α_vβ_3整合素与恶性肿瘤侵袭转移关系的研究进展

整合素家族是细胞粘附分子的重要种类之一,主要作用是介导细胞与细胞之间、细胞与细胞外基质之间的粘附效应。医学研究证实整合素家族与肿瘤的侵袭及远处转移等生物学行为密切相关。整合素αvβ3是整合素家族中的一种重要分子,肿瘤血管内皮细胞中αvβ3的表达水平对肿瘤侵袭转移及血管生成有着重要作用,调节αvβ3的表达水平可明显影响肿瘤的侵袭转移及肿瘤组织中新生血管的形成。深入研究整合素αvβ3的分子调节机制可以为肿瘤治疗提供新的治疗靶点。     

脉络膜黑色素瘤中整合素αvβ3表达的研究

目的：整合素αvβ3整合素家族成员之一,是一类跨膜粘附分子,其在多种肿瘤细胞及新生内皮血管细胞中高表达而在成熟血管内皮、上皮细胞及正常细胞中表达较低或无表达。基于这些特征,整合素αvβ3年来成为分子影像研究的热点之一。鉴于整合素αvβ3人眼脉络膜黑色素瘤中是否存在表达尚不可知,本课题拟研究整合素αvβ3人脉络膜黑色素瘤中表达情况,为以整合素αvβ3基础的分子显像提供理论基础。方法：培养人源脉络膜黑色素瘤细胞株OCM-1,使用蛋白免疫印迹方法检测整合素αvβ3OCM-1中表达水平,并使用免疫组化方法检测人脉络膜黑色素瘤病理切片中整合素αvβ3达分布。结果：蛋白免疫印迹实验表明在OCM-1细胞株中存在整合素αvβ3达,其表达水平介于已知高表达整合素αvβ3头颈鳞癌细胞株HEP-2和较低表达整合素αvβ3头颈鳞癌细胞株CNE-1之间,免疫组化方法检测人脉络膜黑色素瘤病理切片中也存在整合素αvβ3达。结论：人脉络膜黑色素瘤中具有整合素αvβ3达,可以为后期研究基于整合素αvβ3分子显像技术提供依据。     

整合素αVβ3与病毒感染

整合素αvβ3是一类表达于细胞表面的跨膜糖蛋白粘附分子,由α和β两种Ⅰ型膜蛋白亚单位以非共价键形式连接形成异源二聚体分子。整合素αvβ3可表达于多种细胞,细胞外信号通过不同分子可与其发生相互作用,经整合素αvβ3将细胞外信号传递至细胞内,引起钙离子、Pyk2和磷脂酰肌醇-3(PI-3)激酶等细胞内信号发生变化。整合素αvβ3在血管生成、胚胎发育、肿瘤转移、免疫应答等多种生理和病理过和中发挥着重要的作用。近几年,整合素αvβ3与病毒感染的相关研究进展迅速,本文就整合素αvβ3与病毒感染作一综述。1整合素αvβ3概述1·1整合素αv…     

新生血管靶向肽NGR与肿瘤靶向治疗

NGR(Asn-Gly-Arg)是通过噬菌体展示技术筛选出来的能够和肿瘤新生血管特异结合的三肽模体,可以通过内皮细胞上的氨肽酶N(aminopeptidase N,亦称CD13)与新生血管发生特异性的结合。NGR多肽可以将多种药物分子和病毒载体靶向运输到肿瘤或者进行血管再生的组织中。NGR模体上的天冬酰胺脱酰胺后生成异天冬氨酸-甘氨酸-精氨酸异构体(isoDGR)。isoDGR是整联蛋白αvβ3的配体,可以作为一种新的肿瘤新生血管靶向肽用于肿瘤靶向治疗的研究。本文主要对NGR模体的结构和功能以及其在肿瘤靶向治疗中的应用作一综述。     

