑苷脂类(4个)和其他类(6个),活性研究主要集中在细胞毒性和抗菌等方面.     

小梁切除术中应用丝裂霉素C 对角膜内皮细胞的影响

目的:观察小梁切除术中应用丝裂霉素C(MMC)对角膜内皮细胞的影响。方法:收集2010年9月2011年5月在我院行小梁切除术的青光眼患者60例(78眼),随机分为术中应用丝裂霉素C的36例(46眼)患者为A组,术中不用丝裂霉素C的24例(32眼)为B组,分别观察术前、术后1个月和术后3个月两组眼压(IOP)、角膜内皮细胞的密度(CD)、平均细胞面积(AVG)及细胞面积变异系数(CV),分析其数量的改变及两组间的差异。结果:A组术前眼压为(35.4±13.7)mmHg,B组术前眼压为(32.5±13.5)mmHg差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),A组术后1个月及术后3个月眼压分别为(15.7±3.7)mmHg、(17.0±3.2)mmHg,均低于B组的(19.4±3.7)mmHg、(20.2±2.1)mmHg,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。A组术前、术后1个月及术后3个月角膜内皮细胞密度分别为(2475±484)个/mm2、(2199±373)个/mm2、(2164±332)个/mm2;平均细胞面积分别为(431.4±67.6)μm2、(480.6±66.8)μm2、(463.8±46.2)μm2;细胞面积变异系数分别为(31.1±7.4)%、(34.4±6.3)%、(31.2±7.5)%;术后1个月及术后3个月各参数与术前比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。B组术前、术后1个月及术后3个月角膜内皮细胞密度分别为(2342±94)个/mm2、(2185±215)个/mm2、(2074±218)个/mm2;平均细胞面积分别为(453.9±94.8)μm2、(516.3±100.8)μm2、(499.81±106.4)μm2;细胞面积变异系数分别为(30.2±3.0)%、(32.7±2.9)%、(31.4±4.3)%;除术后3个月角膜内皮细胞与术前比较有意义(P<0.05)外,余参数术后1个月及术后3个月与术前比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后1个月A组的角膜内皮细胞丢失率为10.4%高于B组的6.1%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后3个月A组的角膜内皮细胞丢失率为11.1%高于B组的10.0%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:小梁切除术中用丝裂霉素C的降压效果比不用丝裂霉素C的效果好,但短期内前者角膜内皮细胞的丢失率高于后者。     

乌檀的化学成分研究

从珍稀药用植物乌檀(Nauclea officinalis)的枝叶中分离得到1个甾醇类、3个三萜类、2个酚类和1个生物碱类化合物。通过光谱分析,分别鉴定为豆甾-4-烯-3-酮(1)、铁冬青酸(2)、常春藤皂苷元(3)、3-羰基奎诺瓦酸(4)、2,5-二甲氧基苯甲酸(5)、3,4,5-三甲氧基苯甲酸(6)和Strictosamide(7)。7个化合物均是首次从乌檀中得到。     

中国兰科植物新资料

报道了中国兰科2个新记录属及5个新记录种:固唇兰属(Plocoglottis)、栖林兰属(Drymoda)、滇南固唇兰(Plocoglottis bokorensis)、栖林兰(Drymoda siamensis)、泰国牛角兰(Ceratostylis siamensis)、景洪白蝶兰(Pecteilis hawkesiana)、三脉贝母兰(Coelogyne trinervis)、浮萍毛兰(Eria spirodela).对2个属及5个种进行了特征描述,并对比了近似种.     

发育不良和歪头病对变态末期棘胸蛙皮肤菌群的影响

实验基于高通量测序技术,以健康(CTL组)、发育不良(DD组)和患歪头病(TD组)的棘胸蛙(Quasipaa spinosa)为研究对象,系统地探索宿主健康状态与皮肤微生物菌群组成、多样性及功能之间的潜在关系。所有样本经测序、质控及聚类获得2997条扩增子序列变体(ASVs),注释32个门, 76个纲, 167个目, 259个科和402个属,其中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)为棘胸蛙皮肤主要优势菌门(>1%),但丰度受宿主健康状态的影响。在属水平上筛选获得50个菌群标志物,其中23个(如乳杆菌(Lactobacillus)、德沃斯氏(Devosia)、希瓦氏菌(Shewanella)和Luteolibacter)在CTL组中相对丰度较高,提示棘胸蛙的健康状态; 19个(如短稳杆菌(Empedobacter)、芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)和短螺旋体(Brevinema))在DD组中相对丰度较高,提示棘胸蛙发育不良的病症; 8个(如伊丽莎白菌(Elizabethkingia)、柠檬酸杆菌(Citroba...     