以整合素αvβ3为靶点的肿瘤靶向制剂

整合素αvβ3在肿瘤细胞及肿瘤血管内皮细胞中高表达,RGD序列作为其配体,可与其进行特异性结合,为肿瘤的诊断和靶向治疗提供了理论基础。RGD诊断试剂的前期研究和临床试验数据表明其具有良好的肿瘤组织靶向性。RGD-纳米抗肿瘤制剂(RGD-脂质体、RGD-胶束和RGD-纳米粒)在体外可提高细胞对药物的吸收率,增强细胞毒性;在动物移植瘤模型中,能更好地抑制肿瘤的生长,延长了动物的生存时间。在肿瘤发病率居高不下,治疗手段和疗效都较为有限的今天,RGD靶向制剂在肿瘤诊断和治疗中所具有的优势值得特别关注。     

CXCL12过表达促进骨髓基质干细胞整合素αv／β3介导的黏附和增殖

研究利用骨髓基质干细胞移植治疗急性心肌梗死时趋化因子CXCL12过表达对由整合素介导αv/β3的干细胞黏附和增殖过程的影响.采用重组DNA技术使得骨髓基质干细胞过表达趋化因子CXCL12,采用western blot法检测CXCL12过表达后骨髓基质干细胞整合素αv/β3表达量的变化.在体外通过黏附实验观察趋化因子CXCL12过表达对整合素介导的细胞与细胞外基质黏附过程的影响,并在心肌梗死大鼠模型中通过检测报告基因观测CXCL12对移植后整合素介导骨髓基质干细胞增殖的作用.基因重组后骨髓基质干细胞过表达了具有生物活性的趋化因子CXC12,趋化因子CXCL12过表达使骨髓基质干细胞整合素αv/β3表达明显增多,并促进了整合素介导的细胞与细胞外基质黏附.CXCL12还使细胞移植后位于梗死区的细胞数量增多.且这一作用也与整合素αv/β3有关.CXCL12过表达通过促进骨髓基质干细胞整合素αv/β3表达提高了移植干细胞黏附和增殖能力,有利于骨髓基质干细胞移植后在心肌梗死区域的生长和分化.     

以整合素αvβ3为靶点的RGD配体在抗肿瘤血管新生中的应用

整合素αvβ3是一种能特异性识别RGD序列的膜受体蛋白,其与含RGD（Arg-Gly-Asp）模体的蛋白质结合的特异性在肿瘤细胞的粘附、迁移、浸润及肿瘤血管新生中起重要作用.由于整合素αvβ3在多种肿瘤细胞表面高表达而在正常细胞中低表达或不表达,因此其成为肿瘤治疗的理想靶点.肿瘤新生血管为肿瘤的生长提供营养,因此近年来抑制肿瘤血管新生也成为肿瘤治疗的重要途径.有研究显示,几种RGD毒素蛋白不但以整合素αvβ3为靶点靶向结合到肿瘤部位从而具有直接抗肿瘤细胞增殖、黏附、迁移及浸润功能,而且它们还具有抗肿瘤血管新生的作用,因此RGD毒素蛋白可从上述两方面抑制肿瘤生长与转移.本文就整合素αvβ3为靶向的RGD配体结构特点及其在肿瘤治疗中的靶向治疗和抗血管新生应用及前景加以综述.     

雌、孕激素对牛子宫内膜上皮细胞αvβ3体外诱导差异表达的影响

目的 研究体外培养的牛子宫上皮细胞内整合素αvβ3基因诱导差异表达的变化,以期为探究牛子宫容受态的标志蛋白提供参考。方法 运用RT-PCR方法分析不同浓度雌激素、孕激素以及雌、孕激素协同作用对牛子宫内膜上皮细胞中整合素αvβ3的诱导表达变化情况。结果 单独添加孕激素10~(-7)mg/mL时,整合素αvβ3表达量均最高,10~(-7)mg/mL组内αv和β3的表达量均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。单独添加雌激素10~(-10)mg/mL组,αv的表达量最高,而β3的表达量最低。协同添加雌、孕激素组中,整合素αvβ3的表达量均高于对照组,其中αv的表达量显著高于对照组(P0.05);β3的表达量与对照组相比差异不显著(P0.05)。结论 单独添加孕激素和协同使用雌、孕激素时,均可以促进牛子宫内膜上皮细胞中整合素αvβ3的mRNA表达量上升;单独添加雌激素的作用则与之相反。由此,整合素αvβ3在“种植窗”期的牛子宫内膜上皮中可作为一个潜在的子宫容受态参考标志基因。     