柞蚕微粒子病潜在生物标志物的挖掘

【目的】挖掘柞蚕Antheraea pernyi微粒子病的潜在生物标志物,为开发该病害检测方法及研究柞蚕被微孢子虫Nosema pernyi侵染后体内代谢产物的差异及功能奠定基础。【方法】利用高效液相色谱和高分辨率质谱进行非靶向代谢组学分析,调查健康和患微粒子病柞蚕雌成虫血淋巴中代谢物差异。【结果】正离子模式下从健康和患微粒子病柞蚕雌成虫血淋巴中共获得8 870个代谢物,注释代谢物5 390个,筛选到差异表达代谢物472个(上调260个,下调212个),其中二级鉴定差异表达代谢物12个(上调8个,下调4个);负离子模式下获得6 716个代谢物,注释代谢物3 848个,筛选到差异表达代谢物301个(上调207个,下调94个),其中二级鉴定差异表达代谢物9个(上调8个,下调1个)。正离子模式下二级鉴定的差异表达代谢物包括缬氨酸(valine)、苯并噻唑(benzothiazole)、3-脱羟基肉碱(3-dehydroxycarnitine)、1 甲基鸟嘌呤(1-methylguanine)、2-乙氧基萘(2-ethoxynaphthalene)、N6-乙酰基-L-赖氨酸(N6-acetyl-L-lysine)、生物素(biotin)、桑色素(morin)、噻吗洛尔(timolol)、酰基肉碱15∶0(acylcarnitine 15∶0)、酰基肉碱18∶4(acylcarnitine 18∶4)和异槲皮苷(isoquercitrin);负离子模式下二级鉴定的差异表达代谢物包括二甲基丙二酸(dimethylmalonic acid)、戊二酸(glutaric acid)、2,5-二羟基苯甲酸(2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid)、1,3-二乙酰基丙烷(1,3-diacetylpropane)、3-(4-羟基苯基)乳酸(DL-p-hydroxyphenyllactic acid)、泛酸(pantothenate)、荧光素(fluorescein)、飞燕草素-3-O-beta-吡喃葡萄糖苷(delphinidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside)和溶血磷酯酰肌醇16∶1 (lysoPI 16∶1)。【结论】健康与患柞蚕微粒子病的柞蚕雌成虫血淋巴内代谢物具有显著差异,通过代谢组学挖掘出21个二级鉴定的差异表达代谢物,这些代谢物可作为潜在生物标志物用于开发柞蚕微粒子病的检测方法。     

中国兰科植物新资料（英文）

报道了中国兰科2个新记录属及5个新记录种:固唇兰属(Plocoglottis)、栖林兰属(Drymoda)、滇南固唇兰(Plocoglottis bokorensis)、栖林兰(Drymoda siamensis)、泰国牛角兰(Ceratostylis siamensis)、景洪白蝶兰(Pecteilis hawkesiana)、三脉贝母兰(Coelogyne trinervis)、浮萍毛兰(Eria spirodela)。对2个属及5个种进行了特征描述,并对比了近似种。     

白花洋紫荆花的化学成分及其胰脂肪酶抑制活性研究CSCD

为研究白花洋紫荆(Bauhinia variegata var.candida)花的化学成分,以白花洋紫荆花的乙醇提取物为对象,运用葡聚糖凝胶柱层析、MCI柱层析、半制备高效液相色谱等方法进行分离纯化,根据化合物的核磁共振波谱数据进行结构鉴定。结果从白花洋紫荆花中分离纯化得到17个化合物,包括1个葡萄糖苷类、2个苯甲酸类、2个香豆酸类、1个多环酚类,11个黄酮类,分别鉴定为β-D-甲基葡萄糖苷(1)、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯(2)、对甲氧基苯甲酸(3)、对香豆酸(4)、对甲氧基桂皮酸(5)、pacharin(6)、柚皮素(7)、异牡荆苷(8)、山柰酚(9)、6-羟基山奈酚3-O-葡萄糖甙(10)、山柰酚-3-O-鼠李糖苷(11)、百蕊草素(12)、kaempferol 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-lucopyranoside(13)、槲皮素(14)、3-O-甲基槲皮素(15)、quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside(16)、quercetin-3-O-(6″-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-β-D-glucoside(17)。本研究得到的化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到。共筛选了化合物10、12、13、14、17的胰脂肪酶活性,结果显示该5个化合物对胰脂肪酶均具有一定的抑制活性。     