牛体内囊胚经体外共培养诱导子宫内膜上皮细胞整合素αv,β3基因差异的表达

目的利用牛体内胚胎与其子宫内膜上皮细胞体外共培养的方式,探究共培养前、后子宫内膜上皮细胞中整合素αv,β3基因差异表达的变化,为今后建立快捷有效的牛子宫容受态预判方法提供参考。方法将体内冲出的牛囊胚与原代培养并传代纯化至第5代的牛子宫内膜上皮细胞进行24 h体外共培养,利用RT-PCR技术对共培养前、后的子宫内膜上皮细胞进行αv,β3基因的表达检测。结果 RT-PCR检测结果显示,共培养前、后均有整合素αv,β3的表达;共培养I组(囊胚组),其共培养后诱导整合素αv,β3基因的表达与未共培养对照组二者之间差异无显著性(P0.05);共培养II组(孵化囊胚组),其共培养后整合素αv,β3基因的表达显著高于对照组和共培养I组(P0.05)。结论牛体内孵化囊胚经体外共培养诱导牛子宫内膜上皮细胞表达整合素αv,β3的效果,明显优于早期囊胚;整合素αv,β3基因具有作为牛子宫容受态体外检测标志的潜力。     

骨桥蛋白及其受体整合素αvβ3在子痫前期患者胎盘中的表达及意义

本研究旨在考察骨桥蛋白及其受体整合素αvβ3在子痫前期患者胎盘中表达,及其在子痫前期发病机制中的可能作用。选取2017年3月至2018年9月期间在我院治疗的30例子痫前期产妇(子痫前期组)和30例正常妊娠产妇(对照组)的胎盘组织样本进行研究,采用免疫组化、Western blotting和RT-PCR检测了产妇胎盘组织中骨桥蛋白和整合素αvβ3的表达情况。免疫组化分析显示,对照组健康产妇和子痫前期产妇的胎盘组织中均可检测到骨桥蛋白和整合素αvβ3的阳性表达,子痫前期组的骨桥蛋白和整合素αvβ3的阳性率分别为64%和48%,而对照组分别为86%和68%,两组阳性率差异均具有统计学意义(p0.05)。Western blotting结果显示,子痫前期组的骨桥蛋白和整合素αvβ3蛋白相对表达量均显著低于对照组(0.73vs 1.54,0.81 vs 1.42,p0.05)。RT-PCR结果显示,子痫前期组的骨桥蛋白、αv和β3 mRNA相对表达量均显著低于对照组(0.62 vs 1.26,0.70 vs 1.18,0.76 vs 1.04,p0.05)。本研究证实骨桥蛋白及其受体整合素αvβ3在子痫前期患者胎盘组织中明显下调,可能通过影响滋养层细胞的侵袭性和母胎界面免疫来参与子痫前期的发生发展。     

靶向吲哚菁绿纳米探针介导的光声治疗

光声治疗是一种利用纳米材料的光声效应选择性破坏癌细胞的方法。本研究采用叶酸作为肿瘤靶向分子,以聚乙二醇包裹吲哚菁绿形成纳米粒子(ICG-PL-PEG-FA),利用此纳米粒子在近红外区的光吸收特性,开展光声治疗研究。实验结果表明,这种叶酸标记的纳米探针对高表达叶酸的EMT6细胞具有高靶向选择性和靶向光杀伤性。这种基于包含吲哚菁绿纳米探针的光声治疗将有潜力发展为一种安全,高效的癌症治疗技术。     