青藏高原植物群落样方数据集

为便于了解青藏高原植被特殊物种组成、群落特征及分布格局, 该文利用2018-2021年在青藏高原不同区域内调查的338个样地、共758个样方的数据, 分析了高原植物群落的物种组成、区系特征和植被分类, 整合形成青藏高原植物群落样方数据集。结果表明: 青藏高原高寒和温性植物群落758个样方中, 共有植物65科279属837种; 其中, 物种数最多的5个科依次是菊科(134种)、禾本科(88种)、豆科(75种)、蔷薇科(43种)和莎草科(40种), 物种数最多的5个属依次是蒿属(Artemisia, 29种)、马先蒿属(Pedicularis, 27种)、风毛菊属(Saussurea, 25种)、黄耆属(Astragalus, 23种)和早熟禾属(Poa, 23种)。植物区系主要由温带(145属)和世界广布(36属)的成分所组成。物种的生长型以草本(83.51%)和灌木(10.87%)为主, 草本和木本的生活型分别以多年生草本(88.23%)和落叶灌木(83.67%)为主。338个样地可以划分为4个植被型组, 10个植被型, 20个植被亚型, 78个群系组和117个群系, 其中草原群系34个, 草甸群系33个, 荒漠群系33个, 灌丛群系14个和针叶林群系3个。该数据集覆盖青藏高原绝大部分高寒灌丛、高寒草原、高寒草甸、高寒荒漠、温性草原和温性荒漠植被区域, 可为研究高原植被特征和地带性分异规律, 气候变化和人类活动对高原植被的影响及其生态恢复提供坚实的数据基础, 同时为下一代中国植被图的更新提供参考。     

延胡索的化学成分研究(英文)

采用现代分离技术和方法,从延胡索根茎中分离得到17个化合物,通过波谱分析鉴定其结构。包括11个生物碱类化合物,二氢白屈菜红碱(1)、去氢紫堇碱(2)、四氢非洲防己胺(3)、异紫堇球碱(4)、紫堇碱(5)、四氢黄连碱(6)、药根碱(7)、黄连碱(8)、小檗碱(12)、巴马汀(13)和延胡索乙素(14);2个蒽醌类化合物,大黄素(9)和大黄素甲醚(10);1个三萜类化合物,即3β-羟基-齐墩果烷-111,3(18)-二烯-28-酸(11)和3个甾醇类化合物,豆甾醇(15)、β-谷甾醇(16)和胡萝卜苷(17)。其中,化合物9～11首次从该属植物中分离得到,1首次从该种中分离得到。     

温度对东亚飞蝗取食影响及其食物利用效率研究

本文采用对比称重法研究温度对东亚飞蝗Locusta migratoria manilensis(Meyen)取食及食物利用率的影响。结果表明:3～5龄蝗蝻在18、21、24、27、30℃5个温度梯度下发育历期为56.9、34.0、21.3、17.2、15.0d,总取食量为0.85、0.88、0.82、0.99、0.99g。在21、24、27、30℃4个温度梯度下,雄成虫寿命为90.3、62.8、47.0、38.7d,总取食量为3.62、4.67、4.25、4.26g;雌成虫寿命为95.8、63.0、46.3、40.8d,总取食量为6.97、10.48、10.41、11.90g。随温度升高3～5龄蝗蝻近似消化力减小,食物利用率增加;成虫期在18、30℃条件下近似消化力有显著差异(P<0.05),但不同温度下食物利用率差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

Disruption of aggregation behaviour of oriental migratory locusts (Locusta migratoria manilensis) infected with Nosema locustae

Abstract:  The effect of Nosema locustae infection on the aggregation behaviour of the oriental migratory locust, Locusta migratoria manilensis , was studied using a two-choice arena olfactometer and electroantennography (EAG). Infected locusts had low antennal sensitivity and aggregation responses to faecal extracts and to locust body volatiles. Infected fifth instar nymphs had significantly lower aggregation index than the uninfected nymphs, although with fourth instars the effect on aggregation behaviour only occurred in infected females. With regard to antennal receptor sensitivity, infected adult locusts had significantly lower EAG amplitudes in response to extracts from faeces of the adult males. The effect was most pronounced in female locusts. In contrast, there was no significant difference in the EAG responses between the fifth instar male and female nymphs. Further analysis revealed that EAG responses of fifth instar nymphs and adults infected with N. locustae to the faecal extract and volatiles from fifth instar solitary-reared nymphs were not significantly affected. In contrast, infected nymphs and adults had remarkably low EAG amplitudes for the remaining stimuli.     

Influence of juvenile hormone on growth and digestion in fifth instar larvae and adults of Locusta migratoria

Food utilization was measured in female fifth instar larvae and adults of the migratory locust by following the weight of food ingested, the weight of faeces produced, and the increase in body weight. These parameters were measured in normally developing locusts, in locusts that had been implanted with a pair of active corpora allata (CA) in the beginning of the fifth instar period, and in allatectomized locusts, operated on the first day after adult ecdysis.A high titre of corpus allatum hormone results in a considerably higher water content of the insects; allatectomy reduces this content. The dry weight of the locusts is not essentially influenced by excess or absence of juvenile hormone.Food consumption in corpora-allata-implanted locusts does not differ from that in normally developing insects. Within each developmental period the digestive capacity remains constant, but the absolute value of this capacity may differ between the two developmental periods. The approximate digestibility is somewhat higher after CA-implantation and lower after allatectomy. The efficiency of conversion of digested food into body substance is greater in normally developing larvae than in adults. CA-implantation lowers this efficiency in developing larvae. Allatectomy slightly raises the efficiency of conversion in adult locusts.In the second half period of larval development, CA-implantation raises the respiratory rate, as estimated by measuring oxygen consumption. During adult development no significant influence of CA-implantation on respiration was established. Relations between the amount of food digested, the efficiency of conversion of digested food into body substance, and the respiratory activity are discussed.     

Mermis nigrescens: physiological relationship with its host, the adult desert locust Schistocerca gregaria

Adult desert locusts were experimentally infected per os with 30, 50, or 60 Mermis nigrescens eggs, and changes in the host physiology were recorded. Larval nematodes were recovered from the hemocoel and counted at appropriate times after infection. The food consumption and blood volume of the host were unaffected by the parasitism, but the nematode significantly impaired the ability of male locusts to excrete the injected dye, amaranth, from their hemolymph. The total carbohydrate in the hemolymph of infected male and female locusts was severely depleted during the active growth period of the nematode and the possible utilization of these carbohydrates by the nematode are discussed. The total amino acid and protein levels in the blood of the host were unaffected by the nematode development, although concomittant changes in the levels of both these blood metabolites occurred in all locusts throughout the experimental period. However, although changes of this nature reflected the normal pattern of protein synthesis during oocyte development and oviposition in control locusts, the nematode suppressed oocyte development and caused oocyte resorption in the female host. The nematode did not significantly affect the level of total protein and amino acids in the flight muscles of male and female locusts, but a significant decrease in the level of fat body proteins and amino acids was recorded in infected hosts 16 and 21 days after infection. The possible effect of the nematode on protein metabolism by the host fat body is discussed in relation to the nutritional requirements of the nematode and involvement of the host endocrine system.     

Interaction between Paranosema locustae and Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum, two pathogens of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria under laboratory conditions

The interaction between two pathogens, the microsporidian Paranosema locustae Canning and the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum Driver and Milner was studied under laboratory conditions in an attempt to develop an improved method of microbial control for the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria Forsk?l. Fifth-instar locust nymphs, reared in the laboratory, were treated with various concentrations of one of the two pathogens or with both pathogens. The numbers of locusts killed were recorded each day and the production of pathogen spores within the dead locusts was assessed at the end (day 21) of each experiment. Locust nymphs treated with both P. locustae and M. anisopliae died sooner than nymphs infected with only one of the pathogens. At the lower concentrations of pathogen tested, the effects of the two pathogens were additive. At the higher concentrations the combined effects were synergistic. In terms of locust mortality, there was no evidence of any antagonistic effects between the two pathogens. However, the production of spores by P. locustae was reduced considerably when the host insects were infected also with M. anisopliae. For example, nymphs treated initially with P. locustae and then treated 3 and 10 days later with M. anisopliae produced 3-20 times and 2.5-8 times fewer spores, respectively, than nymphs treated only with P. locustae. Hence, in areas where M. anisopliae is applied, the natural persistence of P. locustae in the local grasshopper and locust populations may be diminished.     