Targeting and sensing cancer cells with ZnO nanoprobes in vitro

A new class of zinc oxide quantum dots (ZnO QDs) was investigated as nanoprobes for targeting cancer cells in vitro. ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized using conventional sol–gel method and encapsulated using trimethoxy aminopropyl silane. Transferrin, the ligand targeting the cancer cells, was conjugated to the ZnO QDs. In vitro imaging studies using MDA-MB-231 showed the biocompatible ZnO nanoprobe selectively binding to the cell surface receptor and internalizing through receptor-mediated endocytosis. Time-lapsed photobleaching studies indicate the ZnO QDs to be resistant to photobleaching, making them suitable for long term imaging purpose. Investigation of the ZnO nanoprobe as a platform for sensitive bioassays indicates that it can be used as an alternative fluoroprobe for cancer cell targeting and sensing applications.     

Targeting gene-virotherapy for cancer

Gene therapy and viral therapy for cancer have therapeutic effects, but there has been no significant breakthrough in these two forms of therapy. Therefore, a new strategy called “targeting gene-virotherapy”, which combines the advantages of gene therapy and viral therapy, has been formulated. This new therapy has stronger antitumor effects than either gene therapy or viral therapy. A tumor-specific replicative adenovirus vector ZD55 （E1B55KD deleted Adv.） was constructed and various single therapeutic genes were inserted into ZD55 to form ZD55-gene. These are the targeting gene-virotherapy genes. But experiments showed that a single gene was not effective in eliminating the tumor mass, and therefore two genes were separately inserted into ZD55. This strategy is called “targeting dual gene-virotherapy” （with PCT patent）. Better results were obtained with this strategy, and all the xenograft tumor masses were completely eliminated in all mice when two suitable genes producing a synergetic or compensative effect were chosen. Twenty-six papers on these strategies have been published by researchers in our laboratory. Furthermore, an adenoviral vector with two targeting promoters harboring two antitumor genes has been constructed for cancer therapy. Promising results have been obtained with this adenoviral vector and another patent has been applied for. This antitumor strategy can be used to kill tumor cells completely with minimum damage to normal cells.     

靶向肿瘤治疗的腺相关病毒载体

靶向性是肿瘤治疗取得成功的关键因素。病毒载体用于治疗肿瘤的过程中必须要求特异性作用于肿瘤细胞的同时降低对正常细胞的毒性。腺相关病毒(adeno-associated virus,AAV)较其他病毒载体具有免疫原性小、宿主范围广和介导基因可长期表达等优点,因此得到了广泛的应用。然而,AAV载体针对肿瘤的靶向性一直是近年研究的热点和难点。现就AAV载体治疗肿瘤的概况和靶向策略以及其安全性等方面作一综述。     

盐霉素产量提高及其活性优化

盐霉素(salinomycin)是由白色链霉菌(Streptomyces albus)产生的一元羧酸聚醚类抗生素,具有较强的抗革兰氏阳性菌和杀灭球虫的作用,而且对环境污染也较低;此外,还能特异性地抑制多种肿瘤细胞及肿瘤干细胞的生长,具有多重作用靶点,有望成为抗肿瘤的特效药。为提高盐霉素的产量,人们采用传统诱变技术和现代分子遗传学手段,对盐霉素产生菌进行了改造,获得了高产菌株;同时,通过对盐霉素化学结构进行修饰或者通过药物载体和联合用药等,增强了其活性和靶向性、减少了毒副作用。本文对盐霉素产生菌的改造策略、药物靶向性提高和活性优化等研究进展进行综述,并对今后的研究热点进行展望。     

Integrin α-3 ß-1’s central role in breast cancer,melanoma and glioblastoma cell aggregation revealed by antibodies with blocking activity