Differential susceptibility of adults and nymphs of Blattella germanica (L.) (Blattodea: Blattellidae) to infection by Metarhizium anisopliae and assessment of delivery strategies

Microbial insecticides for cockroach control, such as those containing entomopathogenic fungi, may be an alternative to reduce contamination by chemicals in housing and food storage environments. Virulence of isolate ESALQ1037 belonging to the Metarhizium anisopliae complex against nymphs and adults of Blattella germanica (L.), and its infectivity following exposure of insects to a contaminated surface or to M. anisopliae-bait were determined under laboratory conditions. Estimated LD50 15 d following topical inoculation was 2.69 x 10(5) conidia per adult, whereas for nymphs the maximum mortality was lower than 50%. Baits amended with M. anisopliae conidia had no repellent effect on targets; adult mortality was inferior to 25%, and nymphs were not susceptible. All conidia found in the digestive tract of M. anisopliae-bait fed cockroaches were unviable, and bait-treated insects that succumbed to fungal infection showed a typical mycelial growth on mouthparts and front legs, but not on the hind body parts. As opposed to baits, the use of a M. anisopliae powdery formulation for surface treatment was effective in attaining high mortality rates of B. germanica. Both nymphs and adults were infected when this delivery strategy was used, and mycelia growth occurred all over the body surface. Our results suggest that the development of powders or similar formulations of M. anisopliae to control B. germanica may provide faster and better results than some of the strategies based on baits currently available.     

丽斗蟋翅二型雄虫食物消化能力及消化酶活性比较

【目的】丽斗蟋Velarifictorus ornatus具明显的翅二型现象,为探讨翅型分化对丽斗蟋翅二型雄虫消化能力及中肠内消化酶活性产生的影响,对长翅型与短翅型雄虫食物消化能力及中肠内消化酶活性进行了检测比较。【方法】我们采取重量营养指数测定了羽化后12 d内丽斗蟋两型雄成虫增长量、相对增长率、取食量、食物利用率、近似消化率和食物转化率。为进一步明确丽斗蟋翅二型成虫食物消化能力与中肠内消化酶活性的关系,我们采用4种专用底物测定了中肠内用于分解蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的总蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶的活性。【结果】结果表明,丽斗蟋两型雄虫取食量、食物转化率、食物利用率与增长量均无统计差异,但中肠内消化酶活性变化规律不同。成虫羽化后4 d时,长翅型雄虫中肠内总蛋白酶与胰蛋白酶活性显著高于短翅型雄虫,相反,羽化后0 d时,短翅型雄虫中肠内总蛋白酶与胰蛋白酶活性则显著高于长翅型雄虫,而羽化后12 d时,虽然短翅型雄虫总蛋白酶活性高于长翅型雄虫,但胰蛋白酶活性在两型雄虫间并无差异。成虫羽化后0 d时,两型雄虫脂肪酶活性无差异,但无论是羽化后4 或 12 d,长翅型雄虫中肠内脂肪酶活性皆显著大于短翅型雄虫。成虫羽化后4 d时,短翅型雄虫中肠内淀粉酶活性显著高于长翅型雄虫,而羽化后0与12 d时,两型雄虫间无显著差异。【结论】丽斗蟋翅二型雄虫食物消化能力无显著差异,但羽化后不同时间,中肠内消化酶活性存在差异,该差异可能与成虫羽化后不同时期,翅二型雄虫在飞行与繁殖投资中对不同能源物质的需求有关。     

三种杀虫剂对褐飞虱海藻糖含量和海藻糖酶活性的影响

为了解农药处理导致褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens (Stål）飞行能力增强的生理机制, 本文采用蒽酮法和酶促反应终止法, 研究了吡虫啉、 三唑磷和溴氰菊酯3种杀虫剂亚致死剂量对褐飞虱3龄、 5龄若虫及长、 短翅型雌雄成虫体内海藻糖含量和海藻糖酶活性的影响。结果表明： 杀虫剂处理的褐飞虱3龄若虫海藻糖含量和海藻糖酶活性与对照相比没有显著差异（P>0.05）。40 mg/L三唑磷处理的褐飞虱5龄若虫体内海藻糖含量显著低于对照（P<0.05）, 比对照降低了24%; 而20和40 mg/L三唑磷处理的褐飞虱5龄若虫海藻糖酶活性显著高于对照（P<0.05）, 分别比对照高出了100%和129%。10 mg/L吡虫啉, 20 和40 mg/L三唑磷以及3和6 mg/L溴氰菊酯处理的褐飞虱短翅雌成虫和雄成虫体内海藻糖含量显著低于对照（P<0.05）, 雌成虫体内海藻糖含量比对照分别降低了36%, 53%, 67%, 58%和69%, 雄成虫体内海藻糖含量比对照分别降低了59%, 71%, 65%, 70%和77%; 而40 mg/L三唑磷以及3和6 mg/L溴氰菊酯处理的褐飞虱短翅型雌成虫和雄成虫体内海藻糖酶活性显著高于对照（P<0.05）, 雌成虫体内海藻糖酶活性比对照分别高出了124%, 100%和88%, 雄成虫体内海藻糖酶活性比对照分别高出了146%, 132%和118%。10 mg/L吡虫啉, 40 mg/L三唑磷和3 mg/L溴氰菊酯处理的褐飞虱长翅型雌成虫和雄成虫海藻糖含量显著低于对照（P<0.05）, 雌成虫海藻糖含量比对照分别降低了44%, 34%和37%, 雄成虫体内海藻糖含量比对照降低了48%, 54%和43%; 而5和10 mg/L吡虫啉处理的长翅型雌成虫和雄成虫海藻糖酶活性显著高于对照（P<0.05）, 雌成虫体内海藻糖酶活性比对照分别高出了317%和300%, 雄成虫体内海藻糖酶活性比对照分别高出了170%和97%。这些结果说明这3种杀虫剂亚致死剂量处理可以增强褐飞虱体内海藻糖酶活性, 并导致海藻糖含量下降。本研究结果对深入阐明农药诱导褐飞虱再猖獗及杀虫剂处理增强其飞行能力的生理机制具有一定的科学价值。     

Trehalose and trehalose-hydrolyzing enzyme in the haemolymph of Locusta migratoria infected with Metarhizium anisopliae strain CQMa102

Topical application of the Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum specialist strain CQMa 102 to the locust Locusta migratoria manilensis results in changes of the concentrations of trehalose and glucose in the haemolymph. Micrographs of the locust haemolymph shows Metarhizium anisopliae can effectivly penetrate the external skeleton of locust and after 2 days infection, the hyphae body will appear in the haemolymph of infected insects. The time in decrease of trehalose concentration coincided with that in increase of trehalose-hydrolysing enzyme activity in the haemolymph of the fungus-infected insects. Overlay gel analysis indicated there was considerably more trehalose-hydrolysing activity in the haemolymph of locusts infected by fungus than in controls. A comparable isoform was identified in in vitro culture of the fungus, suggesting a fungal origin for the in vivo enzyme. Haemolymph trehalose decreased significantly during mycosis of locusts by M. anisopliae. All these results suggested that this fungus may take advantage of competing nutrient utilization against the insect by its trehalose-hydrolyzing enzyme secretion. It may provide fundamental knowledge for fungal pathogenesis.     

Food utilization efficiency in fifth instar larvae of Antheraea mylitta (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) infected with Nosema sp. and its effect on reproductive potential and silk production

Antheraea mylitta, a sericigenous insect of economical importance is often infected with an intracellular parasite of the genus Nosema. This pathogen is known to cause fatal pebrine disease and is considered as an important factor that strongly influences the development of the host. Larvae developed from the eggs laid by a female infected with Nosema sp. showed extended development period. The increment in the larval weight declined significantly in infected larvae in comparison to uninfected ones. Food consumption, digestion, relative consumption rate (RCR), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD), and relative growth rate (RGR) values declined significantly, but at the same time a significant increase in approximate digestibility (AD) was also observed. Silk production declined in infected larvae. Silk gland weight and shell weight also significantly declined following infection over uninfected larvae. The reproductive potential in adults declined significantly (P<0.001) with decrease in ovary weight (31.6%), fecundity (54.1%), and fertility (34.9%). Egg chorionation was also affected in adults, which developed from infected larvae. The maternal infection level in one generation (10.4 x 10(6) spores/female) decreased significantly in the next generation (8.0 x 10(6) spores/female).