Breast cancer, melanoma and glioblastoma cells undergo cell-mediated aggregation and aggregate coalescence in a transparent 3D Matrigel environment. Cells from normal tissue and non-tumorigenic cell lines do not exhibit these behaviors. Here, 266 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) demonstrated to interact with a wide variety of membrane, secreted and matrix proteins, have been screened for their capacity to block these tumorigenic cell-specific behaviors in a 3D environment. Remarkably, only six of the 266 tested mAbs exhibited blocking activity, four targeting integrin ß-1, one targeting integrin α-3 and one targeting CD44. Colocalization of integrins ß-1 and α-3 in fixed cells and in live aggregates suggests that the integrin α-3 ß-1 dimer plays a central role in cancer cell aggregation in the 3D environment provided by Matrigel. Our results suggest that blocking by anti-integrin and anti-CD44 mAbs involves interference in cell-cell interactions.     

Designed synthetic analogs of the α‐helical peptide temporin‐La with improved antitumor efficacies via charge modification and incorporation of the integrin αvβ3 homing domain

How to target cancer cells with high specificity and kill cancer cells with high efficiency remains an urgent demand for anticancer drugs. Temporin‐La, which belongs to the family of temporins, presents antitumor activity against many cancer cell lines. We first used a whole bioinformatic analysis method as a platform to identify new anticancer antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). On the basis of these results, we designed a temporin‐La analog (temporin‐Las) and related constructs containing the Arg‐Gly‐Asp (RGD) tripeptide, the integrin αvβ3 homing domain (RGD‐La and RGD‐Las). We detected a link between the net charges and integrin αvβ3 expression of cancer cell lines and the antitumor activities of these peptides. Temporin‐La and its synthetic analogs inhibited cancer cell proliferation in a dose‐dependent manner. Evidence was provided that the affinity between RGD‐Las and tumor cell membranes was stronger than other tested peptides using a pull‐down assay. Morphological changes on the cell membrane induced by temporin‐La and RDG‐Las, respectively, were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, time‐dependent morphological changes were detected by confocal microscopy, where the binding process of RGD‐Las to the cell membrane could be monitored. The results indicate that the electrostatic interaction between these cationic peptides and the anionic cell membrane is a major determinant of selective cell killing. Thus, the RGD tripeptide is a valuable ligand motif for tumor targeting, which leads to an increased anticancer efficiency by RGD‐Las. These AMP‐derived peptides have clinical potential as specifically targeting agents for the treatment of αvβ3 positive tumors. Copyright © 2012 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Retargeting polymer-coated adenovirus to the FGF receptor allows productive infection and mediates efficacy in a peritoneal model of human ovarian cancer

BACKGROUND: Transductional targeting of adenovirus following systemic or regional delivery remains one of the most difficult challenges for cancer gene medicine. The numerical excess and anatomical advantage of normal (non-cancer) cells in vivo demand far greater detargeting than is necessary for studies using single cell populations in vitro, and this must be coupled with efficient retargeting to cancer cells. METHODS: Adenovirus (Ad5) particles were coated with reactive poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide] copolymers, to achieve detargeting, and retargeting ligands were attached to the coating. Receptor-mediated infection was characterised in vitro and anticancer efficacy was studied in vivo. RESULTS: Polymer coating prevented the virus binding any cellular receptors and mediated complete detargeting in vitro and in vivo. These fully detargeted vectors were efficiently retargeted with the model ligand FGF2 to infect FGFR-positive cells. Specific transduction activity was the same as parental virus, and intracellular routing appeared unaffected. Levels of transduction were up to 100-fold greater than parental virus on CAR negative cells. This level of specificity permitted good efficacy in intraperitoneal cancer virotherapy, simultaneously decreasing peritoneal adhesions seen with parental virus. Following intravenous delivery FGF2 mediated unexpected binding to erythrocytes, improving circulation kinetics, but preventing the targeted virus from leaving the blood stream. CONCLUSIONS: Polymer cloaking enables complete adenovirus detargeting, providing a versatile platform for receptor-specific retargeting. This approach can efficiently retarget cancer virotherapy in vivo. Ligands should be selected carefully, as non-specific interactions with non-target cells (e.g. blood cells) can deplete the pool of therapeutic virus available for targeting disseminated disease.